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Mesozoic
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germanium
Marathonite, Pd 25 Ge 9 , and palladogermanide, Pd 2 Ge, two new platinum-group minerals from the Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada: Descriptions, crystal-chemical considerations, and genetic implications
Mineralogy of Ga- and Ge-bearing metallurgical slags from Tsumeb, Namibia
The Ag- and Au-bearing phases in the Escondida epithermal vein, Cerro Moro deposit, Santa Cruz, Argentina
Redistribution of germanium during dynamic recrystallization of sphalerite
Distribution of trace elements in willemite from the Belgium non-sulphide deposits
Distribution of trace elements in sphalerite and arsenopyrite on the nanometre-scale – discrete phases versus solid solution
Geologic and Geochemical Features of Cretaceous Ge-Bearing Lignites in the Yenisei Middle Reaches
Critical elements in non-sulfide Zn deposits: a reanalysis of the Kabwe Zn-Pb ores (central Zambia)
Enrichment in critical metals (In-Ge) and Te-Se in epithermal deposits of the ‘La Carolina’ district, San Luis, Argentina
Trace element composition of authigenic quartz in sandstones and its correlation with fluid–rock interaction during diagenesis
Abstract: The properties of sandstones are strongly affected by formation of minerals in the pore space during diagenesis. In many sandstones, quartz overgrowths are the most important pore-filling cements and show a characteristic trace element composition. The most important impurities are Al, Li, H and Ge. The Al concentration of quartz may reach up to several 1000 µmol mol −1 and is assumed to reflect the composition of the porewater. Geochemical modelling of the activity ratio of Al and Si revealed a minimum at nearly neutral to slightly acid conditions. This minimum shifts to lower pH with increasing temperatures. Due to complexing, organic acids may strongly affect the Al solubility especially in acidic water at low temperatures. There is a linear correlation between Al and Li, indicating their incorporation in a combined [AlO 4 |Li] centre. Since Li only accounts for 10–30% of the Al concentration, the remaining Al needs to be balanced by H. The ratio of Li/H-compensated Al centres seems to depend on the Li activity and the pH in the aqueous solution. Germanium concentrations in quartz cements are slightly higher than the crustal average and they show a weak correlation with Al. The excess of Ge in authigenic quartz requires pre-enrichment, probably by formation of kaolinite. Possible applications of trace element analyses of authigenic quartz include discrimination of different sources that contribute to the supply of silica, enhanced understanding of inhomogeneities that are related to cementation and possible tracking of fluid migration.
Omariniite, Cu 8 Fe 2 ZnGe 2 S 12 , the germanium analogue of stannoidite, a new mineral species from Capillitas, Argentina
Recent Advances in Understanding the Similarities and Differences of Colombian Euclases
Exceptional preservation of soft-bodied Ediacara Biota promoted by silica-rich oceans: COMMENT
Exceptional preservation of soft-bodied Ediacara Biota promoted by silica-rich oceans: REPLY
Germanium Isotope Geochemistry
Trace Element Distribution (cu, Ga, Ge, Cd, and Fe) in Sphalerite from the Tennessee Mvt Deposits, Usa, By Combined Empa, La-icp-ms, Raman Spectroscopy, and Crystallography
Abstract Sea-floor massive sulfide deposits represent a new type of base and precious metal resources that may be exploited by future deep-sea mining operations. These deposits occur in diverse tectonic environments and are mostly located along the global mid-ocean ridge system within international waters and arc-related settings within the exclusive economic zones of the world’s oceans. Much controversy is currently centered on the question whether sea-floor massive sulfide deposits represent a significant resource of metals that could be exploited to meet the metal demand of modern technology-based society. Chemical analysis of sulfide samples from sea-floor hydrothermal vent sites worldwide shows that sea-floor massive sulfides can be enriched in the minor elements Bi, Cd, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, Mo, Sb, Se, Te, and Tl, with concentrations ranging up to several tens or hundreds of parts per million. The minor element content of seafloor sulfides broadly varies with volcanic and tectonic setting. Massive sulfides on mid-ocean ridges commonly show high concentrations of Se, Mo, and Te, whereas arc-related sulfide deposits can be enriched in Cd, Hg, Sb, and Tl. Superposed on the volcanic and tectonic controls, the minor element content of sea-floor sulfides is strongly influenced by the temperature-dependent solubility of these elements. The high- to intermediatetemperature suite of minor elements, Bi, In, Mo, Se, and Te, is typically enriched in massive sulfides composed of chalcopyrite, while the low-temperature suite of minor elements, Cd, Ga, Ge, Hg, Sb, and Tl, is more typically associated with sphalerite-rich massive sulfides. Temperature-related minor element enrichment trends observed in modern sea-floor hydrothermal systems are broadly comparable to those encountered in fossil massive sulfide deposits. Although knowledge on the mineralogical sequestration of the minor elements in sea-floor massive sulfide deposits is limited, a significant proportion of the total amount of minor elements contained in massive sulfides appears to be incorporated into the crystal structure of the main sulfide minerals, including pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, wurtzite, and galena. In addition, the over 80 trace minerals recognized represent important hosts of minor elements in massive sulfides. As modern sea-floor sulfides have not been affected by metamorphic recrystallization and remobilization, the minor element distribution and geometallurgical properties of the massive sulfides may differ from those of ancient massive sulfide deposits. The compilation of geochemical data from samples collected from hydrothermal vent sites worldwide now permits a first-order evaluation of the global minor element endowment of sea-floor sulfide deposits. Based on an estimated 600 million metric tons (Mt) of massive sulfides in the neovolcanic zones of the world’s oceans, the amount of minor elements contained in sea-floor deposits is fairly small when compared to land-based mineral resources. Although some of the minor elements are potentially valuable commodities and could be recovered as co- or by-products from sulfide concentrates, sea-floor massive sulfide deposits clearly do not represent a significant or strategic future resource for these elements.