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Primary terms
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Crushed turtle shells: Proxies for lithification and burial-depth histories
An engineering geological suitability comprehensive evaluation index (EGSCEI) for large-scale infrastructure site selection
SPLASH: semi-empirical prediction of landslide-generated displacement wave run-up heights
Abstract Displacement waves (or tsunamis) generated by sub-aerial landslides cause damage along shorelines over long distances, making run-up assessment a crucial component of landslide risk analysis. Although site-specific modelling provides important insight into the behaviour of potential waves, more general approaches using limited input parameters are necessary for preliminary assessments. We use a catalogue of landslide-generated displacement waves to develop semi-empirical relationships linking displacement wave run-up ( R in metres) to distance from landslide impact ( x in kilometres) and to landslide volume ( V in millions of cubic metres). For individual events, run-up decreases with distance according to power laws. Consideration of ten events demonstrates that run-up increases with landslide volume, also according to a power law. Combining these relationships gives the SPLASH equation: R = a V b x c , with best-fitted parameters a = 18.093, b = 0.57110 and c = −0.74189. The 95% prediction interval between the calculated and measured run-up values is 2.58, meaning that 5% of the measured run-up heights exceed the predicted value by a factor of 2.58 or more. This relatively large error is explained by local amplifications of wave height and run-up. Comparisons with other displacement wave models show that the SPLASH equation is a valuable tool for the first-stage preliminary hazard and risk assessment for unstable rock slopes above water bodies.
Factors controlling source and reservoir characteristics in the Niobrara shale oil system, Denver Basin
Factors controlling shale microstructure and porosity: A case study on upper Visean Rudov beds from the Ukrainian Dneiper–Donets Basin
UK petrol retailing: competitive rivalry and the decline of the oil majors in the twentieth century
Abstract The development of the retail petroleum industry in the UK has received only sporadic attention by academics. This is curious, as the industry has vital importance to modern commerce. The industry is usually thought of as an oligarchy, with a small number of companies controlling the production and movement of products through vertical integration. However, there is evidence of change in the industry: there has been a significant number of exchanges of retailing sites between the major entities themselves, and a rise in the number and influence of competitors. These constitute both multiple retailers such as supermarket chains and, at the ‘competitive fringe’, a rise in the number of smaller independents. This paper identifies the historical changes and analyses the factors underlying them.
Enhanced gas recovery of an ageing field utilizing N 2 displacement: De Wijk Field, The Netherlands
Abstract Enhancing recovery of the remaining gas in ageing fields presents a commercial opportunity. As such, NAM took the decision to apply on-site generated N 2 injection for the first time. The De Wijk gas field was selected based on size and geological setting, allowing the demonstration of N 2 flooding of depleted gas in diverse reservoir types, as well as testing the efficiency of residual gas sweeping in the watered-out reservoir. De Wijk is one of the oldest onshore natural gas fields in The Netherlands, having produced c . 15 Bcm (billion cubic metres) of high calorific gas with a natural N 2 content of 5–11% for more than 60 years, bringing it close to the end of field life. Enhanced gas recovery in this field would extend the field life and that of the Ten Arlo gas-processing system, thereby also lengthening tail-end production of other connected fields. In De Wijk, the existing 35 wells were used as dedicated injectors and producers. The production rates from the latter are used to help better understand reservoir flow behaviour. Integration of geological analysis and available production data helped to implement the N 2 enhanced gas recovery technology in this mature field. Two processes of enhanced gas recovery were tested: a gas–gas displacement in the depleted gas leg (Nitrogen Assisted Depletion Drive: NADD); and gas displacing residual gas in the water leg (Nitrogen Enhanced Residual Gas: NERG). Observations after 1 year of N 2 injection showed that planned v. actual performance of the NADD technology is comparable with an increase in production of 100 000–160 000 Nm 3 /day (normal cubic metre per day). NERG application restored a watered-out well; however, further investigation of this application is required. It is demonstrated that a detailed geological understanding of, for example, permeable Rogenstein oolite intervals and the lateral connectivity of internal high-permeability streaks in Volpriehausen sandstones is crucial to the successful application of enhanced gas recovery techniques in such ageing fields.
Abstract We applied a computational method to aid in clustering 41 alluvial fans along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The morphology of the fans and their catchments was quantitatively expressed through 12 morphometric parameters estimated using geographical information system techniques and the relationships among the geomorphometric features of the fans and their catchments were examined. Self-organizing maps were used to investigate the clustering tendency of fans based on morphometric variables describing both the fans and their corresponding catchments. The results of unsupervised classification through the self-organizing maps method revealed correlations among the morphometric parameters and five groups of alluvial fans were identified. These groups had a clear physical explanation, showed a preferred geographical distribution and reflected the processes related to the development of the fans. The geographical distribution of the fan catchment groups was partially controlled by variations in the relative tectonic uplift rate, which was the main control on the accommodation space for the development and accretion of the fans. The smaller fans were located in the central part of the study area, where the uplift rates were higher, whereas larger fluvial-dominated fan deltas formed to the east and west of the central group, where the uplift rates were lower.
Abstract The analysis of mid-scale distributive fluvial systems (DFS) provides an opportunity to study fluvial depositional patterns in sedimentary basins in a manner similar to megafans, but under the more homogeneous external conditions that control small alluvial fans from the source area to the depositional area. Four mid-scale Quaternary DFS and the areas of their drainage basins were analysed with the aim of understanding and predicting the mechanism and magnitude of fluvial fan deposition. These DFS were located in the Gastre Basin, Argentina, an endorheic basin that has evolved during the Quaternary under relatively uniform climatic and tectonic conditions. Using a geomorphological and sedimentological approach, the measured areas of the DFS were compared with the calculated areas using different regression equations for variables such as the drainage basin area and the drainage basin slope. The results suggest a moderate to high percentage of deviation in all cases, indicating that at an intermediate scale the size of the DFS is not solely a function of the size of the drainage basin. Adjacent DFS with similar depositional areas and catchment bedrock lithologies were linked with very different drainage basin areas and vice versa. This study suggests that the horizontal accommodation space, determined by the incision and distribution of previous deposits, and the drainage basin slope may also influence the size of mid-scale DFS.
Conclusion: recommendations and findings of the RED SEED working group
Abstract RED SEED stands for Risk Evaluation, Detection and Simulation during Effusive Eruption Disasters, and combines stakeholders from the remote sensing, modelling and response communities with experience in tracking volcanic effusive events. The group first met during a three day-long workshop held in Clermont Ferrand (France) between 28 and 30 May 2013. During each day, presentations were given reviewing the state of the art in terms of (a) volcano hot spot detection and parameterization, (b) operational satellite-based hot spot detection systems, (c) lava flow modelling and (d) response protocols during effusive crises. At the end of each presentation set, the four groups retreated to discuss and report on requirements for a truly integrated and operational response that satisfactorily combines remote sensors, modellers and responders during an effusive crisis. The results of collating the final reports, and follow-up discussions that have been on-going since the workshop, are given here. We can reduce our discussions to four main findings. (1) Hot spot detection tools are operational and capable of providing effusive eruption onset notice within 15 min. (2) Spectral radiance metrics can also be provided with high degrees of confidence. However, if we are to achieve a truly global system, more local receiving stations need to be installed with hot spot detection and data processing modules running on-site and in real time. (3) Models are operational, but need real-time input of reliable time-averaged discharge rate data and regular updates of digital elevation models if they are to be effective; the latter can be provided by the radar/photogrammetry community. (4) Information needs to be provided in an agreed and standard format following an ensemble approach and using models that have been validated and recognized as trustworthy by the responding authorities. All of this requires a sophisticated and centralized data collection, distribution and reporting hub that is based on a philosophy of joint ownership and mutual trust. While the next chapter carries out an exercise to explore the viability of the last point, the detailed recommendations behind these findings are detailed here.