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Fish Canyon Tuff
Apatite Fission-Track Dating: A Comparative Study of Ages Obtained by the Automated Counting LA-ICP-MS and External Detector Methodologies
The dynamic nature of a TiO 2 : Implications for Ti-based thermometers in magmatic systems
Early incubation and prolonged maturation of large ignimbrite magma bodies: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado, USA
Experimental fluid-mediated alteration of zircon under lower greenschist facies conditions
A supervolcano and its sidekicks: A 100 ka eruptive chronology of the Fish Canyon Tuff and associated units of the La Garita magmatic system, Colorado, USA
Observations on three-dimensional measurement of confined fission track lengths in apatite using digital imagery
Abstract Large-volume, high-crystallinity, chemically homogeneous ignimbrites, dubbed ‘monotonous intermediates’, provide a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of crustal magmatic reservoirs. We present the results of hydrothermal experiments on a dacite from Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) in Colorado (USA), a classic example of a monotonous intermediate deposit, in order to characterize the variations in chemical and physical properties of hydrous dacite magmas as a function of temperature. The experiments (200 MPa, 720–1100°C) span the inferred pre-eruptive conditions of FCT magmas, and are shown to provide the best match to the chemical and physical properties of the erupted magmas at 790±10°C under conditions at or close to water-saturation. The results show the important effect of water content in controlling the chemical and physical evolution of magma, and the contrasted behaviour of water-saturated v. water-undersaturated magmas. In both cases, however, there is a broad interval of temperature (200°C) over which crystal fraction changes little. By recasting this behaviour in terms of enthalpy, rather than temperature, as the independent variable we show that this interval corresponds to a minimum in the change in crystallinity per unit of energy added or subtracted from the system, such that small perturbations to the heat content of the system (e.g. by cooling or new magma injections) results in very little change in magma properties. The crystal content in this interval is 55–65 wt%, which is close to the phenocryst content (40–55 wt%) of monotonous intermediates. We propose that crystal-rich magmas tend to settle in this ‘petrological trap’, changing little in physical and chemical properties over time as the system grows. Petrological trapping enables very large volumes of intermediate magma to accumulate in the shallow crust until such time as the net buoyancy force of these crystal-rich magma is sufficient to overcome the strength of the roof rocks, leading to a potentially very large eruption.
Low-Pressure Origin of High-Silica Rhyolites and Granites
Tracking the evolution of large-volume silicic magma reservoirs from assembly to supereruption
Intercalibration of radioisotopic and astrochronologic time scales for the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval, Western Interior Basin, USA
Eocene clocks agree: Coeval 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, U-Pb, and astronomical ages from the Green River Formation
Published radioisotopic (K/Ar, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, and Rb/Sr) and astronomical ages for the Eocene-Oligocene boundary are essentially consistent at ca. 33.8 ± 0.1 Ma, but the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages have been calculated relative to an outdated age of 27.83–27.84 Ma for the Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine dating standard. Application of a revised age of 28.02 Ma, or the new astronomically calibrated age of 28.201 Ma, leads to significant discrepancies, while others are eliminated. In particular, the astronomically tuned ages of ca. 33.79 Ma at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1218 and of 33.90–33.95 Ma at Massignano–Monte Cagnero are now in good agreement with recalculated (alternative) 40 Ar/ 39 Ar sanidine ages for the boundary as derived from the volcanic ignimbrite complex in New Mexico and for the Persistent White Layer (PWL) ash bed in North America, which is supposed to closely correspond to the boundary. This mutual consistency suggests that the tuning is correct at the scale of the 400 k.y. eccentricity cycle. Evidently, additional single-crystal 40 Ar/ 39 Ar sanidine dates from the tuffs in North America and independent checks on the astronomical tuning and the intercalibration between the astronomical and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating methods are needed to definitively solve the problem of the numerical age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. It is anticipated that such analyses and tests will be carried in the coming years as part of the international Earthtime initiative and associated projects to significantly improve the geological time scale. Clearly, an accurate and precise dating of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is crucial if we are to unravel the underlying cause of the major climate transition associated with it.