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Discussion of “The northern Appalachian terrane wreck model”
A trans-Iapetus transform fault control for the evolution of the Rheic Ocean: Implications for an early Paleozoic transition of accretionary tectonics
New U–Pb age constraints on the geological history of the Ganderian Bras d’Or terrane, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Detrital zircon characterization of early Cambrian sandstones from East Avalonia and SE Ireland: implications for terrane affinities in the peri-Gondwanan Caledonides
Provenance of exhalites associated with the Lemarchant volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit, central Newfoundland, Canada: insights from Nd isotopes and lithogeochemistry
Reply to Discussion on ‘No Exploits back-arc basin in the Iapetus suture zone of Ireland’, Journal of the Geological Society, London , 172, 740–747
Discussion on ‘No Exploits back-arc basin in the Iapetus suture zone of Ireland’, Journal of the Geological Society, London , 172, 740–747
Zircon oxygen isotopic constraints from plutonic rocks on the magmatic and crustal evolution of the northern Appalachians in southern New England, USA
Detrital muscovite geochronology and the Cretaceous tectonics of the inner Scotian Shelf, southeastern Canada 1 This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue on the theme of Mesozoic–Cenozoic geology of the Scotian Basin . 2 Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20120142.
The Appalachians are a Paleozoic orogen that formed in a complete Wilson cycle along the eastern Laurentian margin following the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia and the coalescence of all of the continents to form supercontinent Pangea. The Appalachian Wilson cycle began by formation of a Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic rifted margin and platform succession on the southeastern margin of Laurentia. Three orogenies ultimately produced the mountain chain: the Ordovician Taconic orogeny, which involved arc accretion; the Acadian–Neoacadian orogeny, which involved north-to-south, transpressional, zippered, Late Devonian–early Mississippian collision of the Carolina superterrane in the southern-central Appalachians and the Avalon-Gander superterrane in the New England Appalachians, and Silurian collision in the Maritime Appalachians and Newfoundland; and the Alleghanian orogeny, which involved late Mississippian to Permian collision of all previously formed Appalachian components with Gondwana to form supercontinent Pangea. The Alleghanian also involved zippered, north-to-south, transpressional, then head-on collision. All orogenies were diachronous. Similar time-correlative orogenies affected western and central Europe (Variscan events), eastern Europe and western Siberia (Uralian events), and southern Britain and Ireland; only the Caledonide (Grampian–Finnmarkian; Caledonian–Scandian) events affected the rest of Britain and the Scandinavian Caledonides. These different events, coupled with the irregular rifted margin of Laurentia, produced an orogen that contains numerous contrasts and nonthroughgoing elements, but it also contains elements, such as the platform margin and peri-Gondwanan elements, that are recognizable throughout the orogen.
Review of the major post–Middle Ordovician lithotectonic elements of the Appalachian orogen indicates that the middle to late Paleozoic geologic evolution of the Appalachian margin was less uniform than that of the early Paleozoic. Evolutionary divergence between the northern and southern segments of the orogen started in the Late Ordovician to Silurian with staggered accretion of the first peri-Gondwanan elements to reach the Laurentia margin, Carolinia in the south and Ganderia in the north. Divergence was amplified during the Silurian, specifically with respect to the nature of the Laurentian margin and the history of accretion. During this time frame, the northern margin was convergent, whereas the amagmatic southern margin may well have been a transform boundary. In terms of accretion, the Late Silurian–Early Devonian docking of Avalonia was restricted to the northern segment, whereas the southern Appalachians appear to have been largely quiescent during this interval. The evolutionary paths of the two segments of the margin converge on a common history in the Late Devonian during the Famennian event; we suggest that this tectonism was related to the initial marginwide interaction of Laurentia with the peri-Gondwanan blocks of Meguma and Suwanee, providing a uniform tectonic template for margin evolution. The Laurentian-Gondwanan collision is marked by second-order divergences in history. Specifically, during the Carboniferous, the southern segment records a larger component of shortening than the northern Appalachians.
Middle Cambrian to Ordovician arc-backarc development on the leading edge of Ganderia, Newfoundland Appalachians
The evolution of many modern intra-oceanic and continental arc systems is exemplified by cycles of arc construction, rifting, and separation of remnant and active arcs by a backarc basin floored by oceanic crust. Rifted arc complexes and backarc basins are inherently subductable, and hence only a fragmentary record of rifting and arc construction is preserved in the ancient record. In this contribution, we synthesize available geochronological, geochemical, isotopic, and stratigraphic data in order to discuss the evolution of the Cambrian to Ordovician Penobscot-Victoria Arc, which developed on the leading edge of Ganderia, a peri-Gondwanan microcontinent. Although the Penobscot and Victoria stages of arc-backarc development occurred in a predominantly extensional suprasubduction-zone setting, they each display a distinctly different character of magmatism and sedimentation. These stages are separated by an orogenic episode marked by the obduction of backarc ophiolites onto the Ganderian passive margin. The Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Penobscot Arc is characterized by the continuous migration of the magmatic front and development of multiple volcanically active rift zones. The rift basins display a variety of characteristics, including bimodal calc-alkaline magmatism, felsic-dominated incipient rift magmatism, and formation of rifts floored by tholeiitic to boninitic suprasubduction-zone ophiolite. Comparison to modern analogues suggests that part of the Penobscot Arc area developed in a similar setting to the volcanically active Havre Trough and Taupo volcanic zone. In contrast, the Victoria Arc phase was dominated by multiple epiclastic rich, volcano-sedimentary basins overlying tectonically modified Penobscot basement. Igneous rocks are sparse, typified by calc-alkaline felsic volcanic and tholeiitic to alkaline backarc basin basalts. The change in character of the backarc volcanic rocks over time is interpreted to reflect multiple tectonic factors, including the variation of slab retreat rate, degree of extension in the arc (Cambrian Penobscot Arc) versus the backarc basin (Ordovician Exploits-Tetagouche backarc), reactivation of inverted Penobscot extensional faults during Middle Ordovician rifting, and/or depletion of fertile components by the Middle Ordovician.