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flexural-slip
Topographic, lithospheric and lithologic controls on the transient landscape evolution after the opening of internally-drained basins. Modelling the North Iberian Neogene drainage
Can flexural-slip faults related to evaporite dissolution generate hazardous earthquakes? The case of the Grand Hogback monocline of west-central Colorado
Implication of dark bands in Miocene–Pliocene accretionary prism, Boso Peninsula, central Japan
Thin, planar, dark, lamination-like bands are found in host siltstones in the Miocene-Pliocene metamorphosed Miura-Boso accretionary prism, southern Boso Peninsula, Japan. We classified the bands into four types on the basis of distribution, crosscutting relations, and internal textures. Type 1-1 dark bands are developed parallel to the bedding plane and do not include crushed or deformed grains within the band. Type 1-2 bands are also developed parallel to the bedding plane, but grain alignment within the band cuts obliquely across that in the host rock. Type 2 bands include ductilely deformed grains similar to an S-C′ structure, whereas type 3 bands have cataclastic grains. All the dark bands except type 1-1 (being an open fracture with little displacement) are shear bands or slip planes formed from sedimentation to accretion, although the formation mechanisms between the four types are different. These deformation bands are affected by the state of consolidation and magnitude of stress during formation, reflecting the deformation processes. Type 1-1 bands show evidence of independent particulate flow from excess pore-fluid-pressure generation, which occurs just after sedimentation. Type 1-2 bands are flexural-slip faults formed during formation of folds; type 2 bands are sliding planes formed from submarine landslides, whereas type 3 bands are thrust faults formed during accretion.
Fold amplification history unravelled from growth strata: the Dorood anticline, NW Persian Gulf
Structural pattern of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in the Dezful Embayment (SW Iran)
The structural style of the southeastern region of the Dezful Embayment (Zagros fold-and-thrust belt) was defined through the interpretation of satellite images, field surveys, well stratigraphy, and magnetotelluric and seismic profiles. The compressional setting of the area derives from the last phases of Cenozoic continental collision between the Arabian Plate and Eurasia. The shortening affected an ∼13 km thick sedimentary succession comprising Proterozoic units (Hormuz Formation?), Cambrian to Early Miocene platform sediments (mainly carbonates), the Gachsaran evaporites, and Mio-Pliocene foredeep clastic deposits. Although in the Dezful Embayment there is no evidence for outcropping Hormuz salt, the structural features of the area (the style of folds, their lack of consistent vergences, the low-angle tectonic taper) suggest the existence of a lower ductile detachment level of possible great thickness and low frictional resistance. The rounded folds in the carbonates are forced folds detached over a deep ductile level, subsequently faulted with progressive deformation by characteristic steepening up reverse faults. Second-order asymmetric folds affecting the limbs of the main structures indicate a flexural slip mechanism of folding in a multilayered and mechanically heterogeneous (carbonates and shales) succession. The Gachsaran Formation is deformed by shorter, strongly disharmonic folds and thrusts, and acted as a decoupling level for the overlying folds, whose synclines often directly overlie the carbonate anticlines. A regional restored cross section indicates a shortening of 11.5% in the area. The involvement of the crystalline basement in thrusting and the deep structural style of the area are discussed in terms of earthquake mechanisms, focal depths, structural analysis, and stratigraphic considerations.