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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Ganges River (1)
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Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (49)
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High Himalayan Crystallines (3)
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Kumaun Himalayas (9)
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Lesser Himalayas (6)
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Nanga Parbat (1)
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Zanskar Range (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bhutan (1)
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Ganga Basin (1)
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India
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Bhagirathi River (2)
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Delhi India (1)
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Sikkim India (2)
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Uttar Pradesh India (14)
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Uttarakhand India
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Chamoli India (5)
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Dehradun India
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Mussoorie India (1)
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Garhwal Himalayas (49)
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Garhwal India (3)
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Uttarkashi India
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Gangotri Glacier (2)
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Ladakh (1)
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Nanga Parbat (1)
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Nepal (3)
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Pakistan (1)
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
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Main Boundary Fault (1)
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Main Central Thrust (12)
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-
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commodities
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geothermal energy (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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isotope ratios (4)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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Be-10 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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large-ion lithophile elements (1)
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metals
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alkali metals
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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fossils
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ichnofossils (1)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Gastropoda (1)
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microfossils (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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miospores
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pollen (2)
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (1)
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trails (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (6)
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exposure age (1)
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K/Ar (1)
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paleomagnetism (3)
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Rb/Sr (2)
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thermochronology (1)
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U/Pb (3)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Middle Ages (1)
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Pleistocene (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene (3)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Subathu Formation (1)
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Paleocene (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous (1)
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Jurassic (1)
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Paleozoic
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician (1)
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Silurian (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Garhwal Group (2)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic (1)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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granites
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (3)
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S-type granites (1)
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monzonites (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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gneisses
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granite gneiss (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (3)
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migmatites (1)
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mylonites (2)
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quartzites (3)
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schists (1)
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minerals
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carbonates (1)
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oxides
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silicates
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framework silicates
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silica minerals
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quartz (1)
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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zircon group
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zircon (2)
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sheet silicates
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illite (1)
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mica group
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biotite (1)
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muscovite (3)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (11)
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Asia
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Ganges River (1)
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Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (49)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (3)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (9)
-
Lesser Himalayas (6)
-
Nanga Parbat (1)
-
Zanskar Range (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (1)
-
Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Bhagirathi River (2)
-
Delhi India (1)
-
Sikkim India (2)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (14)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Chamoli India (5)
-
Dehradun India
-
Mussoorie India (1)
-
-
Garhwal Himalayas (49)
-
Garhwal India (3)
-
Uttarkashi India
-
Gangotri Glacier (2)
-
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
Nanga Parbat (1)
-
-
Nepal (3)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
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Main Boundary Fault (1)
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Main Central Thrust (12)
-
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Middle Ages (1)
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Pleistocene (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene (3)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Subathu Formation (1)
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Paleocene (1)
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crust (4)
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crystal structure (1)
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dams (1)
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data processing (3)
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deformation (9)
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earthquakes (11)
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faults (18)
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folds (2)
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geochronology (1)
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geophysical methods (1)
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geothermal energy (1)
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ground water (3)
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heat flow (1)
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hydrology (4)
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ichnofossils (1)
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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granites
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (3)
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S-type granites (1)
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monzonites (1)
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (1)
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intrusions (4)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Gastropoda (1)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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Be-10 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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lineation (2)
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magmas (1)
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mantle (2)
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maps (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous (1)
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Jurassic (1)
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metals
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alkali metals
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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-
-
metamorphic rocks
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gneisses
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granite gneiss (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (3)
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migmatites (1)
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mylonites (2)
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quartzites (3)
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schists (1)
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metamorphism (4)
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meteorology (1)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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orogeny (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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paleoclimatology (1)
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paleoecology (1)
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paleogeography (1)
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paleomagnetism (3)
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Paleozoic
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician (1)
-
-
Silurian (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Garhwal Group (2)
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-
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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miospores
-
pollen (2)
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petrology (1)
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (1)
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plate tectonics (2)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic (1)
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reservoirs (2)
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sedimentary structures
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sediments (1)
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slope stability (3)
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soils (1)
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springs (2)
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structural analysis (6)
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thermal waters (2)
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weathering (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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limestone (1)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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siliciclastics (1)
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sedimentary structures
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sedimentary structures
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soft sediment deformation (2)
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trails (1)
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sediments
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sediments (1)
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siliciclastics (1)
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soils
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soils (1)
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Garhwal Himalayas
Pollen morphology of Ipomoea L. from Garhwal Himalaya, India
Assessment of Geothermal Renewable Energy with Reference to Tapoban Geothermal Fields, Garhwal Northwest Himalaya, India
Differential Crustal Attenuation in the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalaya Obtained from Seismological and Geophysical Studies
Small Size Gastropod Fauna from the Matli Geothermal Spring, Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand: Ecological Implications
Characterization of Ordovician-Silurian Acritarchs from the Kumaon Tethys Himalaya, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand, India
Decadal Response of Dokriani Glacier using High-resolution Hydrological Data, Indian Himalaya
Geochronology of Himalayan shear zones: unravelling the timing of thrusting from structurally complex fault rocks
A Perspective on Rishiganga-Dhauliganga Flash Flood in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India
New Magnetic Fabric Data from Almora Crystalline Rocks around Rameshwar, Near North Almora Thrust
The crustal structure of the Himalaya: A synthesis
Abstract This chapter examines the along-arc variation in the crustal structure of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Using results from published seismological studies, plus large teleseismic body-wave and surface-wave datasets which we analyse, we illustrate the along-arc variation by comparing the crustal properties beneath four representative areas of the Himalayan Mountain Range: the Western Syntaxis, the Garhwal–Kumaon, the Eastern Nepal–Sikkim, and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions. The Western Syntaxis and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions have a complicated structure extending far out in front of the main Range, whereas the Central Himalaya appear to have a much simpler structure. The deformation is more distributed beneath the western and eastern ends of the Range, but in general, the crust gradually thickens from c. 40 km on the southern side of the Foreland Basin to c. 80 km beneath the Tethys Himalaya. While the gross crustal structure of much of the Himalaya is becoming better known, our understanding of the internal structure of the Himalaya is still sketchy. The detailed geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust and the role of the secondary structures on the underthrusting Indian Plate are yet to be characterized satisfactorily.
Abstract The timing of shearing along the Vaikrita Thrust, the upper structural boundary of the Main Central Thrust Zone in the Garhwal Himalaya, was constrained by combined microstructural, microchemical and geochronological investigations. Three different biotite–muscovite growth and recrystallization episodes were observed: a relict mica-1; mica-2 along the main mylonitic foliation; and mica-3 in coronitic structures around garnet during its breakdown. Electron microprobe analyses of biotite showed chloritization and a bimodal composition of biotite-2 in one sample. Muscovite-2 and muscovite-3 differed in composition from each other. Biotite and muscovite 39 Ar– 40 Ar age spectra from all samples showed both inter- and intra-sample discrepancies. Biotite step-ages ranged between 8.6 and 16 Ma and muscovite step-ages between 3.6 and 7.8 Ma. These ages cannot be interpreted as ‘cooling ages’ because samples from the same outcrop cooled simultaneously. Instead, the Ar systematics reflect sample-specific recrystallization markers. Intergrown impurities were diagnosed by the Ca/K ratios. The age data of biotite were interpreted as a mixture of true biotite-2 (9.00 ± 0.10 Ma) and two alteration products. The negative Cl/K–age correlation identified a Cl-poor muscovite-2 (>7 Ma) and a Cl-rich, post-deformational, coronitic muscovite-3 grown at ≤5.88 ± 0.03 Ma. The Vaikrita Thrust was active at least from 9 to 6 Ma at c. 600°C; its movement had ended by 6 Ma.
Abstract The Bhatwari Gneiss of Bhagirathi Valley in the Garhwal Himalaya is a Paleoproterozoic crystalline rock from the Inner Lesser Himalayan Sequence. On the basis of field and petrographic analyses, we have classified the Bhatwari Gneiss into two parts: the Lower Bhatwari Gneiss (LBG) and the Upper Bhatwari Gneiss (UBG). The geochemical signatures of these rocks suggest a monzonitic protolith for the LBG and a granitic protolith for the UBG. The UBG has a calc-alkaline S-type granitoid protolith, whereas the LBG has an alkaline I-type granitoid protolith; the UBG is more fractionated. The trace element concentrations suggest a volcanic arc setting for the LBG and a within-plate setting for the UBG. The U–Pb geochronology of one sample from the LBG gives an upper intercept age of 1988 ± 12 Ma ( n = 10, MSWD = 2.5). One sample from the UBG gives an upper intercept age of 1895 ± 22 Ma ( n = 15, MSWD = 0.82), whereas another sample does not give any upper intercept age, but indicates magmatism from c. 1940 to 1840 Ma. Based on these ages, we infer that the Bhatwari Gneiss has evolved due to arc magmatism and related back-arc rifting over a time period of c. 100 Ma during the Proterozoic. This arc magmatism is related to the formation of the Columbia supercontinent.