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Utah
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Western U.S. (5)
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Wyoming
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placers (3)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-14 (270)
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chemical ratios (5)
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halogens
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Cl-36 (9)
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hydrogen
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D/H (7)
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deuterium (4)
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isotope ratios (121)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (21)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (3)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Th-234 (1)
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tritium (2)
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stable isotopes
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B-11/B-10 (2)
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C-13 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (67)
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
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D/H (7)
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deuterium (4)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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He-3 (3)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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O-17 (1)
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O-18 (4)
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O-18/O-16 (94)
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (3)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (14)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-234 (1)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (3)
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potassium (1)
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sodium (3)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (49)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (7)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (7)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (14)
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aluminum
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Al-26 (21)
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cadmium (1)
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chromium
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
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copper (2)
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gold (5)
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iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (3)
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manganese (2)
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molybdenum (2)
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nickel (1)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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platinum ores (1)
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ruthenium (1)
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precious metals (1)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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terbium (1)
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titanium (1)
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tungsten (1)
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zinc (1)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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helium
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He-3 (3)
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neon (1)
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oxygen
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O-17 (1)
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O-18 (4)
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O-18/O-16 (94)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (3)
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trace metals (1)
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fossils
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burrows (3)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii (1)
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Sarcopterygii
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Crossopterygii (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Sphenisciformes (2)
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Bovidae
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Bison (2)
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Carnivora (1)
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Primates
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Hominidae (1)
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Proboscidea
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Mastodontoidea (1)
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Rodentia
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Sciuromorpha (1)
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coprolites (1)
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eukaryotes (1)
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fossil man (3)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (1)
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Hemichordata (1)
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ichnofossils (3)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda (12)
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (3)
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-
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-
-
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (5)
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-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Spiriferida (1)
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Inarticulata
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Lingula (1)
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-
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Bryozoa (3)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia
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Acropora
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Acropora palmata (2)
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-
-
-
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Hydrozoa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (2)
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Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (1)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Hiatella
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Hiatella arctica (2)
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-
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Mytilus
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Mytilus edulis (1)
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Pholadomyoida (1)
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Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Pectinacea (1)
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-
-
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Cephalopoda
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (1)
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-
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Gastropoda (3)
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Porifera (3)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
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Miliolina
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Miliolacea
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Quinqueloculina (1)
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-
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Rotaliina
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Buliminacea
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Bolivinitidae
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Bolivina (1)
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-
Uvigerinidae
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Uvigerina
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Uvigerina peregrina (1)
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-
-
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Cassidulinacea
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Anomalinidae
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Cibicidoides
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Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (2)
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-
-
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerina
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Globigerina bulloides (5)
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-
Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides ruber (7)
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Globigerinoides sacculifer (1)
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-
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Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia
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Globorotalia inflata (2)
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-
-
Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (3)
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (16)
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-
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Rotaliacea
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Elphidium (2)
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-
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Trochammina (1)
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-
-
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Radiolaria (11)
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Silicoflagellata (3)
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Thecamoeba (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (1)
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-
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Metazoa (1)
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microfossils
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Conodonta (6)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
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-
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Dinoflagellata (6)
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miospores
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pollen (33)
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-
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Dasycladaceae (1)
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-
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (33)
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nannofossils (7)
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Phaeophyta (1)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (2)
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-
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Bryophyta
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Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
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-
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (4)
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Sphenopsida (2)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (2)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Picea (2)
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Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
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Pinus (2)
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (1)
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Cycadales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris (1)
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Pteridospermae (2)
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-
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Pterobranchia (1)
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thallophytes (9)
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tracks (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (17)
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exposure age (45)
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fission-track dating (4)
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hydration of glass (1)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
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K/Ar (9)
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lichenometry (17)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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optical mineralogy (3)
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optically stimulated luminescence (12)
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paleomagnetism (54)
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Pb/Pb (1)
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racemization (16)
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Rb/Sr (4)
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Re/Os (4)
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Sm/Nd (1)
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tephrochronology (18)
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Th/U (9)
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thermochronology (3)
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thermoluminescence (6)
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tree rings (17)
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U/Pb (29)
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U/Th/Pb (3)
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uranium disequilibrium (7)
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geologic age
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Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Clovis (1)
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Cordilleran ice sheet (29)
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (41)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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middle Holocene (6)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (4)
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Preboreal (2)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (4)
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-
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Innuitian ice sheet (7)
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lower Quaternary (1)
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Mazama Ash (1)
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middle Quaternary (1)
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Pleistocene
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Bishop Tuff (1)
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Champlain Sea (8)
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Glasford Formation (1)
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Illinoian (8)
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Kansan (3)
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Lake Agassiz (21)
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Lake Algonquin (8)
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Lake Chicago (4)
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Lake Maumee (1)
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Lake Missoula (8)
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lower Pleistocene
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Jaramillo Subchron (1)
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-
Matuyama Chron (6)
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middle Pleistocene
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Elsterian (4)
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Peoria Loess (1)
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Presumpscot Formation (4)
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Roxana Silt (1)
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Saalian (2)
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upper Pleistocene
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Barents ice sheet (3)
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Devensian
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upper Devensian (7)
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Eemian (1)
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Hoxnian (2)
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Lake Iroquois (3)
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Sangamonian (4)
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Twocreekan (3)
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Weichselian
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Loch Lomond Stade (1)
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upper Weichselian
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Allerod (7)
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Bolling (8)
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Older Dryas (1)
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Younger Dryas (35)
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-
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Wisconsinan
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lower Wisconsinan (1)
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middle Wisconsinan (3)
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upper Wisconsinan
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Fraser Glaciation (12)
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Woodfordian (8)
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Wurm (5)
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-
Wedron Formation (1)
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-
upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (6)
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Bull Lake Glaciation (4)
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Pinedale Glaciation (8)
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Scandinavian ice sheet (7)
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-
-
Sirius Group (5)
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Tertiary
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Cypress Hills Formation (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
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lower Miocene (3)
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middle Miocene (7)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (2)
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-
-
Pliocene
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Gauss Chron (1)
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lower Pliocene (3)
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middle Pliocene (3)
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upper Pliocene (11)
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-
Ringold Formation (1)
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upper Neogene (1)
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-
Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene
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Ypresian
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London Clay (1)
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-
-
middle Eocene (2)
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upper Eocene (3)
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-
Oligocene
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lower Oligocene
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Rupelian (1)
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-
upper Oligocene
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Chattian (1)
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-
-
upper Paleogene (1)
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-
-
upper Cenozoic (15)
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Yakataga Formation (1)
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-
Dalradian (4)
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Lake Bonneville (9)
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Laurentide ice sheet (166)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Aptian (1)
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Christopher Formation (1)
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Valanginian (1)
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-
Upper Cretaceous
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
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Judith River Formation (1)
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Kanguk Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian
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lower Maestrichtian (1)
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-
Navesink Formation (1)
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Senonian (1)
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-
-
Jurassic
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Ferrar Group (1)
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Lower Jurassic
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Pliensbachian (1)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
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-
-
Middle Jurassic
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Bajocian
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Etive Formation (1)
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-
-
Upper Jurassic
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Volgian (1)
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-
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lower Mesozoic (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic (1)
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-
-
MIS 2 (3)
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MIS 3 (3)
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MIS 5 (1)
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MIS 6 (2)
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Moldanubian (1)
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Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
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Brigham Group (1)
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Lower Cambrian (4)
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Upper Cambrian (1)
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-
Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Dinantian (6)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (3)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Kinderhookian (1)
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Osagian (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
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-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean (1)
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-
Upper Mississippian
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (3)
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-
Windsor Group (1)
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-
Namurian (5)
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Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (3)
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-
Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Atokan (1)
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Desmoinesian (1)
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Moscovian (5)
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-
Pottsville Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Glenshaw Formation (1)
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Gzhelian (2)
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Kasimovian (2)
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Missourian (1)
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-
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (1)
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Talchir Series (2)
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Westphalian (3)
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-
-
Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Shap Granite (1)
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-
Middle Devonian
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Hamilton Group (1)
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-
Upper Devonian
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Hampshire Formation (1)
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-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
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Ellis Bay Formation (1)
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Itarare Subgroup (5)
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lower Paleozoic (3)
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Maroon Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Eureka Quartzite (1)
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Lower Ordovician
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Ellenburger Group (1)
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-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Deicke Bentonite Bed (2)
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-
Trenton Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (8)
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Caradocian (3)
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Hirnantian (12)
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Juniata Formation (1)
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Katian (1)
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Trentonian (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
glacial geology
Glacial dispersal of indicator minerals from the Brazil Lake lithium–caesium–tantalum pegmatites, SW Nova Scotia, Canada
Self-organizing map modelling and prospectivity mapping of surface geochemical data in Au and multi-metal mineral exploration: example from northern Finland
Glacial isostatic adjustment driven by asymmetric ice sheet melt during the Last Interglacial causes multiple local sea-level peaks
Full-parametric and joint inversion of multimode surface wave data for identifying glacial ice thickness and freezing extent in subglacial sediments via the hunger games search algorithm
Anatomy of a 300 Myr old fjord in Namibia
North Pacific warmth synchronous with the Miocene Climatic Optimum
Quantifying Pleistocene loess provenance in midcontinental North America using a mixing model: Implications for glacial lobe evolution along the southern Laurentide ice sheet
Miocene ice sheet dynamics and sediment deposition in the central Ross Sea, Antarctica
A GIS and Remote Sensing-based Approach on Supraglacial Lake Dynamics Study in the Himalayan Glaciers
Glacially influenced provenance and Sturtian affinity revealed by detrital zircon U–Pb ages from sandstones in the Port Askaig Formation, Dalradian Supergroup
Gold in eskers and gyttja overlying auriferous till, Regnault deposit, Quebec
Abstract The Nordland area in northern Norway is the seismically most active area on mainland Fennoscandia. It exhibits patterns of coastal extension, which contrasts with the first-order regional stress pattern that reflects compression aligned with the North Atlantic ridge push. The regional stress field has been considered to emanate from the interaction of ridge push and glacial isostatic adjustment; while the local stress pattern can be additionally influenced by gravitational, topographic stresses, as well as the flexural effects of erosion and sediment deposition. We employ finite element numerical models at a crustal scale to study the 3D stress field, using existing geometric constraints from previous geophysical studies. Internal body forces, induced by variations in density, topography or Moho depth, already yield significant deviatoric stresses. In the models tested, these can strongly influence the near-surface stress regime, in particular for the continental margin setting we are investigating. In addition, redistribution of rock mass, which occurred mainly under Pleistocene glaciation, can modify the stress field significantly on a semi-regional scale. We consider this process to be the main driver for the coastal extension, in particular in areas where erosion has been high.
Abstract The discovery of Ice Ages is one of the most revolutionary advances ever made in the Earth sciences. In Norway this discovery was made by Danish–Norwegian geoscientist Jens Esmark and his young student Niels Otto Tank, who on a mountain traverse in early September 1823 observed a number of geomorphological features produced by an extant glacier, and compared these to similar features they had previously noted where glaciers today are absent. Seeing a recent moraine pushed up by an extant glacier they suddenly realized that a big ridge of gravel they had earlier seen at sea-level in Southern Norway had to be an ancient moraine, deposited by a big glacier at a time when the climate was substantially colder than today. The brevity of Esmark's account made the precise location of the site of enlightenment remain a mystery for almost two hundred years until it was rediscovered by the author in 2008. This paper describes the crucial site and its lessons.
Pleistocene to recent evolution of Mocho-Choshuenco volcano during growth and retreat of the Patagonian Ice Sheet
Watermass architecture of the Ordovician–Silurian Yangtze Sea (South China) and its palaeogeographical implications
Early Oligocene record of an “iceberg alley” in the Weddell Sea from quartz sand microtextural analysis at ODP Site 696
Bacterial magnetofossil evidence for enhanced Pacific Ocean respired carbon storage during buildup of Antarctic glaciation
Linking the terrestrial environmental record at Mason Spur volcanic complex with the middle Miocene–Pleistocene Ross Sea marine record, Antarctica: A history of subaerial (ice-free) eruptions and glaciovolcanism under variable ice thicknesses
Glacial seismic geomorphology and Plio-Pleistocene ice sheet history offshore NW Europe
Abstract Plio-Pleistocene records of ice-rafted detritus suggest NW European ice sheets regularly reached coastlines. However, these records provide limited insight on the frequency, extent and dynamics of ice sheets delivering the detritus. Three-dimensional reflection seismic data of the NW European glaciated margin have previously documented buried landforms that inform us on these uncertainties. This paper reviews and combines these existing records with new seismic geomorphological observations to catalogue landform occurrence along the European glaciated margin and considers how they relate to ice sheet history. The compilation shows Early Pleistocene ice sheets regularly advanced across the continental shelves. Early Pleistocene sea-level reconstructions demonstrate lower magnitude fluctuations compared to the Middle–Late Pleistocene, and more extensive/frequent Early Pleistocene glaciation provides a possible mismatch with sea-level reconstructions. This evidence is discussed with global records of glaciation to consider possible impacts on our wider understanding of Plio-Pleistocene climate changes, in particular how well Early Pleistocene sea-level records capture ice sheet volume changes. Resolving such issues relies on how well landforms are dated, whether they can be correlated with other proxy datasets, and how accurately these proxies reconstruct the magnitudes of past climatic changes. Many questions about Pleistocene glaciation in Europe and elsewhere remain.