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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Nummulitidae
-
Nummulites (1)
-
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Orbitolinidae
-
Orbitolina (1)
-
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (12)
-
Silicoflagellata (1)
-
Tintinnidae
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Calpionellidae (1)
-
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (3)
-
Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (2)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Chitinozoa (3)
-
Conodonta (7)
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (2)
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scolecodonts (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (7)
-
Chitinozoa (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (24)
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miospores
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Cicatricosisporites (1)
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Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (59)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Botryococcus (3)
-
-
Chrysophyta (1)
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diatoms (5)
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nannofossils (16)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (3)
-
-
-
Bryophyta (4)
-
Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Archaeopteris (3)
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Pecopteris (2)
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Sphenopteris (1)
-
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Lycopsida (4)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
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Sphenopteris (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Ericaceae (1)
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Leguminosae (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Palmae (1)
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-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (4)
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (1)
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-
Pteridospermae (1)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
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Tardigrada (1)
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thallophytes (2)
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tracks (3)
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trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (6)
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Ar/Ar (18)
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fission-track dating (14)
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K/Ar (3)
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Lu/Hf (2)
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paleomagnetism (30)
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Pb/Pb (4)
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Rb/Sr (3)
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Re/Os (7)
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Sm/Nd (2)
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Sr/Sr (5)
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tephrochronology (1)
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Th/U (2)
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thermochronology (14)
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thermoluminescence (1)
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tree rings (4)
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U/Pb (86)
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U/Th/Pb (3)
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uranium disequilibrium (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Agbada Formation (1)
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lower Cenozoic (1)
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Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (5)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (2)
-
-
upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (2)
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Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Loveland Loess (1)
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lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (2)
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Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
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middle Pleistocene (5)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Sangamonian (1)
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Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (2)
-
Bolling (2)
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Younger Dryas (16)
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-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Tertiary
-
Barreiras Formation (1)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (2)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Andalhuala Formation (1)
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Astoria Formation (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
Honda Group (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
Burdigalian (2)
-
Kasauli Series (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (2)
-
-
Oficina Formation (2)
-
Pebas Formation (2)
-
Saint Marys Formation (1)
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Sarmatian (1)
-
Stevens Sandstone (1)
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upper Miocene
-
Chiquimil Formation (1)
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Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
-
-
Puente Formation (1)
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Santa Margarita Formation (2)
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Tortonian (5)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Bowden Formation (1)
-
lower Pliocene (8)
-
middle Pliocene (2)
-
upper Pliocene
-
Chowan River Formation (1)
-
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (3)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (1)
-
Eocene
-
Ameki Formation (1)
-
Avon Park Formation (1)
-
Cozy Dell Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (4)
-
Lookingglass Formation (1)
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lower Eocene
-
Aquia Formation (1)
-
Misoa Formation (1)
-
Willwood Formation (2)
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Ypresian (3)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (1)
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Lutetian (2)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (5)
-
Nanjemoy Formation (1)
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Parachute Creek Member (1)
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
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upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Imo Shale (1)
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (2)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (2)
-
-
middle Oligocene (2)
-
Suwannee Limestone (1)
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upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (5)
-
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian
-
Niniyur Group (1)
-
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
-
middle Paleocene (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
Tullock Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Pirabas Formation (1)
-
Pysht Formation (1)
-
Shahejie Formation (4)
-
Vaqueros Formation (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Pico Formation (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
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Dalradian (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (1)
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Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (1)
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Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
-
Bahariya Formation (2)
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (5)
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (1)
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upper Albian (3)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (2)
-
-
Barremian (11)
-
Berriasian (6)
-
Bluesky Formation (2)
-
Clearwater Formation (3)
-
Cupido Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (6)
-
Mannville Group (7)
-
McMurray Formation (7)
-
Missisauga Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Sligo Formation (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (6)
-
Wealden (1)
-
Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
Zubair Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Mancos Shale (4)
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Middle Cretaceous (8)
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
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upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
-
Cody Shale (1)
-
Coniacian (8)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (5)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (5)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (5)
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
La Luna Formation (13)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (1)
-
upper Maestrichtian (3)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (3)
-
Milk River Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Santonian (7)
-
Senonian (20)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
-
Star Point Sandstone (1)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (2)
-
upper Turonian (2)
-
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
Wall Creek Member (1)
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
Yezo Group (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Great Valley Sequence (2)
-
Jurassic
-
Arapien Shale (1)
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Toarcian (3)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
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upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian (6)
-
Bathonian (3)
-
Callovian (5)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (5)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Fulmar Formation (1)
-
Galice Formation (1)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (3)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (4)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Tithonian (10)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Doig Formation (2)
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Ladinian (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (4)
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
-
Xujiahe Formation (2)
-
Yanchang Formation (3)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (6)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
MIS 5 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (3)
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Gog Group (1)
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Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Chilliwack Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (4)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
-
Madison Group (2)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Marble Falls Group (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (1)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
Paradox Formation (1)
-
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Smithwick Shale (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Cisco Group (1)
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Gzhelian (1)
-
-
-
Springer Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (3)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Pragian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (3)
-
Marcellus Shale (3)
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (1)
-
Famennian (5)
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (2)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (6)
-
Huron Member (1)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Nisku Formation (2)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Hunton Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic (7)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Floian (1)
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Tremadocian (2)
-
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (3)
-
-
Skiddaw Slates (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Katian (1)
-
Sandbian (3)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Glorieta Sandstone (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (2)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (2)
-
Asselian (3)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (3)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Bone Spring Limestone (1)
-
Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
-
Meade Peak Member (2)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Retort Phosphatic Shale Member (1)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
Rhuddanian (2)
-
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (5)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
Woodford Shale (4)
-
-
Phanerozoic (19)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Mahakoshal Group (1)
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Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Roper Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (5)
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Maranon Complex (4)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Riphean (2)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Vendian (6)
-
-
Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (3)
-
Orosirian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Udokan Series (1)
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (7)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (23)
-
picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase (4)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (2)
-
tonalite (2)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros (5)
-
granites
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (2)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (6)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (8)
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (3)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (2)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
harzburgite (3)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (2)
-
websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
-
ocean-island basalts (3)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (4)
-
trap rocks (1)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses (1)
-
komatiite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (4)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (3)
-
-
rhyolites (6)
-
-
-
ophiolite (10)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metabentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (10)
-
eclogite (18)
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (5)
-
paragneiss (3)
-
-
granulites (2)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (1)
-
-
jadeitite (4)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (3)
-
metagabbro (2)
-
metaperidotite (2)
-
serpentinite (11)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metapelite (3)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (3)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (11)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (1)
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (6)
-
schists
-
blueschist (6)
-
greenschist (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (10)
-
turbidite (39)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites (1)
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides
-
cohenite (1)
-
moissanite (1)
-
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (4)
-
-
arsenites (1)
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (15)
-
dolomite (5)
-
hydromagnesite (1)
-
hydrotalcite (1)
-
kutnohorite (1)
-
magnesian calcite (1)
-
magnesite (4)
-
nahcolite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
siderite (1)
-
sphaerosiderite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
fluorite (2)
-
parisite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
-
iron minerals (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
minerals (2)
-
native elements
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (1)
-
-
graphite (1)
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lonsdaleite (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
western Venezuela
Patterns of recent deformation of the western Maracaibo block, northern Colombia and western Venezuela, based on integration of geomorphic indices with regional geology Available to Purchase
Probability Distribution of Intensity Attenuations for Colombia and Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
POLLEN WITH VISCIN THREADS FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS AND PALEOCENE, MÉRIDA ANDES, WESTERN VENEZUELA Available to Purchase
A structuring event of Campanian age in western Venezuela, interpreted from seismic and palaeontological data Available to Purchase
Abstract A period of structuring, uplift, non-deposition and/or erosion in the Campanian in Western Venezuela, different from the generally known Late Cretaceous event is proposed to explain: (1) a varying time gap (10 to 1 million years) from east to west across the Maracaibo basin between La Luna and Colón formations; (2) a correlating time gap of 11 million years between the Santonian and Upper Campanian sediments in the Barinas basin; (3) structuring at the Top La Luna seismic horizon in the southwestern, west and central parts of the Maracaibo basin which is not reflected in the overlying section; (4) different thickness patterns in the isopach maps for the units underlying the Top La Luna seismic level and the immediately overlying section at least in area of the Colón Unit; (5) an abrupt change in vitrinite reflectance values in the SW of the basin from 0.47–0.60% above to 1.09–1.80% below the top of La Luna Formation; and (6) fission track ages in the range 70–80 Ma in the Circum-Caribbean. The predominant north–south trend of this structuring suggests that it is related to changes on the dynamics of the South American plate boundary during Campanian that may have involved a major igneous and volcanic event registered 70–80 Ma.
Chronology of Cenozoic tectonic events in western Venezuela and the Leeward Antilles based on integration of offshore seismic reflection data and on-land geology Available to Purchase
Regional geologic and tectonic setting of the Maracaibo supergiant basin, western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Early and middle Miocene depositional history of the Maracaibo Basin, western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Late Cretaceous Anoxia and Lateral Microfacies Changes in the Tres Esquinas Member, La Luna Formation, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
An Integrated Calcareous Microfossil Biostratigraphic and Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphic Framework for the La Luna Formation, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Biostratigraphic, Sedimentologic, and Chemostratigraphic Study of the La Luna Formation (Late Turonian–Campanian) in the San Miguel and Las Hernández Sections, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Regional Hydrocarbon Systems of Colombia and Western Venezuela: Their Origin, Potential, and Exploration Available to Purchase
Abstract This paper synthesizes technical, commercial, and strategic issues regarding the petroleum systems and exploration of the northwest corner of South America in three parts: a technical analysis of the presence and distribution of the hydrocarbon systems; analysis of the areas with the largest remaining potential; and Colombia’s exploration strategy in relation to its geology and potential. The technical portion outlines, with the use of countrywide paleogeographic maps, the main reasons for the presence and distribution of hydrocarbons in the region. Regional petroleum systems are described using a process and genesis methodology. The proposed hypothesis for source-rock quality and distribution combines regional plate tectonics with the formation of a large igneous province, global warming, increased upwelling, widespread anoxia-dysoxia, and sea-level rise. The hypothesis for reservoir distribution and quality comprises details of a regional orogenic event that affected the northwest margin of South America. The distribution of different reservoir qualities is determined by the erosion of an elongated mountain belt formed by this orogeny, the associated synorogenic sedimentation, and the evolution of a closing foreland basin that received sediments from the west from a mountain chain with varied basement stratigraphy, and from the east, sediments from the Guyana Shield. The explanation for regional seal deposition lies in the tectonic extension and foundering of large portions of Colombia and western Venezuela, the regional subsidence associated with diminished plate-tectonic convergence, and the associated increase of accommodation space. The inversion of the Eastern Cordillera and the development of doubly verging thrust belts bounding the mountain belt explain the formation of most traps. Adjacent forelands and foredeeps to the mountain belt and thick molasse packages combined with tectonic burial of the source rock explain generation and migration patterns. This paper also considers where the largest volumes of hydrocarbons will be found in the future, based on technical issues, and on the exploration history of different play areas in Colombia.
The Petroleum System of the Central Perijá Fold Belt, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
A high-frequency sequence study: a Miocene deltaic and estuarine succession in the Eastern Maracaibo Composite Foreland Basin, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Numerical Identification of Microseeps in Surface Soil Gases of Western Venezuela, and Its Significance for Hydrocarbon Exploration Available to Purchase
Abstract A soil-gas survey was conducted over a number of prospects in the plains (“llanos”) and the Andean foothills regions in the Barinas-Apure Basin of western Venezuela. Initial attempts to numerically distinguish a seep-gas signal from background gases failed. Basic statistics allow only a tenuous differentiation between background gases and possible seep-gas populations having slightly anomalous hydrocarbon-gas concentrations. Further data processing on this specific population using advanced vector analysis facilitated the discrimination within a variety of soil-gas sources and distinguished suites of samples with weak, seepage-related surface-gas patterns that resemble normal condensate/wet-gas sources at depth. An important observation from this surface geochemical program was the presence of a condensate/wet-gas trend in the foothills, confirming subsurface geochemical model predictions of the existence of wet reservoir gases in this area. Plots of the distribution of the various soil-gas sample suites on base maps of identified exploratory prospects show distinct clustering of seepage-related sample suites over areas with structural highs. Further scrutiny of the distribution of these “geochemical exploration leads” (GEL anomalies), in terms of coincidence with oil-productive areas, reveals that the GEL anomalies occur predominantly over now-productive wells. This observation also prompted the reevaluation of an old well recently associated with a surface GEL anomaly but originally abandoned and classified as dry in the 1930s. Reinterpretation of the well-log information now indicates 30 m of net pay in sandy reservoirs. Future drilling should provide more information on the extent and impact of this surface-gas technology on exploration decision making and risk analysis. Overall, the active seepage in the two work areas is relatively weak, although higher levels are observed in the foothills region because of favorable gas/oil ratios (GORs), normal reservoir pressure, and intense tectonic fracturing. These factors provide more favorable vertical or near-vertical gas migration than occurs in the plains region, where low GORs, reservoir underpressure, and less intense tectonic fracturing diminish vertical migration. In addition, initial (presurvey) concerns of intense in-situ biological soil-gas formation in a tropical environment, which would mask or diminish possible seep signals at the surface, could be resolved: Deep soil-gas sampling below a shallow zone of intense soil microbial activity, in combination with numerical surface-gas data processing, permits recognition and evaluation of subtle surface-seep trends in the area.
An oxidation and stable mounting technique for geothermally altered Upper Devonian palynomorphs from western Venezuela Available to Purchase
A QUANTITATIVE PALYNOLOGICAL RECORD FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE OF WESTERN VENEZUELA, WITH EMPHASIS ON MANGROVES Available to Purchase
Palynology and Chronostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous in the Subsurface of the Barinas Area, Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, AND RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF EOCENE ROCKS, SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL MERIDA ANDES (MARACAIBO AND BARINAS/APURE BASINS), WESTERN VENEZUELA Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Well, seismic, and outcrop data were used to constrain the timing and development of unconformities associated with uplift events, and to aid in the definition of lithostratigraphic units of the Eocene of the southern Maracaibo and west-central Barinas/Apure basins. Palynology provided the main control on age dating of the sections, and graphic correlation was used to illustrate the amount of missing time in the lithostratigraphic record. An integration of biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data from wells and outcrops shows that deltaic to shallow marine conditions prevailed over most of the Maracaibo and west-central Barinas/Apure basins during the middle Eocene. Fluvial sedimentation dominated in areas of high standing basement features, and was accentuated by the development of incised valleys and their subsequent marine fill sequences along the southern and southeastern margins of the Maracaibo Basin. The main controls governing depositional facies, and the presence or absence of unconformities were differential structural motion and, to a lesser extent, relative sea level fluctuations. A basal Eocene to late Paleocene unconformity, as well as several intra-middle Eocene unconformities appear to have been primarily caused by a drop in base level (sea level + structural subsidence), forming incised valleys over most of the study area. Biostratigraphic (palynological) data, as well as field observations and subsurface mapping indicate that other unconformities within the upper middle Eocene, and between middle and upper Eocene strata are ravinement surfaces caused by transgressive marine re-working of pre-existing units. Sequence boundaries caused by incised valleys often overlie transgressive deposits, and can merge with ravinement surfaces and other sequence boundaries in areas of intense erosion. This is especially true for the multiple intra-middle Eocene unconformities and sequence boundaries observed and inferred for the eastern part of the Maracaibo Basin; these are not reflected in the outcrop belt to the south because the rate of accommodation space was not rapid enough to allow their preservation. Nevertheless, marine transgressive deposits in the southern part of the basin can be clearly recognized (where they are preserved) because of their contrast with otherwise dominant fluvio-deltaic strata; the recognition of specific transgressive events in the eastern part of the basin is less certain because they are less clearly differentiated within the mostly marginal marine strata of the area. The presence of favorable reservoir facies in Eocene rocks in the study area is primarily a function of original sandstone composition, grain size, and burial depth. In the northeastern part of the study area, estuarine channels and transgressive marine/tidal bars have the best reservoir properties in the Misoa Formation. In the southern Maracaibo Basin, fluvial channels and transgressive marine/tidal bars are also the best reservoirs in the Mirador Formation. Transgressive marine/tidal bars within the Carbonera Formation also have favorable reservoir characteristics. Productivity of the best Eocene reservoirs is generally high.
Oligo-Miocene palynology of the Rio Chama Sequence (western Venezuela), with comments on fossil algae as paleoenvironmental indicators Free
Stratigraphic Synthesis of Western Venezuela Available to Purchase
Abstract The sedimentary basins of western Venezuela contain large volumes of oil. However, most of the large structures have already been produced. Exploration for new reserves of light and medium oil now depends on integrated studies that lead to a more comprehensive basin evaluation. This paper presents an integrated account of the Lake Maracaibo and Barinas-Apure basins of western Venezuela. It is a fully integrated study but focuses on the genetic and seismic stratigraphy of more than 600 wells, reference outcrops, and 4000 km of reflection seismic data. Six unconformity-bounded supersequences record the dynamics of Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin evolution from extension to collision. Supersequence A was deposited during an episode of Jurassic rifting, and supersequence B corresponds to the subsequent Early-Late Cretaceous passive margin. Supersequence C marks the transition to a compressive regime in the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene. Compression resulted from collision and obduction of the Pacific volcanic arc with the South American plate. Supersequence D records the development of the late Paleocene-middle Eocene foreland basin in front of the volcanic arc and emplacement of the Lara nappes. Supersequences E and F are attributed to modification of the foreland basin by late Eocene-Pleistocene collision of the Panama arc. The uplifted Serranla de Perija, Macizo de Santander, and Mérida Andes partitioned the foreland basin, creating the present Lake Maracaibo and Barinas-Apure basins. Supersequence B contains the Cretaceous La Luna source rock (sequences K3, K4, K5). The Colon and Burgúita formations form the principal supersequence C seals (sequence K6). The principal reservoir units occur in supersequence D, including the prolific Eocene Misoa and Gobemador formations (sequences TI, T2). Reservoirs of the La Rosa and Lagunillas formations occur in supersequence F and in the Betijoque Molasse.