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Fiordland
Accounting for the Variability of Earthquake Rates within Low‐Seismicity Regions: Application to the 2022 Aotearoa New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model
Making sense of shear zone fabrics that record multiple episodes of deformation: Electron backscatter diffraction–derived and crystallographic vorticity axis–enhanced petrochronology
Timescales and rates of intrusive and metamorphic processes determined from zircon and garnet in migmatitic granulite, Fiordland, New Zealand
The formation of high-Sr/Y plutons in cordilleran-arc crust by crystal accumulation and melt loss
Stable and transient isotopic trends in the crustal evolution of Zealandia Cordillera
A hidden Rodinian lithospheric keel beneath Zealandia, Earth's newly recognized continent
Interplay of Cretaceous transpressional deformation and continental arc magmatism in a long-lived crustal boundary, central Fiordland, New Zealand
Temporal and spatial variations in magmatism and transpression in a Cretaceous arc, Median Batholith, Fiordland, New Zealand
Garnet Compositions Track Longshore Migration of Beach Placers in Western New Zealand
Inefficient high-temperature metamorphism in orthogneiss
Sm-Nd garnet ages for granulite and eclogite in the Breaksea Orthogneiss and widespread granulite facies metamorphism of the lower crust, Fiordland magmatic arc, New Zealand
The tempo of continental arc construction in the Mesozoic Median Batholith, Fiordland, New Zealand
Thermochronology of extensional orogenic collapse in the deep crust of Zealandia
Gneiss domes, vertical and horizontal mass transfer, and the initiation of extension in the hot lower-crustal root of a continental arc, Fiordland, New Zealand
Geology and Age of Solander Volcano, Fiordland, New Zealand
A 2300‐Year Paleoearthquake Record of the Southern Alpine Fault and Fiordland Subduction Zone, New Zealand, Based on Stacked Turbidites
Influence of the 3D Distribution of Q and Crustal Structure on Ground Motions from the 2003 M w 7.2 Fiordland, New Zealand, Earthquake
Regional exhumation history of brittle crust during subduction initiation, Fiordland, southwest New Zealand, and implications for thermochronologic sampling and analysis strategies
The utility of crustal cross sections in the analysis of orogenic processes in contrasting tectonic settings
The nature of petrologic and structural properties and processes that characterize the middle and lower continental crust is a long-standing problem in the earth sciences. During the past several decades significant progress has been made on this fundamental problem by synthesizing deep-crustal seismic-reflection imaging, laboratory-based seismic-velocity determinations, xenolith studies, and detailed geologic studies of exposed crustal cross sections. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of crustal sections provide a crustal-scale context for a variety of important problems in the earth sciences. Crustal sections are widely used to evaluate crustal composition and petrogenesis, including lateral and vertical variations in rock types. Evidence from deep levels of crustal sections suggests seismic shear-wave anisotropy and seismic lamination result from widespread subhorizontal contacts, shear zones, and transposition fabrics, and in some sections from metamorphosed m- to km-thick, intraplated and/or underplated mafic magmatic sheets and plutons. Crustal sections also facilitate the evaluation of crustal rheology in natural settings from regional to outcrop scale. Magmatism, metamorphism, partial melting, and relatively small lithological differences control rheology, localize strain, and lead to markedly heterogeneous deformation over a wide range of crustal levels. Finally, crustal sections provide unique views of the architecture and deformation patterns of fault zones in the deep crust. As a guide to the growth and evolution of continental crust in the past 0.5 Ga, we summarize the salient features of some examples of crustal cross sections from Phanerozoic orogens. These crustal sections represent different tectonic settings, although the variation in magmatic arcs from intra-oceanic to continental-margin settings is a major theme in our synthesis. Another theme is the importance of attenuated crustal sections in reconstructing the hinterland of orogens that have experienced large-magnitude crustal extension after an earlier history of crustal contraction. The Phanerozoic crustal cross sections summarized in this chapter developed during a polyphase deformational and magmatic history that spanned 10–100s of Ma and resulted in overprinting of different events. Consequently, we conclude that there is no “typical” Phanerozoic continental crustal section, and the overall crustal composition varies markedly between sections. The thickness of lower crust that existed below an exposed crustal section is difficult to quantify. Only a few sections are in contact (typically faulted) with mantle rocks, and although xenoliths can provide important information about the unexposed parts of the deep crust and upper mantle, they are absent for most sections. The exhumation of relatively intact crustal cross sections and lower-crustal rocks probably requires an unusual sequence of tectonic events, and almost all of the sections evaluated in this chapter were exhumed by multiple mechanisms. Major exhumation is most commonly attributed to normal faults and extensional shear zones.
Evolution of the middle and lower crust during the transition from contraction to extension in Fiordland, New Zealand
A deeply eroded orogen in southwest New Zealand preserves a record of changing flow patterns in the middle and lower crust during a transition from contraction and crustal thickening to extension and crustal thinning. The New Zealand exposures show that deformation patterns at mid-lower crustal depths were strongly influenced by local variations in crustal structure, temperature, composition, magmatic activity, and rheology. Kinematic parameters, including the orientation of shear zone boundaries, the degree of non-coaxiality and kinematic partitioning, strain symmetry, and whether shear zones were thickening or thinning in different planes of observation, were extremely variable spatially and changed repeatedly over an 8–10 Ma period. However, despite this variability, several aspects of superposed deformations remained constant and can be assigned to distinctive tectonic settings. All shear zones that formed during the 119–111 Ma period in Northern Fiordland record flow involving bulk horizontal (layer-parallel) shortening, vertical (layer-perpendicular) thickening, and >50% pure shear regardless of shear zone orientation, degree of non-coaxiality, strain symmetry, and temperature conditions. In contrast, all shear zones that formed during the 114–90 Ma period in Central Fiordland record flow involving vertical thinning, subhorizontal stretching, and 40%–50% pure shear. These patterns are correlative with regional contraction and regional extension, respectively. The data suggest that at length scales of ~100 km and time scales of ca. 10 Ma, the effects of changing plate boundary dynamics on deformation patterns in the middle and lower crust can be distinguished from the effects of changing local boundary conditions, including steep temperature gradients and variable rheology.