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density currents
Emplacement history of volcaniclastic turbidites around the central Azores volcanic islands: Frequencies of slope landslides and eruptions
The Mesoproterozoic Stac Fada proximal ejecta blanket, NW Scotland: constraints on crater location from field observations, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, petrography and geochemistry
Channel slope adjustment in reduced gravity environments and implications for Martian channels
Inflation of Ponded, Particulate Laden Density Currents
Inferring the nature of pyroclastic density currents from tree damage: The 18 May 1980 blast surge of Mount St. Helens, USA
Density current origin of a melt-bearing impact ejecta blanket (Ries suevite, Germany)
Evidence for post-depositional diffusional loss of hydrogen in quartz phenocryst fragments within ignimbrites
Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water: An outstanding example from offshore Montserrat (IODP 340)
Distal ash hurricane (pyroclastic density current) deposits from a ca. 2000 yr B.P. Plinian-style eruption of Mount Pelée, Martinique: Distribution, grain-size characteristics, and implications for future hazard
Bedforms Created by Gravity Flows
Abstract Bedforms that develop at the interface between a fluid flow and a loose sediment bed are among some of the most fundamental morphodynamic processes, perhaps among the greatest examples of canonical autogenic adjustments between flow and sediments. Because different types of bedforms develop under specific combinations of flow and sediment properties, these sedimentary features have commonly been used to aid interpretations of flow conditions and infer the nature of depositional environments. While subaerial (river) bedforms are relatively well understood, their counterparts in deep water (i.e., related to gravity underflows, namely, density or turbidity currents) remain somewhat elusive, largely due to the difficulty of direct observation in their natural setting, due to the limited number of experimental studies, and due to their inherent process complexity. Although widely practiced, extrapolation of equilibrium regime diagrams developed for subaerial bedforms to the deep-water realm remains questionable, particularly in light of recent experimental and field observations that suggest some departures from the subaerial counterpart. Herewe present results from an experimental program aimed at investigating equilibrium bedforms resulting from saline density currents under bypass conditions. Saline density currents have been typically treated as the surrogate of muddy turbidity currents for which sediments never settle. More than 500 separate experiments were run, comprising currents that spanned a wide range of the densimetric Froude number including all flow regimes (supercritical, critical, subcritical: Fr d = 0.6 to 2.8). Results confirm some similarities between subaerial and gravity flow bedforms both in process and product but also reveal some interesting differences. For example, ripples form under both subcritical and supercritical density currents, while supercritical currents yield dunes and both small-wavelength, downstream-migrating, and long-wavelength, upstream-migrating antidunes, where the latter may transition to cyclic steps. Supercriticality of the flow, the proportion of bedload to suspended load (when looking at the sediment composing the bed), and the bed characteristic sediment size are the major controls on the prevailing bedform observed. To investigate the flow and morphodynamic mechanisms related to some of the observed bedforms (e.g., supercritical dunes), detailed analyses of flow structure over the bed features were performed using particle image velocimetry techniques. Outcrop examples are presented to demonstrate that the gravity flow bedforms we observed experimentally might have counterparts at the field scale. Our findings underscore the rich spectrum of potential bed states produced by dense underflows and their deviation from bed behavior in open-channel flows. As a result, we argue that inversion of gravity flow bed features based on known subaerial bedform regimes might be potentially misleading.
Supercritical-flow structures on a Late Carboniferous delta front: Sedimentologic and paleoclimatic significance
An inclined Vulcanian explosion and associated products
Magmatic life at low Reynolds number
Temporal and spatial evolution of a waxing then waning catastrophic density current revealed by chemical mapping
From Kīlauea Iki 1959 to Eyjafjallajökull 2010: How volcanology has changed!
The field of volcanology has greatly changed during the last half century. The profession is now much more diverse and interdisciplinary, even including collaborating researchers from the social and medical sciences. This new mode of cooperation and working has been more successful in mitigating volcanic hazards and risks. There are fewer of the strong-willed lone rangers of the past and more of those who work with teams to more effectively understand how volcanoes work to protect those living on or near active or potentially active volcanoes. Moreover, there are more university departments with volcanology in their curricula and more international symposia and workshops focusing on mitigation of risk posed by volcano-related hazards. We all have respected colleagues and volcano observatories in many countries. The importance of understanding explosive volcanic eruptions and tracking of eruption plumes involves volcanologists, atmospheric physicists, and air-traffic controllers and is of great interest to the aviation industry. We now have the links in place between great science and practical applications.