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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo (2)
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (3)
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Tanzania (1)
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Lebombo Mountains (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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Algeria
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Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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Egypt (1)
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Morocco
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Tunisia (1)
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Southern Africa
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Karoo Basin (7)
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Orange River (1)
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South Africa
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Cape Province region (3)
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Free State South Africa (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (2)
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Swaziland (1)
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West Africa
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Europe
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Alps
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Limestone Alps
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Swiss Alps (1)
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Caucasus
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Central Europe
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Austria
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Germany
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Poland
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Upper Silesian coal basin (2)
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Donets Basin (1)
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Southern Europe
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polar regions (3)
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Mammalia
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Rodentia
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Reptilia
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Ornithopoda
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Saurischia
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Pterosauria (1)
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Squamata
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Synapsida
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Dicynodontia
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coprolites (5)
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Invertebrata
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Chelicerata
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Insecta
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Exopterygota
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Myriapoda (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Brachiopoda (5)
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda (5)
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Tentaculitida
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Tentaculitidae
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Tentaculites (1)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (1)
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Protista
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Vermes
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microfossils
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Conodonta
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Dinoflagellata
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Classopollis (2)
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Florinites (1)
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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diatoms (9)
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Bryophyta
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Musci
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Lycopsida
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (7)
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Pteropsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (11)
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Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Pinus
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Pinus sylvestris (2)
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Taxodiaceae
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Metasequoia (9)
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Taxodium (9)
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Tsuga (6)
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (12)
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Cycadales
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Ptilophyllum (1)
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Dadoxylon (8)
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Ephedrales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (8)
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-
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Gnetales (3)
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Pteridospermae
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Neuropteris (6)
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problematic fossils (1)
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thallophytes (7)
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tracks (3)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (1)
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tree rings (14)
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U/Pb (6)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Anglian (1)
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Mazama Ash (1)
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene (2)
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middle Pleistocene (1)
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Presumpscot Formation (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Devensian (1)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Allerod (2)
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Younger Dryas (4)
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-
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Wisconsinan
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middle Wisconsinan (1)
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upper Wisconsinan (2)
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-
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
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Tertiary
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Florissant Lake Beds (3)
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
-
Miocene
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Ellensburg Formation (1)
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lower Miocene (3)
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middle Miocene
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Serravallian (1)
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upper Miocene
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Tortonian (1)
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-
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Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (2)
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-
Ringold Formation (1)
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-
Paleogene
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Barail Group (1)
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Eocene
-
Ameki Formation (1)
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Chuckanut Formation (1)
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Golden Valley Formation (1)
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lower Eocene (9)
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middle Eocene
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Claiborne Group (2)
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-
upper Eocene
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La Meseta Formation (1)
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-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
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Imo Shale (1)
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Kenai Group (1)
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Oligocene
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lower Oligocene
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Stampian (1)
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-
middle Oligocene (1)
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upper Oligocene
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Chattian (1)
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-
Vicksburg Group (1)
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-
Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
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K-T boundary (2)
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-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
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Tongue River Member (1)
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upper Paleocene
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Tiffanian (3)
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-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
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Wilcox Group (1)
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-
upper Tertiary (1)
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-
-
Coal Measures (2)
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Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (1)
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Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
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Glen Rose Formation (1)
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Trinity Group (1)
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-
Lower Cretaceous
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Albian
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upper Albian (2)
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-
Aptian
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lower Aptian (1)
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-
Barremian (3)
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Cheyenne Sandstone (1)
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Glen Rose Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (1)
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Trinity Group (1)
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Valanginian (2)
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Wealden (1)
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-
Lower Greensand (1)
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Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (6)
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Nanushuk Group (2)
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Potomac Group (3)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (3)
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Cenomanian
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lower Cenomanian (1)
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upper Cenomanian (1)
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-
Colville Group (2)
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Fox Hills Formation (1)
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Fruitland Formation (1)
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Hell Creek Formation (1)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
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Kirtland Shale (1)
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K-T boundary (2)
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Lameta Formation (2)
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Lance Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (8)
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Magothy Formation (1)
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Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
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Prince Creek Formation (1)
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Raritan Formation (1)
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Rock Springs Formation (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (7)
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Turonian (1)
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Two Medicine Formation (1)
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-
Vraconian (1)
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-
Jurassic
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Athgarh Sandstone (1)
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Clarens Formation (1)
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Ladner Group (1)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Toarcian (5)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
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upper Liassic (1)
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-
Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (3)
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Bajocian (2)
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Bathonian (2)
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Callovian (1)
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Dogger (1)
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Xishanyao Formation (2)
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-
Upper Jurassic
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Kimmeridgian (2)
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Morrison Formation (3)
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Oxfordian (2)
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Tithonian (1)
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Volgian (1)
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-
-
Khorat Group (1)
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Longarm Formation (1)
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Triassic
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Fremouw Formation (1)
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (10)
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Smithian (1)
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Spathian (1)
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-
Middle Triassic
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Anisian (1)
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Ladinian (1)
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-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian
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Ischigualasto Formation (2)
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-
Chinle Formation (3)
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Molteno Formation (2)
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Norian (3)
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Petrified Forest Member (1)
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Rhaetian (1)
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Stormberg Series (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
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Xujiahe Formation (1)
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-
-
-
MIS 3 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Dinantian (4)
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-
Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
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-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
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upper Visean (1)
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-
-
Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian (1)
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Fayetteville Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (4)
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-
-
Namurian (5)
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Pennsylvanian
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Brazil Formation (1)
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Conemaugh Group (1)
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Cumberland Group (1)
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Herrin Coal Member (4)
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Joggins Formation (5)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Caseyville Formation (1)
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Lee Formation (1)
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-
Mattoon Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Carbondale Formation (2)
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Moscovian (4)
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Petersburg Formation (1)
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Staunton Formation (2)
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-
Springfield Coal Member (2)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Gzhelian (1)
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Kasimovian (2)
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Missourian (1)
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-
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Millstone Grit (1)
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Stephanian (8)
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Westphalian (9)
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-
-
Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Givetian (1)
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-
Upper Devonian
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Famennian (2)
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Frasnian (1)
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-
-
Permian
-
Blaine Formation (1)
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Ecca Group (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Roadian (1)
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Wordian (2)
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-
Illawarra Coal Measures (1)
-
Kamthi Formation (3)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Al Khlata Formation (1)
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Autunian (1)
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Barakar Stage (2)
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (3)
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Asselian (1)
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Kungurian (3)
-
-
Leonardian
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Clear Fork Group (2)
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-
-
Middle Permian (3)
-
Newcastle Coal Measures (1)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (1)
-
Saxonian (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
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Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (10)
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Raniganj Formation (4)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Silurian (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (3)
-
Precambrian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
granodiorites (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (2)
-
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
impactites (1)
-
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (1)
-
-
minerals (2)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (10)
-
-
oxides
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (1)
-
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (4)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals (2)
-
-
-
sulfides
-
pyrite (2)
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-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (22)
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Africa
-
Central Africa
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Congo (2)
-
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (3)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
Lebombo Mountains (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Oran Algeria (1)
-
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt (1)
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (7)
-
Lesotho (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
-
Cape Province region (3)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (1)
-
-
Free State South Africa (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (2)
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Western Cape Province South Africa
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Knysna South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic Peninsula (3)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Livingston Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Beardmore Glacier (1)
-
Horlick Mountains (1)
-
-
Victoria Land (4)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (1)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Gymnospermae
Age-controlled south polar floral trends show a staggered Early Triassic gymnosperm recovery following the end-Permian event Available to Purchase
The Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin: palaeoecology and resource potential Open Access
Abstract We evaluated the unconventional hydrocarbon potential of the Holywell Shale Formation, a lateral equivalent of the Bowland Shale Formation deposited in the Blacon Basin. Two cores with Arnsbergian–Chokierian and Kinderscoutian (Namurian, Late Mississippian–Early Pennsylvanian) ages from the Ellesmere Port 1 borehole were sampled for palynological, stable isotope, Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis and ichnofacies analyses. The study was designed to provide boundary conditions for parameters that are under-represented in the public domain and hamper accurate resource assessments: thermal maturity (through mean random vitrinite reflectance, R r), present-day organic matter content, kerogen type, original hydrogen index and original organic matter content. Our results show that the Arnsbergian Core 2 has been buried to a depth equivalent to the bottom of the oil window to the top of the gas window (% R r = 1.15%–1.29%). The Kinderscoutian Core 1 is too immature to have generated any natural gas (% R r = 0.91–1.03%). Furthermore, kerogen typing and ichnofacies analysis show that the Bowland Shale Formation is very heterogeneous, with organic matter originating from terrestrial and marine sources. Five palynofacies assemblages are described that range in basin setting from proximal and oxic to distal and anoxic with evidence of episodic connections to the open ocean. The combination of heterogeneity and low thermal maturity restricts the thickness of the Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin that is prospective for unconventional hydrocarbons. Our results show that these Carboniferous mudstones should not be treated as uniform units with uniform composition and maturity in basin modelling and resource estimates. This undoubtedly has repercussions for future exploration because the contrasting composition and density of the materials making up the Bowland Shale Formation may complicate extraction, while the thermal maturity window significantly narrows the prospective interval.
THE SOUTH DOES ALSO EXIST: THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT DEBATE IN THE ACCOUNT OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN PALEOBOTANIST EDNA PLUMSTEAD Available to Purchase
Palynology of the uppermost Cretaceous to lowermost Paleocene Deccan volcanic associated sediments of the Mandla Lobe, central India Available to Purchase
First record of Rhaphidopteris (Gymnospermae) from the Lower Jurassic of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, NW China Available to Purchase
Abstract Newly discovered foliage of Rhaphidopteri s zhouii sp. nov. from the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation at the Haojiagou section in the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, northwestern China, is investigated based on morphological characters and cuticular structure. The new species has anisotomically divided leaves and linear ultimate segments with a single vein; amphistomatic cuticle, with epidermal cells that are similar both on the upper and lower surfaces but more regular on the upper surface; stomata that are distributed densely on the lower cuticle and sparsely and confined to two bands near the lateral margin on the upper cuticle; and anomocytic stomata that are longitudinally oriented with four to six subsidiary cells of irregular shape and size. This is the first report of the genus Rhaphidopteris from Xinjiang. The gross morphology and epidermal characters of the new species improves our understanding of the morpho-heterogenus Rhaphidopteri s.
A thermophilous and arid-tolerant flora from the Lower Jurassic of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, NW China, corresponding to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event Available to Purchase
Abstract Twenty taxa of fossil plants are described from the Sangonghe Formation (Lower Jurassic) of the Haojiagou section in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, NW China. The Sangonghe flora consists of Equisetales, ferns, bennettitaleans, ginkgoes, conifers and gnetales, but is dominated by ferns. It is a low-species-diversity but extraordinary flora as it has a high proportion (45%) of thermophilous or arid-tolerant (xerophilous) elements, in comparison to 0% in the underlying Badaowan Formation and c. 2% in the overlying Xishanyao Formation. These thermophilous or arid-tolerant (xerophilous) elements include Marattiopsis asiatica Kawasaki, Phlebopteris polypodioides Brongniart and Dictyophyllum sp. (ferns), Otozamites leckenbyi Harris, Otozamites sp., Zamites sp. and Dictyozamites sp. (bennettitaleans), Brachyphyllum (Hirmeriella ?) sp. (conifers) and Cadmisega ephedroides Krassilov and Bugdaeva (gnetales). Based on the geological ranges of the known species and comparisons with coeval floras in Eurasia, the age of the Sangonghe flora is Toarcian (Early Jurassic). The flora reveals a climatic warming and aridification event that occurred during the Toarcian in the Junggar Basin. Palaeontological (including palaeobotanical and palynological), sedimentological and geochemical data demonstrate that warming and aridification occurred widely across the north of China during the Toarcian, and that this might be the response of the terrestrial ecosystem to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.
Evaluation of Plant-Based Natural Extracts as Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment Available to Purchase
PLANT COMMUNITY CHANGE ACROSS THE PALEOCENE–EOCENE BOUNDARY IN THE GULF COASTAL PLAIN, CENTRAL TEXAS Available to Purchase
A FOSSIL FOREST FROM ITALY REVEALS THAT WETLAND CONIFERS THRIVED IN EARLY PERMIAN PERI-TETHYAN PANGEA Available to Purchase
FRESHWATER STROMATOLITES FROM AN EARLY PERMIAN WETLAND (MANEBACH, THURINGIAN-FOREST BASIN, GERMANY): STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT Available to Purchase
Floral Diversity of South Karanpura Basin, Jharkhand, India and their Palaeoclimatic Implication with Special Reference to Palaeoenvironment Available to Purchase
Descriptive systematics of Upper Palaeocene–Lower Eocene pollen and spores from the northern Niger Delta, south-eastern Nigeria Open Access
Physiological selectivity and plant–environment feedbacks during Middle and Late Pennsylvanian plant community transitions Open Access
Abstract A series of vegetation changes take place in tropical ecosystems during the Pennsylvanian Subperiod. The most notable change, recognizable from palynology and plant macrofossils at the Middle and Late Pennsylvanian boundary in the Illinois Basin, is the extirpation, or local extinction, of certain lineages of arborescent lycopsids, followed by their replacement by stem group marattialean tree ferns. The leading hypothesis suggests a significant change in precipitation regime as the cause. To test this hypothesis, we examine the vascular anatomy and physiology of key lineages of Pennsylvanian plants: the sphenopsids, tree ferns, cordaitaleans, medullosans, lycophytes and extrabasinal stem group coniferophytes. Using scanning electron and light microscopy of fossilized anatomy, we provide new data on these plants’ vascular systems, quantifying their physiological capacity and drought resistance. We find that three Pennsylvanian plant lineages – the medullosans, arborescent lycopsids and Sphenophyllum – contain high hydraulic conductivity but are vulnerable to drought-induced damage, whereas others are resistant, including stem group tree ferns and coniferophytes. Relative abundance changes among these plants were likely driven by drought, and differences in water use efficiency would have amplified drought events as plant communities changed. The interaction of physiological selectivity and positive feedback between aridity and drought tolerance likely played a significant role in Late Paleozoic floral changes.