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Fountain Formation
FINE-GRAINED DEBRIS FLOWS IN COARSE-GRAINED ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LATE PALEOZOIC FOUNTAIN AND CUTLER FORMATIONS, COLORADO, U.S.A.
Basement-hosted sandstone injectites of Colorado: A vestige of the Neoproterozoic revealed through detrital zircon provenance analysis
The Role of Mudstone Baffles In Controlling Fluid Pathways In A Fluvial Sandstone: A Study In the Pennsylvanian–Permian Fountain Formation, Northern Colorado, U.S.A
Abstract Digital photography is an important tool to depict geologic features at all scales. Roxborough State Park offers an excellent laboratory to practice the skills and art of geo-photography. Three regionally significant Paleozoic through Early Cretaceous sedimentary formations (Fountain Formation, Lyons Formation, and Dakota Sandstone) offer important textural details, outcrop patterns, and structural relationships that provide photographic challenges and opportunities. In photographing these features, basic principles of composition apply, including the rule of thirds and the use of leading lines, foreground, and depth of field. To engage these, geo-photographers need to use important in-camera tools that include aperture, shutter speed and appropriate ISO (an adopted standard from the International Standardization Organization), as well as a tripod, and suitable lens focal length. Choice of file format (RAW or jpg) has important consequences for final image quality. Post-processing is essential to ensure that images accurately depict the features intended, and may include adjustment of levels, color temperature, and sharpening. GigaPan images offer an additional tool for examining geologic features at multiple scales using up to several hundred stitched images. Photographs are an important venue for communicating geologic information to both professionals and the general public, and the more the compelling the images, the more effective the communication will be.
Abstract Recent research in Pennsylvanian-Permian strata of the Fountain Formation adjacent to the Front Range uplift and the Cutler Formation adjacent to the Uncompahgre uplift (Colorado) has resulted in new hypotheses about the climate and tectonics of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The Fountain and the Cutler formations are iconic deposits; the thick and coarse-grained nature of these units has been cited for nearly a century as documenting the Ancestral Rockies. Long considered the products of alluvial fan deposition in warm climates, new data support the hypothesis of proglacial deposition for these units, and thus glaciation of the Ancestral Rocky highlands. This bears on our understanding of Late Paleozoic climate in western equatorial Pangaea, as well as global climate at this time. Furthermore, new mapping in the Uncompahgre region indicates substantial onlap and possible burial of Precambrian highlands by Permian strata. The argument for Permian subsidence of the uplift emanates from the hypothesis that Unaweep Canyon, which bisects the Uncompahgre Plateau (paleo Uncompahgre uplift) originated as a Permian paleolandscape. This trip will include visits to (1) the Fountain and Cutler formations to discuss and debate the sedimentologic origin(s) of these deposits, and (2) Unaweep Canyon to examine evidence for both a possible Paleozoic age and glacial origin for this canyon, and its late Cenozoic history as a former stream course of the ancestral Gunnison River.
Estimating magnitudes of relative sea-level change in a coarse-grained fan delta system: Implications for Pennsylvanian glacioeustasy
Application of Quartz Sand Microtextural Analysis to Infer Cold-Climate Weathering for the Equatorial Fountain Formation (Pennsylvanian–Permian, Colorado, U.S.A.)
Late Paleozoic tectonics and paleogeography of the ancestral Front Range: Structural, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic evidence from the Fountain Formation (Manitou Springs, Colorado)
Petrology, geochemistry, provenance, and alteration of Pennsylvanian-Permian arkose, Colorado and Utah
Groundwater Flow, Late Cementation, and Petroleum Accumulation in the Permian Lyons Sandstone, Denver Basin
Variability in sandstone composition as a function of depositional environment in coarse-grained delta systems
Differences in framework composition of first-cycle sandstones within coarse-grained delta systems of the Fountain and Minturn Formations (Pennsylvanian) near Colorado Springs and McCoy, Colorado, largely are a function of variable mechanical disaggregation and hydrodynamic sorting characteristic of different depositional environments within the deltas. Modification of composition occurred in spite of deposition in a tectonically active setting where rates of sediment supply and burial were relatively high. Within a wave-dominated delta in the Fountain Formation near Colorado Springs foreshore sandstones are most mature (Q 69 F 28 R 3 ) and offshore/transition sandstones are most immature (Q 50 F 48 R 2 ). Differences in maturity reflect shoreline reworking processes. Feldspar is mechanically broken and abraded in the foreshore due to swash/backwash processes. Smaller grains of feldspar are winnowed from the foreshore and transported in suspension to the offshore during storms. The average composition of shoreface sandstone (Q 62 F 34 R 4 ) closely resembles the composition of its precursor alluvial sandstone (Q 61 F 35 R 4 ), suggesting most shoreface sand was derived directly from the alluvial channels and underwent little or no compositional change. However, the overall variability in the composition of shoreface sandstones is greater than that of alluvial sandstones, suggesting a more complex derivational history. Some samples of shoreface sandstone are enriched in feldspar, presumably derived directly by winnowing from the foreshore; other samples are enriched in quartz, indicating total reworking of coarser mature sand from the foreshore. The Minturn Formation near McCoy contains facies of river-dominated deltas, fed by both meandering- and braided-river systems. Differences in depositional processes between the two systems caused distinctly different modification of the framework composition of sandstones deposited in the two systems. Sand delivered by meandering-fluvial systems presumably formed under more intense weathering conditions and contains up to 8% fewer rock fragments and as much as 12% more feldspar than braided-fluvial sandstones. Compositions of fluvial sandstones were subsequently modified by marine processes and the compositions of the sandstones in the braided and meandering fluviodeltaic systems diverged even further. The primary variation in composition is reflected by a decrease in abundance of rock fragments, with resulting enrichment of quartz and feldspar. In both systems, beach facies are very similar in composition to their parent alluvial sand, suggesting that sand in the Minturn deltas had low residence time in the beach and that the beaches experienced low wave activity. Overall, the marine-influenced fades of meandering-fluviodeltaic origin are more distinct in composition than those of braided-fluviodeltaic origin. Although variation in grain size between fades accounts for most of the observed difference in composition of sandstones of the meandering-fluviodeltaic system, weak correlation between grain size and QFR composition indicates that grain size by itself cannot explain all of the compositional variation in sandstones of the braided-fluviodeltaic system. Differences in compositional modification between the wave-dominated (Fountain) and river-dominated (Minturn) coarse-grained deltas were due largely to subtle differences in the composition and grain size of alluvial sand brought to the shoreline and in both the rigor and duration of reworking in the marine environments of the two types of deltas. Largely as a consequence of the latter, the composition of beach sandstones of the Fountain was more distinctly modified relative to other facies in the Fountain. Also, more modification occurred in Fountain beach sandstones than in shoreline sandstones of the Minturn Formation where full-scale development of beaches and their long-term existence were prevented because of the dominance of fluvial processes on the delta plains and delta fronts.