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Crater Lake
The Role of Subduction Zone Processes in the Cultural History of the Cascade Region
Postglacial faulting near Crater Lake, Oregon, and its possible association with the Mazama caldera-forming eruption
Eruptive history of Middle Sister, Oregon Cascades, USA–Product of a late Pleistocene eruptive episode
The Anatomy of an Antibacterial Clay Deposit: A New Economic Geology
ABSTRACT The field trip examines coupled hydrologic and landscape response after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama to form Crater Lake in the Cascade volcanic arc at ~7627 ± 150 cal. yr B.P. The Williamson River basin, east of Crater Lake and in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range, was buried beneath thick pumice and pyroclastic-flow deposits. The distinctive physical properties of pumice and volcanic ash affect the movement and retention of water and the ongoing evolution of the landscape. Three themes will be explored: (1) post-eruption transition from perched streams to losing streams along the eastern flank of the Cascade Range; (2) filling and catastrophic draining of a lake trapped behind a dam of pyroclastic flow deposits in the Williamson River canyon; and (3) post-eruption faulting and the hydrology of Klamath Marsh.
Deciphering Magma Chamber Dynamics from Styles of Compositional Zoning in Large Silicic Ash Flow Sheets
Eruptive history and geochronology of Mount Mazama and the Crater Lake region, Oregon
JOSEPH SILAS DILLER (1850–1928): PIONEER OF SOUTHERN CASCADIAN GEOLOGY, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON
Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon
Late Pleistocene granodiorite beneath Crater Lake caldera, Oregon, dated by ion microprobe
Dynamic interactions between lahars and stream flow: A case study from Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand
Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades
Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields; melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle
The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution
Water, CO 2 , Cl, and F in melt inclusions in phenocrysts from three Holocene explosive eruptions, Crater Lake, Oregon
Partially melted granodiorite and related rocks ejected from Crater Lake caldera, Oregon
Blocks of medium-grained granodiorite to 4 m, and minor diabase, quartz diorite, granite, aplite and granophyre, are common in ejecta of the ∼6,900 yr BP caldera-forming eruption of Mount Mazama. The blocks show degrees of melting from 0–50 vol%. Because very few have adhering juvenile magma, it is thought that the blocks are fragments of the Holocene magma chamber’s walls. Primary crystallisation of granodiorite produced phenocrystic pl + hyp + aug + mt + il + ap + zc, followed by qz + hb + bt + alkali feldspar (af). Presence of fluid inclusions in all samples implies complete crystallisation before melting. Subsolidus exchange with meteoric hydrothermal fluids before melting is evident in δ 18 O values of −3.4–+4.9‰ for quartz and plagioclase in partially melted granodiorites (fresh lavas from the region have δ 18 O values of +5.8–+7.0‰); δ 18 O values of unmelted granodiorites from preclimatic eruptive units suggest hydrothermal exchange began between ∼70 and 24 ka. Before eruption, the granitic rocks equilibrated at temperatures, estimated from Fe–Ti oxide compositions, of up to ∼1000°C for c . 10 2 –10 4 years at a minimum pressure of 100–180 MPa. Heating caused progressive breakdown or dissolution of hb, af, bt, and qz, so that samples with the highest melt fractions have residual pl + qz and new or re-equilibrated af + hyp + aug + mt + il in high-silica rhyolitic glass (75–77% SiO 2 ). Mineral compositions vary systematically with increasing temperature. Hornblende is absent in rocks with Fe–Ti oxide temperatures >870°C, and bt above 970°C. Oxygen isotope fractionation between qz, pl, and glass in partially fused granodiorite also is consistent with equilibration at T ≥900°C (Δ 18 O qz-pl = +0.7±0.5‰). Element partitioning between glass and crystals reflects the large fraction of refractory pl, re-equilibration of af and isolation or incomplete dissolution of accessory phases. Ba and REE contents of analysed glass separates can be successfully modelled by observed degrees of partial melting of granodiorite, but Rb, Sr and Sc concentrations cannot. Several samples have veins of microlite-free glass 1–5 mm thick that are compositionally and physically continuous with intergranular melt and which apparently formed after the climactic eruption began. Whole-rock H 2 O content, microprobe glass analysis sums near 100% and evidence for high temperature suggest liquids in the hotter samples were nearly anhydrous. The occurrence of similar granodiorite blocks at all azimuths around the 8 × 10 km caldera implies derivation from one pluton. Compositional similarity between granodiorite and pre-Mazama rhyodacites suggests that the pluton may have crystallised as recently as 0.4 Ma; compositional data preclude crystallisation from the Holocene chamber. The history of crystallisation, hydrothermal alteration, and remelting of the granitic rocks may be characteristic of shallow igneous systems in which the balance between hydrothermal cooling and magmatic input changes repeatedly over intervals of 10 4 –10 6 years.