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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Equatorial Guinea (1)
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Gabon (1)
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North Africa
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Libya
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Cyrenaica (1)
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Southern Africa
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Cameroon (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (1)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Far East
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Burma (1)
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China
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Qilian Mountains (2)
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Japan
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Malaysia (1)
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Himalayas
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Kumaun Himalayas (3)
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Lesser Himalayas (5)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bhutan (3)
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India
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Bhagirathi River (1)
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Nepal (6)
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Pakistan
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Sayan
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Atlantic Ocean
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Australia
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New Zealand
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Papua New Guinea (1)
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Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Ontario (3)
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Quebec
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Gaspe-Est County Quebec
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Matapedia County Quebec (1)
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Stikinia Terrane (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Pyrenees
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Spanish Pyrenees (1)
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Italy
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Sicily Italy (3)
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Romania (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Herault France
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Pyrenees-Atlantiques France (1)
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Scandinavia
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United Kingdom
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Hunter Valley (1)
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Mediterranean region
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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West Mediterranean
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North America
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Appalachians
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Coast plutonic complex (1)
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South America
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Argentina (4)
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Bolivia (3)
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Brazil
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Colombia (1)
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Peru (2)
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South Island (1)
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United States
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Absaroka Fault (1)
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Alabama (1)
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Alaska
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Alaska Range (1)
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (3)
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Brooks Range
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Sadlerochit Mountains (2)
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National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (1)
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Arkansas
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Clark County Arkansas (1)
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California
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Madera County California (1)
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Connecticut (1)
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Georgia
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Bartow County Georgia
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Idaho (1)
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Nevada
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Nye County Nevada (1)
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New Mexico (1)
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Oklahoma
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Utah
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Morgan County Utah (1)
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Virginia (2)
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Walker Lane (1)
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Washington
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San Juan County Washington (1)
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Wyoming
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Uinta County Wyoming (1)
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commodities
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metal ores
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lead-zinc deposits (1)
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mercury ores (1)
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silver ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (5)
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mineral exploration (2)
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oil and gas fields (5)
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petroleum
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natural gas (4)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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isotope ratios (2)
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isotopes
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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large-ion lithophile elements (1)
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metals
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rare earths
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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geochronology methods
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fission-track dating (3)
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Nd/Nd (2)
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Pb/Th (1)
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Sm/Nd (3)
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thermochronology (5)
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U/Pb (9)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Siwalik System (2)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene (2)
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upper Miocene (1)
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Paleogene
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Eocene (4)
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Oligocene (2)
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Paleocene (2)
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-
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Yakataga Formation (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Colorado Group (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Torok Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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-
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Franciscan Complex (2)
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Jurassic
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Coast Range Ophiolite (1)
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Fernie Formation (1)
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Smartville Complex (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Bowser Lake Group (2)
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lower Mesozoic (1)
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Triassic
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Middle Triassic (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Sag River Sandstone (1)
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Acadian (1)
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Conasauga Group (2)
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Lower Cambrian
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Rome Formation (2)
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Upper Cambrian
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Potsdam Sandstone (1)
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Carboniferous
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Jackfork Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Kayak Shale (1)
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Pennsylvanian (2)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Marcellus Shale (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian
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Ballantrae Complex (1)
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Middle Ordovician (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Reedsville Formation (1)
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Permian (2)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Salina Group (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Garhwal Group (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Bulawayan Group (1)
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Neoarchean (2)
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Paleoarchean (1)
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Eocambrian (1)
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Lewisian Complex (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Neoproterozoic (2)
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Paleoproterozoic (3)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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granites
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S-type granites (2)
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monzonites (1)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts (2)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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tuff (3)
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welded tuff (1)
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ophiolite (4)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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metaigneous rocks
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metasedimentary rocks
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metasomatic rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (2)
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mylonites
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blastomylonite (1)
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quartzites (1)
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schists
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greenstone (1)
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slates (1)
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ophiolite (4)
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turbidite (4)
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minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (2)
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phosphates
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apatite (3)
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monazite (1)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group (1)
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group (1)
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zircon group
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zircon (7)
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-
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sheet silicates
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illite (1)
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mica group
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muscovite (1)
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sulfides (1)
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tungstates
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scheelite (1)
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-
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Primary terms
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absolute age (13)
-
Africa
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Central Africa
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Equatorial Guinea (1)
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
North Africa
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Libya
-
Cyrenaica (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
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Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
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Cameroon (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
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Arctic Coastal Plain (1)
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Greenland
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Isua Belt (1)
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West Greenland (1)
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-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (1)
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-
Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (1)
-
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Far East
-
Burma (1)
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China
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Altun Mountains (1)
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Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
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Gansu China
-
Hexi Corridor (1)
-
-
Qilian Mountains (2)
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Qinghai China (1)
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Sichuan Basin (1)
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Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (1)
-
-
Zhejiang China (1)
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-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Chiba Peninsula (1)
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Kanto Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia (1)
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Thailand (1)
-
-
Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (2)
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Kumaun Himalayas (3)
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Lesser Himalayas (5)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
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Bhutan (3)
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India
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Andhra Pradesh India
-
Cuddapah Basin (1)
-
-
Bhagirathi River (1)
-
Dharwar Craton (1)
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Sikkim India (2)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
Uttarkashi India (1)
-
-
-
Indian Shield (1)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir (1)
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Nepal (6)
-
Pakistan
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
Sulaiman Range (1)
-
-
Potwar Plateau (2)
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Main Boundary Fault (2)
-
Main Central Thrust (4)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey (1)
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Sayan
-
Western Sayan (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (5)
-
Tien Shan (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Caribbean Sea (1)
-
Gulf of Guinea (1)
-
-
South Atlantic (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Amadeus Basin (1)
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Harts Range (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Auckland New Zealand (1)
-
Otago New Zealand
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Macraes Mine (1)
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-
Otago Schist (2)
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Papua New Guinea (1)
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brines (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (1)
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Ontario (3)
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Quebec
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Gaspe-Est County Quebec
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Matapedia County Quebec (1)
-
-
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Stikinia Terrane (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Peace River Arch (1)
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British Columbia
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Bowser Basin (2)
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Dogtooth Mountains (1)
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Vancouver Island (2)
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Canadian Cordillera (2)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
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Northwest Territories (1)
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Selwyn Basin (1)
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Yukon Territory (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Caribbean Mountain Range (1)
-
-
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Siwalik System (2)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene (2)
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upper Miocene (1)
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Paleogene
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Eocene (4)
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Oligocene (2)
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Paleocene (2)
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Yakataga Formation (1)
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continental drift (1)
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continental shelf (1)
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crust (8)
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data processing (5)
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deformation (43)
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diagenesis (1)
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earthquakes (3)
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economic geology (4)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Carpathians
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Eastern Carpathians (1)
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-
Central Europe
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Germany
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Harz Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Pyrenees
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French Pyrenees (2)
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Spanish Pyrenees (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades (1)
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Spanish Pyrenees (1)
-
-
-
Italy
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Apennines
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Southern Apennines (1)
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-
Sicily Italy (3)
-
-
Romania (1)
-
-
Western Europe
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France
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French Pyrenees (2)
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Herault France
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Saint-Chinian France (1)
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Pyrenees-Atlantiques France (1)
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Scandinavia
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Sweden
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Skellefte mining district (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
duplexes
From dome to duplex: Convergent gravitational collapse explains coeval intracratonic doming and nappe tectonics, central Australia Available to Purchase
Structural styles of the Tierra del Fuego fold–thrust belt foothills, Argentina Available to Purchase
Faulting within the San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelagos, upper plate deformation of the Cascadia subduction complex Available to Purchase
Abstract The San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelago of Washington State, USA and western Canada is located on the upper plate of the Cascadia subduction zone, in the forearc between the trench and volcanic arc. Onland and island investigations show many faults within the region that primarily represent old, inactive faults associated with transport, subduction and accretion of tectonostratigraphic terranes. However, until recently little geologic investigation and mapping have been done in the offshore. From these narrow straits, channels and sounds we have collected and interpreted high-resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetric data, 3.5 kHz sub-bottom and Huntec seismic-reflection profiles, and piston-cores to identify and date recently active faults. Previous studies by us focused on the earlier recognized active Devils Mountain fault zone that bounds the southern part of the Archipelago and the recently reported newly mapped active Skipjack Island fault zone that bounds the northern part. These transcurrent fault zones appear to be deforming and rotating the Archipelago. We concentrate on the unique deformation occurring within the seaways to determine the relationship and styles of faulting associated with these active bounding fault zones and relate the fault geometry and kinematics to one other subduction complex, the New Hebrides island arc of Vanuatu.
Late Paleozoic Shortening in South-Central Nevada and Regional Correlations of Major Pre-Sevier Structures Available to Purchase
Recent tectonic reinterpretations of the Late Paleozoic Southwest Laurentian margins recognize widespread Late Paleozoic deformation as a critical component in the boundary region development. Overprinted late Paleozoic structures record repeated shortening events in both northern and southern Nevada, but spatial and temporal data are currently lacking to resolve the evolution of this margin. The Timpahute Range, south-central Nevada, bridges part of the spatial gap between previous detailed studies of Late Paleozoic deformation. The purpose here is to (1) evaluate structures in the area that do not appear to fit with recognized Sevier hinterland structures (the Central Nevada thrust belt [CNTB]) and (2) consider whether these contractional structures may be Late Paleozoic and possibly link, or not, structures to the north and south. New mapping in the Timpahute Range documents four geometrically or kinematically distinct sets of structures: Tempiute Ridge folds, Schofield Pass fault zone (SPFZ), structures of the CNTB, and Cenozoic extensional faults. The first three are interpreted to represent separate shortening events based on cross-cutting relations and differences in orientations of the Tempiute Ridge folds and SPFZ (north [N]), and structures of the CNTB (northwest [NW]). The Tempiute Ridge folds represent the oldest event, D 1 . These folds are large, trend N and verge east (E). The SPFZ is west (W)-vergent, cuts across the limb of a D 1 fold and represents D 2 . The SPFZ is interpreted to be older than the CNTB structures, D 3 , based on positions of fault cut offs, and differences in footwall and hangingwall facies. All of the shortening events predate the newly dated 102.9 ± 3.2 Ma Lincoln stock and its contact metamorphic aureole. New and previous correlations suggest that a belt of Permian deformation extends from southeast (SE) California northward at least to the Timpahute Range. The Tempiute Ridge folds and SPFZ have the same distinctive geometries, styles, and kinematics as structures in the Nevada National Security Site. The mountain-size, E-vergent Tempiute Ridge folds and the W-vergent SPFZ correlate to structures associated with the Belted Range thrust and the W-vergent CP thrust, respectively. The Belted Range thrust previously has been correlated southward into the Death Valley region. Thus, convergence created large-amplitude folds and thrusts for ~200 km along strike. Structures of this age are exposed in northern Nevada but are smaller. These new relations fill a data gap and suggest differences in the size and structural style of Permian structures along strike and corresponding variations in the plate boundary configuration.
Duplex kinematics reduces both frontal advance and seismic moment deficit in the Himalaya Open Access
Subsurface Resistivity Image of Sikkim Himalaya as Derived from Topography Corrected Magnetotelluric Data Available to Purchase
Construction of the Lesser Himalayan–Subhimalayan thrust belt: The primary driver of thickening, exhumation, and high elevations in the Himalayan orogen since the middle Miocene Available to Purchase
Superposition of Cretaceous and Cenozoic deformation in northern Tibet: A far-field response to the tectonic evolution of the Tethyan orogenic system Available to Purchase
Extracting Structural Information from a Satellite Image in a Cratonic Region: A Structural Geologist’s Perspective Available to Purchase
Three-dimensional model of a mushwad and its implications for the evolution of an Appalachian subrecess in northwestern Georgia Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT In a well-defined subrecess in the Appalachian thrust belt in northwestern Georgia, two distinct fold trains intersect at ~50° in the down-plunge depression of the Floyd synclinorium. A mushwad (ductile duplex) of tectonically thickened weak-layer rocks (primarily the shale-dominated Cambrian Conasauga Formation) filled the space beneath folds and faults of the overlying Cambrian–Ordovician regional stiff layer (mushwad roof). Measurements of the mushwad thickness from balanced cross sections provide the basis for three-dimensional (3-D) models. Tectonically thickened weak-layer shales in a model using a simple line-length balance of the stiff layer have a volume of ~64% of the volume in the deformed-state model, indicating that this balanced reconstruction is not appropriate. Previous work demonstrated deposition of a thick mud-dominated succession in a basement graben to balance the volume. A 3-D model incorporating a thick Conasauga Formation shale succession deposited in a basement graben yields good correspondence to the deformed-state mushwad volume. That model requires vertical separation on the graben boundary faults greater than the present small-magnitude separation; unconformable truncation of the upper part of the Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate succession documents Ordovician inversion of the graben boundary faults. In the 3-D models, the distribution of thickness in the deformed state suggests movement of weak-layer shale out of the planes of cross sections and up plunge away from the structural depression of the Floyd synclinorium. Out-of-plane tectonic translation is consistent with a relatively uniform depositional thickness of ~800 m, which allows calculation of the magnitude of vertical separation on basement faults during Conasauga Formation deposition.
Middle Miocene evolution and structural style of the Diapir Fold Zone, Eastern Carpathian Bend Zone, Romania: insights from scaled analogue modelling Available to Purchase
Abstract The Diapir Fold Zone of the Carpathians is the most prolific onshore hydrocarbon area in Romania. Structural complexity, mainly due to the presence of salt, combined with poor seismic quality near and below the salt lead to contrasting structural models in the area. To gain insights into the mid-Miocene tectonic evolution, structural geometries and the effects of penetrative strain, we ran dual décollement scaled sandbox models with layered brittle and ductile materials. Results of two analogue models (20 and 33% shortening) revealed that the onset of the deformation sequence was mainly characterized by layer-parallel shortening. As shortening continued, a foreland-verging sequence of supra-salt detachment folds and sub-salt duplexes evolved. The sub-salt duplexes are located directly below the crests of the detachment folds, as the development of these large wavelength anticlines was related to sub-salt deformation. Salt flow was another controlling factor of the deformation style, as salt accumulated in the anticlinal cores and increased the coupling in the supra-salt synclinal axis. Our results offer insights into the effects of salt on the kinematic evolution of this area, help to predict geometries in areas of poor seismic quality, and highlight the important contribution of penetrative strain on deformation and reservoir quality.
Age and geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Bhatwari Gneiss of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, NW India: implications for the pre-Himalayan magmatic history of the Lesser Himalayan basement rocks Available to Purchase
Abstract The Bhatwari Gneiss of Bhagirathi Valley in the Garhwal Himalaya is a Paleoproterozoic crystalline rock from the Inner Lesser Himalayan Sequence. On the basis of field and petrographic analyses, we have classified the Bhatwari Gneiss into two parts: the Lower Bhatwari Gneiss (LBG) and the Upper Bhatwari Gneiss (UBG). The geochemical signatures of these rocks suggest a monzonitic protolith for the LBG and a granitic protolith for the UBG. The UBG has a calc-alkaline S-type granitoid protolith, whereas the LBG has an alkaline I-type granitoid protolith; the UBG is more fractionated. The trace element concentrations suggest a volcanic arc setting for the LBG and a within-plate setting for the UBG. The U–Pb geochronology of one sample from the LBG gives an upper intercept age of 1988 ± 12 Ma ( n = 10, MSWD = 2.5). One sample from the UBG gives an upper intercept age of 1895 ± 22 Ma ( n = 15, MSWD = 0.82), whereas another sample does not give any upper intercept age, but indicates magmatism from c. 1940 to 1840 Ma. Based on these ages, we infer that the Bhatwari Gneiss has evolved due to arc magmatism and related back-arc rifting over a time period of c. 100 Ma during the Proterozoic. This arc magmatism is related to the formation of the Columbia supercontinent.
Three-dimensional visualization of top-down superimposed thrust sheets in the SW Grenville Province, Ontario Available to Purchase
Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India Open Access
Underthrusting and duplexing beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen Open Access
Structural Setting of Gold Mineralization within the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone, Southern New Zealand Available to Purchase
Gangdese culmination model: Oligocene–Miocene duplexing along the India-Asia suture zone, Lazi region, southern Tibet Open Access
Geometry and Kinematics of Structures of the Southern Sub-Andean Fold-Thrust Belt of Bolivia Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The southern sub-Andean fold-thrust belt of Bolivia and northwestern Argentina is constructed from a ~10-km (~6-mi) thick stratigraphic pile of post-Ordovician to Neogene deposits that have been shortened above a detachment located in Silurian to Upper Ordovician horizons. Hydrocarbon accumulations in this fold-thrust belt include a variety of plays, with reservoirs ranging in age from Devonian to Neogene. Giant gas fields, however, are restricted to deep structures involving Devonian reservoirs. Exploration for this play relies on structural models, as seismic imaging is challenged by geological and topographical conditions. Duplex systems seem to be the dominant thrust system type, including passive, active, and composite roof-thrust geometries. Pure structural wedges are common either in structural plunges or early stage structures. The main controlling factor for the development of duplexes and structural wedges is the presence of two major detachments, the basal detachment, mainly located along the Silurian Kirusillas Formation and the Devonian Los Monos Formation. Once duplex horses, or wedges, start developing in the lower structural level, the overpressured Los Monos Formation is passively uplifted and lithostatic pressure decreases. As this happens, the overpressure increases significantly, triggering pseudoplastic deformation within the Los Monos Formation, which results in the classic complexities of the southern sub-Andean belt. Regional variations in the Silurian–Devonian stratigraphic package seem to be an important control on modes of deformation. Overall structural complexities in the lower structural level increase toward the most distal parts of the Silurian-Devonian basin, with additional detachments developed in the Icla Formation, and a marked decrease in the thickness and mechanical strength of the quartzite packages of the Devonian section. This results in complex and unpredictable trap geometries and a more challenging exploration for the deep plays.
Deformation and Stratigraphic Models of the Bolivian and Argentinean Sub-Andean System: Evolution of Knowledge and Current Trends Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The sub-Andean system through Argentina and Bolivia is composed of a fold-and-thrust belt developed from 9 Ma until today, as a result of an east-northeast-verging compressive stress field. Depending on the area evaluated, thin- or thick-skinned deformation characterizes the structural style throughout this orogenic system. The differences in structural styles depend on variables such as the sedimentary column involved, internal facies and thickness changes, detachment level features, climatic influence, and the presence of inherited extensional and compressional structures. The existing balanced structural cross-sections sometimes present difficulties for solving the rate and chronology of the deformation. The aim of this chapter is to present suitable new deformation models integrating distinct kinematic characteristics and to analyze the variables involved in the southern sub-Andean thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt. The structural framework proposed for the southern sub-Andean system in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina is based in the identification of four rheological levels. Levels 1 and 3, with a shale-dominated composition (Kirusillas and Los Monos Formations, respectively), are deformed as a weak isotropic material and can be simulated using Trishear kinematic modeling. On the other hand, rheological levels 2 and 4 (Tarabuco–Santa Rosa–Icla–Huamampampa Formations and Carboniferous–Cenozoic interval, respectively), with a sand/shale alternating composition, are structured as a strongly heterogeneous interval responding to the compressive stress field with parallel folding. A simple shear kinematic model could be used to simulate this deformation. This behavior has been tested as a feasible model for the deep structure in significant oil/gas fields in Argentina and Bolivia.
Sub-Andean Thick and Thin-Skinned Thrust Systems of Southeastern Peru and Bolivia—A Review Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on the role of basement fabrics and inverted extensional faults that strongly affect the frontal zones of the fold-and-thrust faults of sub-Andean basins in Peru and Bolivia. This review examines the relationships of hinterland deformation in the basement with the Present Day topography from the Andean plateau to the sub-Andean foreland basin. Preexisting, steep basement–involved extensional faults that were inverted in the last phase of Andean deformation (~10 Ma to the Present Day) produced basement-cored uplifts that transferred thick-skinned shortening eastward onto the thin-skinned thrust fault and fold systems detached above the basement. Regional cross sections are reviewed and revised in the light of analysis of seismic data as well as mechanically feasible models of the hinterland to foreland transfer of displacement. Steep inverted faults with dominantly high vertical uplift in the hinterland exhume the older stratal packages together with crystalline basement, and these units provide the source for the largely Neogene to Holocene syn-tectonic foreland basins in front of the advancing thrust wedge of the sub-Andean system in Peru and Bolivia.