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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
-
Northwest Atlantic (1)
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-
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Falkland Islands (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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James Bay (1)
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Lake Timiskaming (1)
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Maritime Provinces (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (1)
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Ontario
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Algoma District Ontario
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Elliot Lake Ontario (1)
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Mamainse Point (4)
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Wawa Ontario (1)
-
-
Batchawana Bay (1)
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Bruce Peninsula (2)
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Coldwell Complex (3)
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Essex County Ontario (1)
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Hamilton Ontario (1)
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Hemlo Deposit (1)
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Kent County Ontario (1)
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Lennox and Addington County Ontario (1)
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Manitoulin District Ontario
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Manitoulin Island (6)
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Michipicoten Island (1)
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Oak Ridges Moraine (3)
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Parry Sound District Ontario (1)
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Peterborough County Ontario (1)
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Prince Edward County Ontario (1)
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Simcoe County Ontario (1)
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Sudbury Basin (1)
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Thunder Bay District Ontario
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Lake Nipigon (1)
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Timiskaming District Ontario
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Cobalt Ontario (1)
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Toronto Ontario (9)
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Wellington County Ontario (1)
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Quebec (4)
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Labrador Trough (1)
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Western Canada
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Manitoba (1)
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Central Basin (1)
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Germany (1)
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Georgian Bay (5)
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Lake Nipissing (2)
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Mill Creek (1)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (2)
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Appalachians
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Central Appalachians (1)
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Northern Appalachians (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Grenville Province
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Central Gneiss Belt (2)
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Central Metasedimentary Belt (2)
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Southern Province (13)
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Superior Province
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Kapuskasing Zone (2)
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Michipicoten Belt (1)
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Wawa Belt (2)
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Great Lakes
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Lake Ontario (22)
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Great Lakes region (345)
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Keweenawan Rift (15)
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Lake Superior region (26)
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Michigan Basin (15)
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Niagara Escarpment (3)
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Niagara River (2)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (2)
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Western Interior (1)
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Santa Clara Valley (1)
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Severn Valley (1)
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South America
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Brazil
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Minas Gerais Brazil
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Quadrilatero Ferrifero (1)
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-
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Falkland Islands (1)
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Trent Valley (1)
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United States
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Allegheny Plateau (1)
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Atlantic Coastal Plain
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Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
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California
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San Francisco Bay region (1)
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Cheyenne Belt (1)
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Connecticut (2)
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Eastern U.S. (3)
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Florida
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Florida Keys
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Key Largo (1)
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Monroe County Florida
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Key Largo (1)
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Illinois
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Cook County Illinois (1)
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DeKalb County Illinois (1)
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Indiana
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Porter County Indiana (2)
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Sullivan County Indiana (1)
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Iowa (2)
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Massachusetts (2)
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Michigan
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Michigan Lower Peninsula
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Allegan County Michigan (3)
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Manistee County Michigan (1)
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Muskegon County Michigan (1)
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Ottawa County Michigan (1)
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Van Buren County Michigan (2)
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Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Alger County Michigan (1)
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Baraga County Michigan (2)
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Chippewa County Michigan
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Sault Sainte Marie Michigan (1)
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Delta County Michigan (3)
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Dickinson County Michigan (2)
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Gogebic County Michigan (6)
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Houghton County Michigan (3)
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Iron County Michigan (2)
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Keweenaw County Michigan (3)
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Keweenaw Peninsula (3)
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Luce County Michigan (1)
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Mackinac County Michigan (5)
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Marquette County Michigan
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Marquette Michigan (1)
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Menominee County Michigan (2)
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Ontonagon County Michigan (2)
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Schoolcraft County Michigan (4)
-
-
-
Midcontinent (9)
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Midcontinent geophysical anomaly (1)
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Midwest (7)
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Minnesota
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Carlton County Minnesota (2)
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Chippewa County Minnesota (2)
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Cook County Minnesota (4)
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Dakota County Minnesota (1)
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Duluth Complex (6)
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Lake County Minnesota (6)
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Mesabi Range (1)
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Minnesota River valley (6)
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Pine County Minnesota (1)
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Redwood County Minnesota (3)
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Renville County Minnesota (4)
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Roseau County Minnesota (1)
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Saint Louis County Minnesota (8)
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Vermilion Range (1)
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Yellow Medicine County Minnesota (2)
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Mississippi Valley
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Upper Mississippi Valley (2)
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New England (3)
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New Hampshire (2)
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New Madrid region (1)
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New York
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Chautauqua County New York (3)
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Erie County New York (3)
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Finger Lakes
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Onondaga Lake (1)
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Franklin County New York (1)
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Genesee County New York (1)
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Jefferson County New York (2)
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Monroe County New York
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Rochester New York (2)
-
-
Niagara County New York (2)
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Onondaga County New York
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Onondaga Lake (1)
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-
Ontario County New York (1)
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Saint Lawrence County New York
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Balmat-Edwards mining district (1)
-
-
Wyoming County New York (1)
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North Dakota (1)
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Ohio
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Ashtabula County Ohio (3)
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Butler County Ohio (1)
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Cuyahoga County Ohio
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Cleveland Ohio (1)
-
-
Erie County Ohio (2)
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Franklin County Ohio (1)
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Huron County Ohio (1)
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Lake County Ohio (2)
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Morrow County Ohio (1)
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Ottawa County Ohio (1)
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Shelby County Ohio (1)
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Summit County Ohio (1)
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Pennsylvania
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Erie County Pennsylvania (1)
-
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Texas (1)
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West Virginia (1)
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Wisconsin
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Ashland County Wisconsin (3)
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Bayfield County Wisconsin (3)
-
Brown County Wisconsin (1)
-
Calumet County Wisconsin (1)
-
Chippewa County Wisconsin (1)
-
Clark County Wisconsin (1)
-
Door County Wisconsin (1)
-
Douglas County Wisconsin (2)
-
Eau Claire County Wisconsin (1)
-
Florence County Wisconsin (2)
-
Fond du Lac County Wisconsin (1)
-
Iron County Wisconsin (2)
-
Kenosha County Wisconsin (1)
-
Kewaunee County Wisconsin (1)
-
Langlade County Wisconsin (1)
-
Lincoln County Wisconsin (2)
-
Manitowoc County Wisconsin (2)
-
Marathon County Wisconsin (1)
-
Marinette County Wisconsin (1)
-
Milwaukee County Wisconsin (1)
-
Oneida County Wisconsin (1)
-
Outagamie County Wisconsin (1)
-
Portage County Wisconsin (2)
-
Price County Wisconsin (1)
-
Racine County Wisconsin (1)
-
Rusk County Wisconsin (1)
-
Sawyer County Wisconsin (2)
-
Walworth County Wisconsin (1)
-
Waukesha County Wisconsin (1)
-
Wolf River Batholith (1)
-
Wood County Wisconsin (2)
-
-
Wyoming (2)
-
-
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commodities
-
barite deposits (1)
-
brines (6)
-
dolostone deposits (3)
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energy sources (5)
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industrial minerals (1)
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limestone deposits (1)
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metal ores
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base metals (1)
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copper ores (7)
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gold ores (1)
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iron ores (7)
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lead-zinc deposits (3)
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molybdenum ores (1)
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nickel ores (2)
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polymetallic ores (2)
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silver ores (1)
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uranium ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
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-
mineral deposits, genesis (16)
-
mineral exploration (3)
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oil and gas fields (6)
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petroleum
-
natural gas (13)
-
-
water resources (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
C-14 (18)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (4)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (18)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
D/H (1)
-
deuterium (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
-
-
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metals
-
actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium (2)
-
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alkali metals
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potassium (2)
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sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
-
-
-
copper (1)
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead (5)
-
mercury (1)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
rhodium (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
rhenium (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
burrows (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
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Agnatha
-
Heterostraci (1)
-
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Proboscidea
-
Mastodontoidea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Graptolithina
-
Dendroidea (1)
-
-
ichnofossils (4)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
-
Malacostraca (1)
-
Ostracoda (8)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
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Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Lichida (1)
-
Ptychopariida
-
Proetidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Pentamerida
-
Pentameracea (1)
-
-
-
-
Bryozoa (2)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
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-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (3)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Cephalopoda (2)
-
Gastropoda
-
Archaeogastropoda (1)
-
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (5)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
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microfossils
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Conodonta (5)
-
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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miospores
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pollen (5)
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Plantae
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algae
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diatoms (1)
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Bryophyta (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Carya (1)
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Quercus (1)
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Ulmus (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Picea (1)
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Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
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Pinus (1)
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thallophytes (1)
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trails (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (2)
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K/Ar (4)
-
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paleomagnetism (18)
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U/Pb (9)
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U/Th/Pb (3)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
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Holocene
-
lower Holocene (5)
-
upper Holocene (2)
-
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Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (2)
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Illinoian (2)
-
Lake Agassiz (4)
-
Lake Algonquin (5)
-
Lake Chicago (5)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Sangamonian (2)
-
Twocreekan (4)
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Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
Woodfordian (3)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (6)
-
-
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Laurentide ice sheet (18)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Aptian (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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-
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Jurassic
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
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MIS 2 (1)
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MIS 5 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Galesville Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Mississippian (1)
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-
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Columbus Limestone (4)
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Couvinian (1)
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Delaware Limestone (1)
-
Detroit River Group (3)
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Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (2)
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Givetian (1)
-
Hamilton Group (3)
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Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (3)
-
-
Traverse Group (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (3)
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Frasnian (1)
-
Ohio Shale (3)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (3)
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (3)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Queenston Shale (2)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (6)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (1)
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Racine Dolomite (1)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
Waldron Shale (1)
-
-
Niagaran (12)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Salina Group (4)
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Espanola Formation (2)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
-
middle Precambrian (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (4)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Baraga Group (3)
-
Huronian
-
Gowganda Formation (4)
-
-
Keweenawan
-
Copper Harbor Conglomerate (2)
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
-
Negaunee Iron Formation (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (8)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Hemlock Formation (1)
-
Marquette Range Supergroup (1)
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Thomson Formation (3)
-
Virginia Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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granophyre (2)
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kimberlite (1)
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picrite (2)
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plutonic rocks
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volcanic rocks
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flood basalts (1)
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olivine tholeiite (1)
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glasses (1)
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pyroclastics (1)
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rhyolites (4)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (2)
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granite gneiss (2)
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paragneiss (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metadiabase (2)
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metaplutonic rocks (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (8)
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titanium oxides (1)
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silicates
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framework silicates
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silica minerals
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quartz (5)
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orthosilicates
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garnet group
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grossular (1)
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pyrope (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (8)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (1)
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smectite (1)
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vermiculite (1)
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illite (2)
-
mica group
-
biotite (2)
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celadonite (1)
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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Quebec (4)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (7)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene
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Champlain Sea (2)
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upper Quaternary (6)
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Chordata
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Pisces (1)
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clay mineralogy (7)
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Graptolithina
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Invertebrata
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Insecta
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Trilobitomorpha
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Ptychopariida
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Proetidae (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Bryozoa (2)
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Cnidaria
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Rugosa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Mollusca
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Porifera
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Stromatoporoidea (5)
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Protista
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Foraminifera (1)
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isostasy (7)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Jurassic
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
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nuclear facilities (4)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Upper Cambrian
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Galesville Sandstone (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Mississippian
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Middle Mississippian (1)
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Devonian
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Genesee Group (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Columbus Limestone (4)
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Traverse Group (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Ohio Shale (3)
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lower Paleozoic (3)
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Trenton Group (3)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (1)
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Queenston Shale (2)
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Trentonian (1)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (6)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Wenlock (1)
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Whirlpool Sandstone (1)
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Middle Silurian
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Racine Dolomite (1)
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Rochester Formation (1)
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Waldron Shale (1)
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Niagaran (12)
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Upper Silurian
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Salina Group (4)
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Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (1)
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palynomorphs
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Plantae
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
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Pinus (1)
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plate tectonics (14)
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pollution (7)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Neoarchean (2)
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Timiskaming Group (1)
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Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
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Espanola Formation (2)
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Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
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middle Precambrian (1)
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North Shore Volcanics (4)
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Osler Series (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Baraga Group (3)
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Huronian
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Gowganda Formation (4)
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Keweenawan
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Copper Harbor Conglomerate (2)
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Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
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Mesoproterozoic (3)
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Negaunee Iron Formation (1)
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Neoproterozoic (8)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Hemlock Formation (1)
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Marquette Range Supergroup (1)
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Michigamme Formation (1)
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Thomson Formation (3)
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Virginia Formation (1)
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reefs (13)
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sea-level changes (9)
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sedimentary rocks
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chert (2)
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clastic rocks
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argillite (2)
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sedimentary structures
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South America
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Great Lakes region
The Meter Reader: Early magnetic studies in the Lake Superior region
Posteruptive Thermal History of the Proterozoic Basaltic North Shore Volcanic Group of the Midcontinent Rift: Evidence from K/Ar Data of Celadonite
ABSTRACT Lobes, or ice streams, of the southern Laurentide ice sheet readvanced periodically during their overall retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum in the Great Lakes region. The Saginaw Lobe readvanced around 20 ka to form a prominent moraine, the Sturgis moraine, near the Michigan-Indiana border. Detailed mapping of nineteen 7½ min quadrangles at a scale of 1:24,000 in and adjacent to Calhoun County, Michigan, supports the interpretation that a large drumlin field behind the moraine was formed at this time, when the basal drainage of the glacier was distributed with high basal pore pressure. During retreat, after moraine construction, the drainage mode switched to a conduit-type system, in which meltwater drained to recessional ice-marginal positions through tunnel valleys. We mapped at least three discontinuous ice-marginal positions on the basis of coarse-grained, subaerial fans beginning at the ends of the tunnel valleys. There is a close association of kames with the tunnel valleys at these locations, suggesting that supraglacial meltwater contributed to the subglacial drainage. Our results support a model in which the drumlins were produced by deformation of the basal diamicton during ice advance prior to the formation of the tunnel valleys during ice retreat. This hypothesis rebuts a previously proposed model for this area in which the drumlins and tunnel valleys, along with boulder gravel deposits, were attributed to formation during a single, catastrophic subglacial sheetflood.
Age of the Sidney Geosol revisited
ABSTRACT The Sidney Geosol in Ohio and Indiana is believed to have developed between marine isotope stage (MIS) 5 and MIS 2. Development stopped when the Laurentide ice sheet extended south of the Great Lakes during MIS 2. Prior reported data and new chronological information are employed here to show that pedogenesis of the Sydney Geosol started prior to 50 cal ka and ended time-transgressively through burial by sediment of the Laurentide ice sheet. Near Sidney, Ohio, the termination age is ca. 25.9 cal ka, whereas at Snyder, Indiana, near the limit of the ice-sheet expansion, the age is ca. 21.9 cal ka. However, at Oxford, Ohio, an interstadial organic accumulation between till units may imply that the upper portion of the Sidney Geosol formed under different conditions than the remainder. At a third site, Huffman Park, Ohio, glacially transported tree remains represent a landscape older than 50 cal ka, which is currently difficult to correlate with any specific paleosol, but which suggests that further insights about conditions prior to ca. 25.9 cal ka may be preserved in the record.
ABSTRACT The glaciated terrain along the northern edge of the Appalachian Plateau in the eastern Finger Lakes of central New York has long been recognized as an important location for meltwater routing and for proglacial lake development in the Great Lakes region. Despite recognition of multiple ice margins formed by the Ontario Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet during the late Wisconsinan, numerical age control of several margins has been elusive, particularly in regard to regional readvances of the Port Bruce (ca. 16,980–18,000 cal [calibrated] yr B.P.) and Port Huron (ca. 14,300– 16,000 cal yr B.P.) Phases. Utilizing light detection and ranging (LiDAR) terrain models in the eastern Finger Lakes area, we identified and described the Mapleton, Tully, and Labrador Hollow moraines. Associated ice-marginal landforms include push moraines, fans, and hummocky topography. In places, these features intrude into the northern heads of through valleys. Coring of three basins directly associated with these landforms yielded more than 20 samples of boreal tree needles and twigs, and Dryas leaves. Accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon assay results indicate that poststadial lacustrine sedimentation began at ca. 15,000 cal yr B.P., consistent with ages of the Port Huron Phase.
The Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition (GLGMC), consisting of state geological surveys from all eight Great Lakes states, the Ontario Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey, was conceived out of a societal need for unbiased and scientifically defensible geologic information on the shallow subsurface, particularly the delineation, interpretation, and viability of groundwater resources. Only a small percentage (<10%) of the region had been mapped in the subsurface, and there was recognition that no single agency had the financial, intellectual, or physical resources to conduct such a massive geologic mapping effort at a detailed scale over a wide jurisdiction. The GLGMC provides a strategy for generating financial and stakeholder support for three-dimensional (3-D) geologic mapping, pooling of physical and personnel resources, and sharing of mapping and technological expertise to characterize the thick cover of glacial sediments. Since its inception in 1997, the GLGMC partners have conducted detailed surficial and 3-D geologic mapping within all jurisdictions, and concurrent significant scientific advancements have been made to increase understanding of the history and framework of geologic processes. More importantly, scientific information has been provided to public policymakers in understandable formats, emphasis has been placed on training early-career scientists in new mapping techniques and emerging technologies, and a successful model has been developed of state/provincial and federal collaboration focused on geologic mapping, as evidenced by this program’s unprecedented and long-term successful experiment of 10 geological surveys working together to address common issues.
A Sault-outlet-referenced mid- to late-Holocene paleohydrograph for Lake Superior constructed from strandplains of beach ridges
Drought drove forest decline and dune building in eastern upper Michigan, USA, as the upper Great Lakes became closed basins
Late Ordovician (Chatfieldian) catastrophic volcanism and abrupt carbonate platform-interior subsidence: A tectonic link across a Taconian foreland basin (Québec Embayment) due to inherited crustal weakness
This study investigates environmental change as a context for the location of occupation in campsites along the lower Nottawasaga River in southern Ontario, Canada. Evidence of Archaic and Woodland period campsites presents a difficult scenario for archaeological interpretation. Did Archaic cultures prefer to occupy higher ground, such as on the Edenvale moraine (206 m above sea level [a.s.l.]), or lower areas within river valleys, such as on the floodplain (181 m a.s.l.)? The aim of this study is to disentangle the evidence from a geoarchaeological perspective, considering cultural sites cross-temporally in their physical setting of a river floodplain in the Great Lakes region. We used geoarchaeological methods and methodologies, including soil-sediment analysis, sedimentological profiling of cutbanks and cores, topographic profiling in the field, river morphometric and hydrometric measurements using various techniques, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and conceptual modeling. Results indicate that the Edenvale moraine, which topographically confines the channel and floodplain in the study area, may have led to catastrophic stripping of the floodplain during drainage of glacial lakes, causing the Nottawasaga River to downcut into the Edenvale moraine. This occurred following a period of floodplain stability, when natural and cultural deposits would have been preserved and buried in confined sections of the floodplain that are currently being vertically accreted. Any model that considers accretion style, such as the preservation-exposure model presented here, should be interpreted within the context of the environmental history of the area, since accretion style varies temporally and spatially at the river-reach scale.
Liquefaction Probability Curves for Surficial Geologic Deposits
ABSTRACT The deglaciation history of northeastern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario is outlined using geological and ichthyofaunal evidence from the continental to local scales. Both published and new data indicate the existence of eastern outlets drawing from pre-and-early Agassiz lakes. Part of the Arctic watershed was impounded between the Duluth Complex highlands and the retreating Rainy lobe. These outlets had their flows routed through the “Keating Complex” and the “Gunflint Arrow Lakes Corridor.” Discharges around the Duluth Complex’s northeast limb reached the Superior basin along Superior lobe ice, then exited down existing pre-glacial river valleys and a prominent, “valley-type” topographic bench between Hovland and Grand Marais, Minnesota.