Abstract Geological surveys have long filled the role of providing Earth system science data and knowledge. These functions are increasingly complicated by accelerating environmental and societal change. Here we describe the US Geological Survey (USGS) response to these evolving conditions. Underpinning the USGS approach is the recognition that many of the issues facing the USA and the world involve interaction among geological, hydrological and biological processes, and how these interactions in turn affect society. Therefore, a goal of USGS planning is fostering interdisciplinary science. This focus is occurring in part through implementation of the recommendations of strategic planning teams. The USGS has also put in place groups building a broad information technology infrastructure as well as identifying and disseminating new Earth science research tools. In addition, the USGS has established an analysis and synthesis centre that brings together groups of scientists who address interdisciplinary Earth system science issues. The goal is for these building blocks to evolve towards a comprehensive USGS data and knowledge platform – EarthMAP (Earth Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection). We also recognize that the modern geological survey must be a member of a community of geological surveys contributing data to a global database of three-dimensional biogeophysical observations and interpretations.

Abstract During the period 28 February 2000–31 December 2013, the MODVOLC system ( http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu ) autonomously analysed almost 9 trillion (i.e. 9×10 12 ) pixels contained within almost 3 million MODIS images, searching for evidence of high-temperature thermal signatures associated with volcanic eruptions. Thermal unrest, mainly associated with active lava, be it in the form of flows, domes, lakes or confined to vents, was detected at 93 volcanoes during this period of time. The first part of this paper describes the physical basis and operational implementation of the MODVOLC algorithm. The second part presents data to detail the nature of the thermal emission from these 93 volcanoes over the past 14 years.

Abstract The Volcano Sensor Web (VSW) is a globe-spanning net of sensors and applications for detecting volcanic activity. Alerts from the VSW are used to trigger observations from space using the Earth Observing-1 ( EO-1 ) spacecraft. Onboard EO-1 is the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) advanced autonomy software. Using ASE has streamlined spacecraft operations and has enabled the rapid delivery of high-level products to end-users. The entire process, from initial alert to product delivery, is autonomous. This facility is of great value as a rapid response is vital during a volcanic crisis. ASE consists of three parts: (1) Science Data Classifiers, which process EO-1 Hyperion data to identify anomalous thermal signals; (2) a Spacecraft Command Language; and (3) the Continuous Activity Scheduling Planning Execution and Replanning (CASPER) software that plans and replans activities, including downlinks, based on available resources and operational constraints. For each eruption detected, thermal emission maps and estimates of eruption parameters are posted to a website at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, in Pasadena, CA. Selected products are emailed to end-users. The VSW uses software agents to detect volcanic activity alerts generated from a wide variety of sources on the ground and in space, and can also be easily triggered manually.

Abstract We describe a new volcanic hotspot detection system, named Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA), based on the analysis of infrared data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor (MODIS). MIROVA uses the middle infrared radiation (MIR), measured by MODIS, in order to detect and measure the heat radiation deriving from volcanic activity. The algorithm combines spectral and spatial principles, allowing the detection of heat sources from 1 megawatt (MW) to more than 10 gigawatt (GW). This provides a unique opportunity to: (i) recognize small-scale variations in thermal output that may precede the onset of effusive activity; (ii) track the advance of large lava flows; (iii) estimate lava discharge rates; (iv) identify distinct effusive trends; and, lastly, (v) follow the cooling process of voluminous lava bodies for several months. Here we show the results obtained from data sets spanning 14 years recorded at the Stromboli and Mt Etna volcanoes, Italy, and we investigate the above aspects at these two persistently active volcanoes. Finally, we describe how the algorithm has been implemented within an operational near-real-time processing chain that enables the MIROVA system to provide data and infrared maps within 1–4 h of the satellite overpass.

Networks of databases and tools are being constructed in the geosciences to facilitate geoscientific computing and to stimulate new research. These efforts are contributing to an emerging geoscientific cyberinfrastructure that has the potential to be an important new operational paradigm for the geosciences. However, limited research has been undertaken on the adaptation of emerging cybertechnology to geoscience knowledge and practice. Consequently, we examine the nature of geoscientific knowledge and practice and identify a series of challenges related to representing and using these in emerging computational networks. The first main challenge emphasizes enhanced representation of geoscientific knowledge via ontology development, and the second calls for enhanced tools for processing the knowledge within database networks. We also briefly restate a schema that addresses several of the representation challenges and outline its implementation by different government agencies in three database networks. The identification of challenges, their treatment in the schema, and the implementations all contribute in part to the conceptualization and realization of a cyberinfrastructure for the geosciences.

Scientists are confronted with significant data management problems due to the large volume and high complexity of scientific data. In particular, the latter makes data integration a difficult technical challenge. In this paper, we describe our work on semantic mediation and scientific workflows and discuss how these technologies address integration challenges in scientific data management. We first give an overview of the main data integration problems that arise from heterogeneity in the syntax, structure, and semantics of data. Starting from a traditional mediator approach, we show how semantic extensions can facilitate data integration in complex, multiple-world scenarios, where data sources cover different but related scientific domains. Such scenarios are not amenable to conventional schema integration approaches. The core idea of semantic mediation is to augment database mediators and query evaluation algorithms with appropriate knowledge representation techniques to exploit information from shared ontologies. Semantic mediation relies on semantic data registration, which associates existing data with semantic information from an ontology. The K epler scientific workflow system addresses the problem of synthesizing, from existing tools and applications, reusable workflow components and analytical pipelines to automate scientific analyses. After presenting core features and example workflows in K epler , we present a framework for adding semantic information to scientific workflows. The resulting system is aware of semantically plausible connections between workflow components as well as between data sources and workflow components. This information can be used by the scientist during workflow design, and by the workflow engineer, for creating data transformation steps between semantically compatible but structurally incompatible analytical steps.