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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (2)
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East African Rift (3)
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Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Jan Mayen Ridge (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Primorye Russian Federation (1)
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Siberia (3)
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Sikhote-Alin Range (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Primorye Russian Federation (1)
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Sikhote-Alin Range (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Hawaiian Ridge (1)
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Loihi Seamount (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Manihiki Plateau (1)
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North Pacific
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Aleutian Trench (2)
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Bering Sea
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Hawaiian Ridge (1)
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Loihi Seamount (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (6)
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Hess Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Manihiki Plateau (1)
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West Pacific
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (6)
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Hess Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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Ontong Java Plateau (3)
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (1)
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United States
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Hawaii
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Primary terms
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Africa
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Afar (2)
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East African Rift (3)
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Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Jan Mayen Ridge (1)
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Asia
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Central Asia (1)
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Far East
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China
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Tarim Platform (2)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula (2)
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Primorye Russian Federation (1)
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Russian Far East (1)
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Russian Pacific region (2)
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Siberia (3)
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Sikhote-Alin Range (1)
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Cenozoic
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lower Cenozoic (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Paleogene (2)
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continental drift (2)
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core (3)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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geophysical methods (2)
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heat flow (2)
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igneous rocks
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kimberlite (2)
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plutonic rocks
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granites (2)
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ultramafics
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peridotites
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harzburgite (1)
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spinel lherzolite (1)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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flood basalts (1)
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ocean-island basalts (1)
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tholeiite (1)
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meimechite (2)
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inclusions
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metals
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lead
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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rare earths (1)
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ocean floors (5)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Hawaiian Ridge (1)
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Loihi Seamount (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Manihiki Plateau (1)
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North Pacific
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Aleutian Trench (2)
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Bering Sea
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Hawaiian Ridge (1)
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Loihi Seamount (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (6)
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Hess Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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-
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
-
Manihiki Plateau (1)
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-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
-
Bowers Ridge (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (6)
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Hess Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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Ontong Java Plateau (3)
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (1)
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paleomagnetism (2)
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Paleozoic
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upper Paleozoic (2)
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plate tectonics (13)
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structural analysis (1)
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tectonics (4)
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United States
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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Idaho (1)
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Montana (1)
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Wyoming (1)
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rock formations
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Emeishan Basalts (1)
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Siberian Traps (1)
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Hawaiian Plume
Slow changes in lava chemistry at Kama‘ehuakanaloa linked to sluggish mantle upwelling on the margin of the Hawaiian plume
Geodynamics, Petrology, and Mineralogy: Global Problems, Experiments, and Key Cases
Plate Tectonics vs. Plume Tectonics Interplay: Possible Models and Typical Cases
Anisotropic growth of olivine during crystallization in basalts from Hawaii: Implications for olivine fabric development
Revision of Paleogene plate motions in the Pacific and implications for the Hawaiian-Emperor bend: COMMENT
Revision of Paleogene plate motions in the Pacific and implications for the Hawaiian-Emperor bend: REPLY
We present a comprehensive study of one of the key targets of the Sikhote-Alin orogen—Early Cretaceous rocks in the Kiselevka block of the Kiselevka-Manoma tectono-stratigraphic terrane. The characteristic component of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) for these rocks was isolated, and the fold test was positive (Dec = 275.8°, Inc = −33.8°, K = 33.3. α 95 = 8.0°). The paleolatitude along which rocks of the block were forming in the Early Cretaceous was defined by the direction of this component (paleolatitude 18°N ± 5°N) as well as coordinates of the paleomagnetic pole (Plat = 18.6°, Plong = 222.4°, with semi-axis of the ellipse of confidence limit dp = 5.2° and dm = 9.1° of the Kiselevka block. The geochemical composition of volcanic rocks in the block suggests that they formed in a within-plate oceanic environment like volcanic rocks of the Hawaii hotspot. Three paleoreconstructions were developed based on the newly received and published data, in accordance with which the Kiselevka block: (1) in the range of 135–105 Ma was moving on the Izanagi plate northwestward at a rate of 15–20 cm/yr up to the eastern edge of Eurasia, thus covering over 5000 km; and (2) in the range of 105–70 Ma was moving northward along the Eurasian transform margin within the accretionary complex fragment at a rate of 4–5 cm/yr to its current position (Lower Amur) as part of the Sikhote-Alin orogen.
Peridotites from the Kamchatsky Mys: evidence of oceanic mantle melting near a hotspot
Plume–plate interaction
Experimental modeling of the effect of relative thermal power on the shape of a plume conduit and the structure of free-convection flow in it
Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian tholeiites preserved in Kamchatka
Geological implications of the thermochemical plume model
Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea
The Bend: Origin and significance
Divergence between paleomagnetic and hotspot-model–predicted polar wander for the Pacific plate with implications for hotspot fixity
If mantle plumes (hotspots) are fixed in the mantle and the mantle reference frame does not move relative to the spin axis (i.e., true polar wander), a model of plate motion relative to the hotspots should predict the positions of past paleomagnetic poles. Discrepancies between modeled and observed poles thus may indicate problems with these assumptions, for example, that the hotspots or spin axis have shifted. In this study, I compare paleomagnetic and hotspot-model–predicted apparent polar wander paths (APWP) for the Pacific plate. Overall, the two types of APWP have similar shapes, indicating general agreement. Both suggest ∼40° total northward drift of the Pacific plate since ca. 123 Ma. Offset between paleomagnetic and hotspot-predicted poles is small for the past ca. 49 Ma, consistent with fixed hotspots during that time, but the offsets are large (6–15°) for earlier times. These differences appear significant for the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic. During the period 94–49 Ma, the hotspot model implies the paleomagnetic pole should have drifted ∼20° north without great changes in rate. Measured paleomagnetic poles, however, indicate rapid polar motion between 94 and 80 Ma and a stillstand from 80 to 49 Ma. Comparison with global synthetic APWP suggests that the 94- to 80-Ma polar motion may be related to true polar wander. The stillstand indicates negligible northward motion of the Pacific plate during the formation of the Emperor seamounts. This observation is drastically different from most accepted Pacific plate motion models and requires rethinking of western Pacific tectonics. If the Emperor seamounts show relative motion of the plate relative to the Hawaiian hotspot, the implied southward hotspot motion is ∼19°. Lack of a diagnostic coeval phase of polar wandering in global APWP and consideration of the significance of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend imply that true polar wander is probably not the cause. Likewise, mantle-flow models do not readily explain the large southward drift of the hotspot or its inferred large westward velocity component. Thus, current models for the formation of the Emperor seamounts appear inadequate, and new ideas and further study are needed. Comparison of the Pacific APWP with a global APWP, both rotated into the Antarctic reference frame, shows an offset of ∼10°, implying problems with plate circuits connecting Antarctica with surrounding plates. This result suggests that caution is required when predicting trends of hotspot seamount chains using plate circuits through Antarctica.
Plume tracks at the Earth's surface probably have various origins, such as wet spots, simple rifts, and shear heating. Because plate boundaries move relative to one another and relative to the mantle, plumes located on or close to them cannot be considered as reliable for establishing a reference frame. Using only relatively fixed intraplate Pacific hotspots, plate motions with respect to the mantle in two different reference frames, one fed from below the asthenosphere, and one fed by the asthenosphere itself, provide different kinematic results, stimulating opposite dynamic speculations. Plates move faster relative to the mantle if the source of hotspots is taken to be the middle-upper asthenosphere, because hotspot tracks would then not record the entire decoupling occurring in the low-velocity zone. A shallow intra-asthenospheric origin for hotspots would raise the Pacific deep-fed velocity from a value of 10 cm/year to a faster hypothetical velocity of ∼20 cm/year. In this setting, the net rotation of the lithosphere relative to the mesosphere would increase from a value of 0.4359°/m.y. (deep-fed hotspots) to 1.4901°/m.y. (shallow-fed hotspots). In this framework, all plates move westward along an undulated sinusoidal stream, and plate rotation poles are largely located in a restricted area at a mean latitude of 58°S. This reference frame seems more consistent with the persistent geological asymmetry that suggests a global tuning of plate motions related to Earth's rotation. Another significant result is that along east- or northeast-directed subduction zones, slabs move relative to the mantle in the direction opposed to the subduction, casting doubts on slab pull as the first-order driving mechanism of plate dynamics.
Speculations on Cretaceous tectonic history of the northwest Pacific and a tectonic origin for the Hawaii hotspot
Current interpretations of Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the northwest Pacific trace interactions between the Pacific plate and three other plates, the Farallon, Izanagi, and Kula plates. The Farallon plate moved generally eastward relative to the Pacific plate. The Izanagi and Kula plates moved generally northward relative to the Pacific plate, with Izanagi the name given to the northward-moving plate prior to the Cretaceous normal polarity superchron and the name Kula applied to the postsuperchron plate. In this article I suggest that these names apply to the same plate and that there was only one plate moving northward throughout the Cretaceous. I suggest that the tectonic reorganization that has previously been interpreted as formation of a new plate, the Kula plate, at the end of the superchron was actually a plate boundary reorganization that involved a 2000 km jump of the Pacific–Farallon–Kula/Izanagi triple junction. Because this jump occurred during a time of no magnetic reversals, it is not possible to map or date it precisely, but evidence suggests mid-Cretaceous timing. The Emperor Trough formed as a transform fault linking the locations of the triple junction before and after the jump. The triple junction jump can be compared with an earlier jump of the triple junction of 800 km that has been accurately mapped because it occurred during the Late Jurassic formation of the Mesozoic-sequence magnetic lineations. The northwest Pacific also contains several volcanic features, such as Hawaii, that display every characteristic of a hotspot, although whether deep mantle plumes are a necessary component of hotspot volcanism is debatable. Hawaiian volcanism today is apparently independent of plate tectonics, i.e., Hawaii is a center of anomalous volcanism not tied to any plate boundary processes. The oldest seamounts preserved in the Hawaii-Emperor chain are located on Obruchev Rise at the north end of the Emperor chain, close to the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka trenches. These seamounts formed in the mid-Cretaceous close to the spreading ridge abandoned by the 2000 km triple junction jump. Assuming that Obruchev Rise is the oldest volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian hotspot and thus the site of its initiation, the spatial and temporal coincidence between these events suggests that the Hawaii hotspot initiated at the spreading ridge that was abandoned by the 2000 km jump of the triple junction. This implies a tectonic origin for the hotspot. Other volcanic features in the northwest Pacific also appear to have tectonic origins. Shatsky Rise is known to have formed on the migrating Pacific-Farallon-Izanagi triple junction during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, not necessarily involving a plume-derived hotspot. Models for the formation of Hess Rise have included hotspot track and anomalous spreading ridge volcanism. The latter model is favored in this article, with Hess Rise forming on a ridge axis possibly abandoned as a result of a ridge jump during the superchron. Thus, although a hotspot like Hawaii could be associated with a deep mantle plume today, it would appear that it and other northwest Pacific volcanic features originally formed as consequences of shallow plate tectonic processes.