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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Hydrogen in the Deep Earth
The role of Fe(II)-silicate gel in the generation of Archean and Paleoproterozoic chert
Hide and Seek—Trace Element Incorporation and Diffusion in Olivine
Measuring H 2 O concentrations in olivine by secondary ion mass spectrometry: Challenges and paths forward
Insights into magma dynamics at Etna (Sicily) from SO 2 and HCl fluxes during the 2008–2009 eruption
Selective Grain Size Fractionation, CO 2 -Enhanced Aqueous Extraction and Characterization of Trona, a Non-marine Evaporite Mineral, Originating from Semi-arid Soil Sediments
Multimineral petrophysics of thermally immature Eagle Ford Group and Cretaceous mudstones, U.S. Geological Survey Gulf Coast 1 research wellbore in central Texas
Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by humic substances in the absence and presence of Shewanella putrefaciens and accompanying secondary mineralization
Mechanical stratigraphy of Mississippian strata using machine learning and seismic-based reservoir characterization and modeling, Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma
Adsorption of Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solution by HDTMA-Tunisian Clay Synthesized Under Microwave Irradiation: A Parametric and Thermodynamic Study
Transformation of Magnesite to Sepiolite and Stevensite: Characteristics and Genesis (Çayirbaği, Konya, Turkey)
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a widespread and highly sensitive analytical method for the identification and characterization of a wide range of materials via their infrared (IR) absorption bands. Until now, the potential of IR microspectroscopy and imaging for the characterization of works of art or other objects of cultural heritage significance has been only partially exploited; in particular the use of the synchrotron radiation (SR) IR microprobe to study, at the micron scale, materials of interest for archaeological and cultural heritage studies has become popular only in the past decade. One of the main requirements imposed on the studies of ancient and/or valuable materials is that the techniques applied must be non-destructive. In this scenario, SR-based FTIR methods are perfectly suitable. Moreover, IR spectroscopy and imaging are emerging techniques that combine the assets of IR in terms of molecular specificity with the unique properties of synchrotron light. SR-FTIR micro-spectroscopy offers great advantages over conventional methods because it provides a broader spectrum (down to THz) and higher spectral quality (signal/noise ratio) at the highest spatial resolution (diffraction limited). This is due to the high brilliance and collimation of SR-IR, while still being non-damaging to the investigated system. The unique SR-IR parameters are essential for the compositional analysis of the tiny, sub-millimetric samples characteristic of ancient materials, which are heterogeneous by nature, and with complex molecular distributions at extremely variable concentrations. SR-FTIR spectroscopy and imaging can be applied successfully to the characterization of organic and inorganic materials via so-called IR fingerprinting, as well as for their compositional quantification. The range of materials investigated is very broad and encompasses painting materials, stones, glasses, ceramics, coatings on metals, paper and wooden materials, canvas or other textiles, organic colourants, resins, varnishes, cosmetics, and binding media such as glues, waxes, oils, etc . SR-IR-based methods can also be used to understand the historical technologies and to identify the raw materials used to produce archaeological artefacts and art objects, and to improve stabilization, conservation and restoration practices. Selected applications of SR-FTIR methods are discussed with a special emphasis on the chemical and mineralogical characterization of ancient paintings, on the study of alteration and corrosion layers, and the separation and identification of pigments. New perspectives offered by existing facilities and new developments in IR imaging and advanced vibrational spectroscopy that may broaden the variety of archaeological and historical materials that may be studied are outlined.
Unravelling the Consequences of SO 2 –Basalt Reactions for Geochemical Fractionation and Mineral Formation
Using cuttings to extract geomechanical properties along lateral wells in unconventional reservoirs
SR-FTIR Microscopy and FTIR Imaging in the Earth Sciences
Analysis of H 2 O in silicate glass using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR spectroscopy
Far infrared spectroscopy of carbonate minerals
Analytical Methods in Diffusion Studies
Volcano monitoring
Abstract Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea where they form long mountain ranges. More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean (see Fig. 1 ). The concept of plate tectonics explains the locations of volcanoes and their relationship to other large-scale geologic features. The Earth's surface is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates and a number of smaller ones that move relative to one another at <1 cm to ~10 cm/yr (about the speed at which fingernails grow). These rigid plates, with average thickness of ~80 km, are separating, sliding past each other, or colliding on top of the Earth's hot, viscous interior. Volcanoes tend to form where plates collide or spread apart ( Fig. 2 ) but can also grow in the middle of a plate, like the Hawaiian volcanoes ( Fig. 3 ). Of the more than 1,500 volcanoes worldwide believed to have been active in the past 10,000 years, 169 are in the United States and its territories ( Ewert et al., 2005 ) (see Fig. 4 ). As of spring 2007, two of these volcanoes, Kilauea and Mount St. Helens, are erupting, while several others, including Mauna Loa, Fourpeaked, Korovin, Veniaminof, and Anatahan, exhibit one or more signs of restlessness, such as anomalous earthquakes, deformation of the volcano's surface, or changes in volume and composition