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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Date
Availability
Gusev Crater
Mineralogy and geochemistry of hot spring deposits at Námafjall, Iceland: Analog for sulfate soils at Gusev crater, Mars Available to Purchase
Craters of the Moon National Monument basalts as unshocked compositional and weathering analogs for martian rocks and meteorites Available to Purchase
Rover observations in Gusev Crater: Evidence for a style of weathering unique to Mars? Available to Purchase
Wishstone to Watchtower: Amorphous alteration of plagioclase-rich rocks in Gusev crater, Mars Available to Purchase
Petrology on Mars Open Access
New thermobarometers for martian igneous rocks, and some implications for secular cooling on Mars Available to Purchase
PERSPECTIVE Available to Purchase
Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy and visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of Fe-sulfate minerals Available to Purchase
Reflectance spectroscopy and optical functions for hydrated Fe-sulfates Available to Purchase
CosmoELEMENTS Available to Purchase
Evidence for a Noachian-aged ephemeral lake in Gusev crater, Mars Available to Purchase
Using the chemical composition of carbonate rocks on Mars as a record of secondary interaction with liquid water Available to Purchase
Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua: An assessment of geological and potential biological systems on early Mars Available to Purchase
Sulfate-rich mineral deposits have been discovered in many locations on Mars through observations by orbiters, landers, and roving spacecraft. It appears that in most cases, these minerals are produced by acid-sulfate weathering of igneous rocks, which may have been a widespread process for the first billion years on Mars. The origin of life on Earth may have occurred in iron-sulfur hydrothermal settings, and early Mars likely had similar environmental conditions. An excellent terrestrial analog for acid-sulfate weathering of Mars-like basalts exists at Cerro Negro, Nicaragua, where acidic sulfur-bearing gases interact with recently erupted basaltic ash in numerous active fumaroles. We investigated the chemistry and mineralogy of the pristine basalts and their chemically weathered products, and we studied the associated microbiological communities as an analog for potential early life on Mars. Measured pH values of condensed volcanic vapors range from −1 to 5, and near-surface temperatures in the fumaroles range from 40 to 400 °C. In a few years, fresh basalt can weather to amorphous silica and gypsum, along with lesser amounts of other sulfates (natroalunite and jarosite), Fe-hydroxides, and clays. Altered rocks have up to 35 wt% SO 3 equivalent, similar to the amounts of sulfur reported for Meridiani Planum bedrocks and inferred in other sulfate-bearing bedrock on Mars. Heavily weathered rocks have silica contents up to 80 wt%, similar to silica-rich soils at Gusev crater that possibly formed in hydrothermal environments. Here, we provide preliminary results of our studies and outline the logistics for a field excursion to this Mars analog system.