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Utah
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West Virginia
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Western U.S. (7)
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Wyoming
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Teton County Wyoming
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Wind River Range (6)
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Yellowstone National Park (3)
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USSR (3)
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Victoria Island (3)
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commodities
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placers
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potash (1)
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water resources (2)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (80)
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C-14 (240)
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organic carbon (13)
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chemical ratios (6)
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halogens
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bromine (1)
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chloride ion (1)
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Cl-36 (9)
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iodine
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I-129 (2)
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hydrogen
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D/H (6)
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deuterium (3)
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tritium (2)
-
-
isotope ratios (134)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (26)
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Be-10 (57)
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Be-10/Be-9 (1)
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C-14 (240)
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Cl-36 (9)
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Cs-137 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (3)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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tritium (2)
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
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U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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Be-10/Be-9 (1)
-
C-13 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (80)
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Ca-44 (1)
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D/H (6)
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deuterium (3)
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Fe-56 (1)
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He-3 (3)
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He-4 (1)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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Ne-21 (2)
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O-17/O-16 (2)
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O-18 (5)
-
O-18/O-16 (103)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (7)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (17)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (2)
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
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uranium
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
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U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (1)
-
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lithium (2)
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rubidium (1)
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sodium (2)
-
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (57)
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Be-10/Be-9 (1)
-
-
calcium
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Ca-44 (1)
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Mg/Ca (5)
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Sr/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
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Mg/Ca (5)
-
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strontium
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Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (17)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (26)
-
-
gold (1)
-
hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
iron
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Fe-56 (1)
-
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (3)
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manganese (1)
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molybdenum (1)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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platinum ores (1)
-
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rare earths
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lanthanum (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
-
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ytterbium (1)
-
-
rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
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silver (1)
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zinc (1)
-
-
nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
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helium
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He-3 (3)
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He-4 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
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Ne-21 (2)
-
-
radon (1)
-
-
oxygen
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O-17/O-16 (2)
-
O-18 (5)
-
O-18/O-16 (103)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
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silicon (1)
-
sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (7)
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trace metals (2)
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fossils
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bacteria (1)
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burrows (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Sphenisciformes (1)
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-
-
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Artiodactyla (1)
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Edentata (1)
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Perissodactyla (1)
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Primates
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Hominidae (2)
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Proboscidea (2)
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Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Cloudina (1)
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coprolites (1)
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cyanobacteria (2)
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eukaryotes (2)
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fossil man (3)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (2)
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Hemichordata (1)
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ichnofossils (3)
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Malacostraca (1)
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Ostracoda (12)
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (7)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (13)
-
Bryozoa (3)
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia
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Acropora
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Acropora palmata (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (1)
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Hiatella
-
Hiatella arctica (2)
-
-
-
Mytilus
-
Mytilus edulis (1)
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (1)
-
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (5)
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Rostroconchia (1)
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Porifera (1)
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Quinqueloculina (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bolivinitidae
-
Bolivina (1)
-
-
Bulimina (1)
-
Uvigerinidae
-
Uvigerina
-
Uvigerina peregrina (1)
-
-
-
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Anomalinidae
-
Cibicidoides
-
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (1)
-
-
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (2)
-
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides ruber (4)
-
Globigerinoides sacculifer (1)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia
-
Globorotalia inflata (1)
-
Globorotalia truncatulinoides (1)
-
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (3)
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (5)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Elphidium (2)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (13)
-
Silicoflagellata (3)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (1)
-
-
-
lichens (1)
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Metazoa (1)
-
microfossils
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Charophyta (1)
-
Chitinozoa (5)
-
Conodonta (8)
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
-
Chitinozoa (5)
-
Dinoflagellata (10)
-
miospores
-
pollen (38)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (1)
-
Chlorophyceae
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Codiaceae
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Halimeda (1)
-
-
Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae
-
Coccolithus
-
Coccolithus pelagicus (1)
-
-
-
diatoms
-
Ethmodiscus (1)
-
-
Microcodium (1)
-
nannofossils
-
Discoasteridae (1)
-
-
Phaeophyta (1)
-
-
Bryophyta (4)
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida
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Lycopodium (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Nothofagus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Picea (1)
-
Pinaceae
-
Pinus (1)
-
-
-
Cordaitales
-
Cordaites (1)
-
-
Pteridospermae (3)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (2)
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
thallophytes (12)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (6)
-
Ar/Ar (22)
-
exposure age (51)
-
fission-track dating (10)
-
hydration of glass (1)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (4)
-
K/Ar (12)
-
lichenometry (12)
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optical dating (1)
-
optical mineralogy (3)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (18)
-
paleomagnetism (84)
-
racemization (14)
-
Rb/Sr (4)
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Re/Os (2)
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Sm/Nd (1)
-
tephrochronology (18)
-
Th/U (10)
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thermochronology (9)
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thermoluminescence (7)
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tree rings (10)
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U/Pb (30)
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U/Th/Pb (2)
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uranium disequilibrium (7)
-
-
geologic age
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Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Bronze Age (1)
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Quaternary
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Clovis (1)
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Cordilleran ice sheet (25)
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Holocene
-
lower Holocene (28)
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Mesolithic (2)
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middle Holocene (9)
-
Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (2)
-
-
Neolithic (1)
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Preboreal (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (2)
-
-
-
Innuitian ice sheet (5)
-
Kazusa Group (1)
-
lower Quaternary (2)
-
middle Quaternary (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
Champlain Sea (5)
-
Glasford Formation (2)
-
Gunz (1)
-
Illinoian (10)
-
Kansan (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (12)
-
Lake Algonquin (2)
-
Lake Chicago (2)
-
Lake Maumee (1)
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
Loveland Loess (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Calabrian (1)
-
Jaramillo Subchron (2)
-
Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (15)
-
middle Pleistocene
-
Elsterian (5)
-
-
Mindel (1)
-
Old Crow Tephra (1)
-
Peoria Loess (4)
-
Presumpscot Formation (3)
-
Riss (1)
-
Roxana Silt (1)
-
Saalian (2)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Baltic ice lake (1)
-
Barents ice sheet (2)
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (4)
-
-
Eemian (4)
-
Hoxnian (1)
-
Lake Iroquois (2)
-
Sangamonian (8)
-
Twocreekan (3)
-
Weichselian
-
Loch Lomond Stade (2)
-
Oldest Dryas (1)
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (6)
-
Bolling (5)
-
Older Dryas (1)
-
Younger Dryas (34)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
Lavery Till (1)
-
lower Wisconsinan (7)
-
middle Wisconsinan (2)
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (11)
-
-
Woodfordian (9)
-
-
Wurm (4)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (14)
-
Bull Lake Glaciation (4)
-
Pinedale Glaciation (8)
-
Scandinavian ice sheet (1)
-
-
-
Sirius Group (3)
-
Stone Age
-
Mesolithic (2)
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Neolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic
-
upper Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Maikop Series (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (6)
-
middle Miocene (5)
-
upper Miocene
-
Duplin Formation (1)
-
Messinian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (1)
-
Gauss Chron (4)
-
lower Pliocene (2)
-
middle Pliocene (4)
-
upper Pliocene
-
Chowan River Formation (1)
-
-
Yorktown Formation (2)
-
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (1)
-
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
-
middle Paleocene (1)
-
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
White River Group (1)
-
-
upper Tertiary (3)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Tamiami Formation (2)
-
-
Yakataga Formation (3)
-
-
Dalradian (8)
-
Lake Bonneville (5)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (127)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (1)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Cenomanian (3)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Magothy Formation (1)
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Navesink Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Domerian (1)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (2)
-
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Callovian (1)
-
Dogger (1)
-
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic
-
Keuper (1)
-
-
-
-
MIS 2 (7)
-
MIS 3 (8)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 6 (6)
-
MIS 7 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (6)
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (3)
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (2)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian (2)
-
Osagian (2)
-
Pocono Formation (1)
-
Tournaisian (3)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (3)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Hinton Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
-
Serpukhovian (5)
-
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Namurian (6)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Joggins Formation (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (2)
-
Talchir Series (1)
-
Westphalian (5)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Prairie Evaporite (2)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Devonian (3)
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Itarare Subgroup (3)
-
Leinster Granite (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
glaciation
Self-organizing map modelling and prospectivity mapping of surface geochemical data in Au and multi-metal mineral exploration: example from northern Finland
Glacial events and continental weathering evolution of syn-, inter-, and post-glaciation during the middle–late Neoproterozoic period in the southwestern Tarim Craton, China
Cadmium isotope constraints on primary productivity and environmental perturbations across the Late Ordovician mass extinction
A detrital signal of glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.
Late Cretaceous glaciations in a hyper-arid plateau desert of the South China Coastal Mountains
Anatomy of a 300 Myr old fjord in Namibia
First dating of an early Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) glacial overdeepening in the Alpine Foreland using the 4 He/U-Th method
Quantifying Pleistocene loess provenance in midcontinental North America using a mixing model: Implications for glacial lobe evolution along the southern Laurentide ice sheet
A new Re-Os age constraint informs the dynamics of the Great Oxidation Event
Newly discovered diamictite and cap carbonate couplet in the southern Alxa Block, northwestern China: Implications for stratigraphic correlation and Marinoan glaciation
Middle Neoproterozoic–Early Ordovician: foreland basins, climatic extremes and rift-to-drift margins
Glacially influenced provenance and Sturtian affinity revealed by detrital zircon U–Pb ages from sandstones in the Port Askaig Formation, Dalradian Supergroup
Unravelling the fragmented sediment–landform assemblage in an area of thick Quaternary sediment, western Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada
Redox changes in the Iapetus Ocean during the Late Ordovician extinction crises
The interplay of lithology, tectonics and climate in the morphology of Corsica
Abstract The Nordland area in northern Norway is the seismically most active area on mainland Fennoscandia. It exhibits patterns of coastal extension, which contrasts with the first-order regional stress pattern that reflects compression aligned with the North Atlantic ridge push. The regional stress field has been considered to emanate from the interaction of ridge push and glacial isostatic adjustment; while the local stress pattern can be additionally influenced by gravitational, topographic stresses, as well as the flexural effects of erosion and sediment deposition. We employ finite element numerical models at a crustal scale to study the 3D stress field, using existing geometric constraints from previous geophysical studies. Internal body forces, induced by variations in density, topography or Moho depth, already yield significant deviatoric stresses. In the models tested, these can strongly influence the near-surface stress regime, in particular for the continental margin setting we are investigating. In addition, redistribution of rock mass, which occurred mainly under Pleistocene glaciation, can modify the stress field significantly on a semi-regional scale. We consider this process to be the main driver for the coastal extension, in particular in areas where erosion has been high.