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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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carbon
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C-14 (14)
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hydrogen
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (11)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
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C-13/C-12 (113)
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N-15/N-14 (7)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (56)
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Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
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O-17/O-16 (3)
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O-18 (3)
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O-18/O-16 (87)
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Os-188/Os-187 (10)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (11)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (11)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Re-187/Os-188 (8)
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S-33 (1)
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (42)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (74)
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large-ion lithophile elements (5)
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potassium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (74)
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Sr-90 (2)
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-
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aluminum
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Cu-65 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (33)
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indium (2)
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ferric iron (17)
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ferrous iron (12)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (11)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (56)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
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praseodymium (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
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ytterbium (1)
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N-15/N-14 (7)
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O-18/O-16 (87)
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Reptilia
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Testudines
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Thecodontia
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Synapsida
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Thelodonti (1)
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Renalcis (1)
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Hemichordata (14)
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Invertebrata
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Insecta
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Strophomenida (3)
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Inarticulata
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Rotaliina
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Textulariina (1)
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Fusulinina
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Leperditicopida (1)
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problematic microfossils (9)
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Plantae
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Musci
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problematic fossils
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Stone Age
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Asmari Formation (1)
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Pliocene
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Paleogene
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Oligocene
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Paleocene
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Thanetian (2)
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
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Shahejie Formation (1)
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upper Tertiary (1)
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McMurray Formation (2)
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Neocomian (11)
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Valanginian (12)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Qingshankou Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Bearpaw Formation (2)
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Belly River Formation (1)
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Campanian
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Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
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Cenomanian
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Dunvegan Formation (2)
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Coniacian (3)
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Edmonton Group (1)
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Hell Creek Formation (1)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
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Kaiparowits Formation (1)
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K-T boundary (4)
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Maestrichtian
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lower Maestrichtian (1)
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Pierre Shale (1)
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Prince Creek Formation (1)
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Santonian (5)
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Senonian (6)
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Turonian (6)
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Two Medicine Formation (1)
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Wahweap Formation (1)
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Yezo Group (1)
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Franciscan Complex (3)
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Jurassic
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Bazhenov Formation (15)
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Fernie Formation (1)
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Lower Jurassic
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lower Liassic (1)
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Pliensbachian (4)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
-
Bajocian (4)
-
Bathonian (8)
-
Callovian (8)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridgian
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Morrison Formation (3)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (18)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (4)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Griesbachian (1)
-
Induan (3)
-
Olenekian (4)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (30)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Ladinian (6)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Norian (6)
-
Rhaetian (2)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (2)
-
MIS 3 (3)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
Moldanubian (4)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (3)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Poleta Formation (2)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
Tommotian (2)
-
Yudoma Series (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Barrandian (1)
-
-
Mount Read Volcanics (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (5)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Avonian (1)
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Chilliwack Group (1)
-
Ely Limestone (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (6)
-
Dinantian (30)
-
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Middle Carboniferous (8)
-
Mississippian
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Osagian (4)
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (2)
-
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (8)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (19)
-
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Hermosa Group (2)
-
Joggins Formation (2)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (13)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (2)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (2)
-
-
Moscovian (20)
-
Paradox Formation (2)
-
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (15)
-
Kasimovian (13)
-
Missourian (3)
-
Virgilian (2)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Stephanian (5)
-
Uralian (6)
-
Westphalian (7)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (9)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (4)
-
Pragian (4)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (8)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Givetian
-
upper Givetian (1)
-
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Miette Complex (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (6)
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (4)
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
lower Frasnian (1)
-
upper Frasnian (4)
-
-
Kellwasser event (4)
-
Olentangy Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (3)
-
Gemericum (2)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (6)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (8)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (9)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Tremadocian (5)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (2)
-
Darriwilian (4)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (4)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (10)
-
Katian (7)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (3)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
-
Paganzo Group (1)
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Chase Group (1)
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (8)
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
Roadian (6)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Ufimian (1)
-
Wordian (7)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (5)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (13)
-
Asselian (14)
-
Kungurian (17)
-
Sakmarian (12)
-
-
Leonardian (2)
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (17)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (3)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (10)
-
Wuchiapingian (4)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (30)
-
Tatarian (3)
-
Zechstein (3)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (10)
-
Rhuddanian (8)
-
Telychian (6)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (3)
-
Sheinwoodian (3)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian (2)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (2)
-
Ludfordian (4)
-
-
Pridoli (6)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (2)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (32)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (1)
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Iron Ore Group (1)
-
J-M Reef (1)
-
Mesoarchean (5)
-
Neoarchean
-
Jiaodong Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (5)
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (4)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Minas Supergroup (1)
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (8)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (2)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (2)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Keweenawan (1)
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Lorrain Formation (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Ectasian (1)
-
Newland Limestone (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (10)
-
Dengying Formation (3)
-
Doushantuo Formation (5)
-
Ediacaran (51)
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Marinoan (6)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Riphean
-
Taratash Complex (1)
-
upper Riphean (6)
-
-
Sturtian (4)
-
Tonian (10)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (55)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Marquette Range Supergroup (1)
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (5)
-
Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (3)
-
Doushantuo Formation (5)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Udokan Series (2)
-
Umberatana Group (1)
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
Wyman Formation (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (3)
-
Saxothuringian (4)
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (24)
-
feldspathoid rocks (6)
-
granophyre (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (25)
-
phoscorites (1)
-
picrite (9)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (13)
-
appinite (1)
-
diabase
-
diabase porphyry (2)
-
olivine diabase (1)
-
tholeiitic dolerite (2)
-
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (2)
-
plagiogranite (10)
-
quartz diorites (3)
-
tonalite (12)
-
trondhjemite (4)
-
-
essexite (1)
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros
-
teschenite (1)
-
-
microgabbro (1)
-
norite (12)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (8)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (3)
-
alaskite (2)
-
alkali granites (6)
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (6)
-
biotite granite (3)
-
charnockite (2)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
I-type granites (3)
-
leucogranite (9)
-
monzogranite (6)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites
-
granodiorite porphyry (1)
-
-
ijolite (2)
-
lamproite (11)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
minette (2)
-
monchiquite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (6)
-
monzonites (4)
-
pegmatite (51)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
quartzolite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (3)
-
alkali syenites (4)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (3)
-
foyaite (1)
-
lujavrite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (2)
-
shonkinite (1)
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (57)
-
hornblendite (7)
-
olivinite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (42)
-
harzburgite (27)
-
lherzolite (6)
-
spinel lherzolite (2)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (13)
-
orthopyroxenite (3)
-
websterite (3)
-
-
-
urtite (1)
-
-
porphyry (7)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (12)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
hawaiite (1)
-
trachybasalts (8)
-
trachydolerite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (16)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (23)
-
ocean-island basalts (11)
-
shoshonite (4)
-
tholeiite (4)
-
tholeiitic basalt (5)
-
trap rocks (9)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (2)
-
-
dacites (4)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
-
komatiite (12)
-
latite (2)
-
leucitite (1)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
andesite tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (2)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (13)
-
tuffite (2)
-
-
rhyodacites (4)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites
-
absarokite (1)
-
-
trachytes (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (97)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
wehrlite (12)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (12)
-
cataclasites (5)
-
eclogite (49)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (4)
-
orthogneiss (8)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
gondite (1)
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
-
hornfels (5)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
suevite (1)
-
-
-
jadeitite (10)
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
listwanite (9)
-
marbles
-
brucite marble (1)
-
ophicalcite (2)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (5)
-
metabasite (6)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (2)
-
metagranite (3)
-
metaperidotite (3)
-
metapyroxenite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (31)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metagraywacke (3)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (12)
-
metasandstone (4)
-
metasiltstone (2)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
apogranite (1)
-
greisen
-
beresite (1)
-
-
rodingite (4)
-
serpentinite (31)
-
skarn (14)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (11)
-
migmatites
-
anatexite (1)
-
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (5)
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (20)
-
schists
-
blueschist (9)
-
chlorite schist (2)
-
glaucophane schist (1)
-
greenschist (3)
-
tourmalinite (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (97)
-
turbidite (20)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites (1)
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
diogenite (1)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
nakhlite
-
Nakhla Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CV chondrites
-
Allende Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (1)
-
carbides
-
moissanite (8)
-
-
electrum (7)
-
hedleyite (2)
-
phosphides
-
schreibersite (1)
-
-
silicides (4)
-
-
antimonides (6)
-
arsenates
-
beudantite (2)
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (9)
-
cobaltite (5)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
lollingite (2)
-
maucherite (1)
-
nickeline (1)
-
sperrylite (10)
-
-
arsenites (1)
-
bismuthides (3)
-
borates
-
boracite (1)
-
kernite (1)
-
szaibelyite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (2)
-
aragonite (1)
-
azurite (1)
-
bastnaesite (6)
-
calcite (27)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
cerussite (1)
-
dolomite (15)
-
huntite (1)
-
hydromagnesite (2)
-
hydrotalcite (1)
-
ikaite (1)
-
leadhillite (1)
-
magnesian calcite (2)
-
magnesite (5)
-
malachite (2)
-
rhodochrosite (4)
-
siderite (3)
-
spurrite (2)
-
synchysite (2)
-
-
chromates (2)
-
copper minerals (4)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
bideauxite (1)
-
boracite (1)
-
carnallite (1)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
halite (3)
-
kainite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (6)
-
bideauxite (1)
-
fluorite (5)
-
humite (1)
-
synchysite (2)
-
topaz (1)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
manganese minerals (8)
-
minerals (16)
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
chaoite (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (10)
-
-
graphite (11)
-
lonsdaleite (2)
-
-
onyx (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (2)
-
-
oxalates
-
whewellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
alexandrite (1)
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
armalcolite (1)
-
baddeleyite (5)
-
brannerite (4)
-
brucite (2)
-
cassiterite (1)
-
chrome spinel (37)
-
chromite (36)
-
chrysoberyl (3)
-
corundum (12)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
diaspore (1)
-
gahnite (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (4)
-
hausmannite (1)
-
hematite (14)
-
hercynite (2)
-
hibonite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (1)
-
oxyhydroxides (2)
-
-
ilmenite (16)
-
iron oxides (7)
-
jacobsite (1)
-
leucoxene (1)
-
magnesioferrite (2)
-
magnetite (25)
-
manganese oxides (1)
-
manganite (1)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (3)
-
betafite (1)
-
columbite (7)
-
fergusonite (2)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
loparite (2)
-
pyrochlore (9)
-
samarskite (3)
-
-
periclase (1)
-
perovskite (4)
-
pitchblende (1)
-
portlandite (1)
-
pyrolusite (1)
-
pyrophanite (1)
-
rutile (11)
-
sapphire (4)
-
spinel (15)
-
spinel group (9)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
microlite (3)
-
stibiotantalite (1)
-
tantalite (4)
-
wodginite (1)
-
-
thorianite (1)
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
titanomagnetite (4)
-
trevorite (1)
-
uraninite (7)
-
wustite (3)
-
zirconolite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
amblygonite (1)
-
apatite (34)
-
autunite (1)
-
britholite (2)
-
chlorapatite (1)
-
crandallite (1)
-
eosphorite (1)
-
florencite (2)
-
fluorapatite (5)
-
goyazite (1)
-
hydroxylapatite (2)
-
lithiophilite (1)
-
monazite (30)
-
montebrasite (2)
-
plumbogummite (1)
-
rhabdophane (1)
-
struvite (1)
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triphylite (2)
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turquoise (1)
-
vivianite (1)
-
xenotime (11)
-
-
platinum minerals (55)
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selenates (1)
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selenides (3)
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selenites (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (3)
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asbestos (2)
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borosilicates (4)
-
chain silicates
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aenigmatite group
-
aenigmatite (1)
-
rhonite (3)
-
sapphirine (4)
-
-
amphibole group
-
alkalic amphibole (1)
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (3)
-
arfvedsonite (1)
-
crocidolite (1)
-
cummingtonite (1)
-
edenite (2)
-
glaucophane (5)
-
hornblende (15)
-
kaersutite (3)
-
nephrite (3)
-
pargasite (6)
-
richterite (1)
-
tremolite (5)
-
tschermakite (1)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (2)
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
-
bavenite (1)
-
jade (4)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (3)
-
augite (2)
-
chrome diopside (2)
-
diopside (6)
-
jadeite (9)
-
omphacite (8)
-
spodumene (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (5)
-
-
-
rhodonite group
-
rhodonite (1)
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (2)
-
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
celsian (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
K-feldspar (8)
-
microcline (1)
-
sanidine (2)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (6)
-
anorthite (2)
-
bytownite (1)
-
labradorite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (2)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (3)
-
-
pseudoleucite (1)
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (2)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
amethyst (2)
-
carnelian (2)
-
chalcedony (2)
-
chrysoprase (1)
-
coesite (13)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
jasper (4)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (2)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
sodalite group
-
sodalite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (2)
-
chabazite (1)
-
edingtonite (1)
-
erionite (1)
-
ferrierite (1)
-
gmelinite (2)
-
harmotome (1)
-
heulandite (1)
-
laumontite (1)
-
mesolite (1)
-
natrolite (1)
-
stilbite (1)
-
thomsonite (1)
-
-
-
garnierite (3)
-
magnesian silicates (3)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
braunite (3)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (2)
-
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
dumortierite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (3)
-
grossular (4)
-
hydrogarnet
-
hibschite (1)
-
hydrogrossular (1)
-
-
pyrope (6)
-
schorlomite (1)
-
spessartine (2)
-
uvarovite (5)
-
-
humite (1)
-
kyanite (9)
-
larnite (1)
-
merwinite (2)
-
mullite (2)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (2)
-
forsterite (10)
-
kirschsteinite (1)
-
monticellite (2)
-
olivine (40)
-
-
phenakite group
-
phenakite (2)
-
-
sillimanite (7)
-
spurrite (2)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (7)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (2)
-
thorite (5)
-
zircon (231)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
axinite group (2)
-
bertrandite (4)
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (8)
-
perrierite (5)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (9)
-
epidote (12)
-
piemontite (1)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
lawsonite (6)
-
melilite group
-
gehlenite (4)
-
melilite (2)
-
-
pumpellyite group
-
julgoldite (1)
-
pumpellyite (3)
-
-
thalenite (1)
-
vesuvianite (3)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (12)
-
cordierite (2)
-
emerald (9)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
labuntsovite (1)
-
milarite group
-
osumilite (1)
-
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (8)
-
elbaite (4)
-
foitite (2)
-
schorl (6)
-
uvite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (10)
-
clinochlore (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (5)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
nontronite (1)
-
smectite (9)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
clintonite (1)
-
illite (6)
-
margarite (2)
-
mica group
-
biotite (14)
-
celadonite (3)
-
glauconite (5)
-
lepidolite (2)
-
muscovite (15)
-
paragonite (1)
-
phengite (6)
-
phlogopite (10)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
petalite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
sericite (5)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (3)
-
berthierine (1)
-
chrysotile (2)
-
cronstedtite (1)
-
lizardite (2)
-
serpentine (7)
-
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
anglesite (1)
-
anhydrite (4)
-
barite (12)
-
beudantite (2)
-
celestine (2)
-
ettringite (1)
-
glauberite (1)
-
gypsum (5)
-
jarosite (1)
-
kainite (1)
-
leadhillite (1)
-
polyhalite (1)
-
svanbergite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (5)
-
alabandite (2)
-
argentite (2)
-
arsenopyrite (9)
-
arsenosulfides (1)
-
bismuthinite (2)
-
bornite (2)
-
chalcocite (3)
-
chalcopyrite (28)
-
cinnabar (4)
-
cobaltite (5)
-
cooperite (10)
-
copper sulfides (5)
-
cubanite (2)
-
digenite (1)
-
galena (9)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
heazlewoodite (3)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
joseite (3)
-
laurite (27)
-
marcasite (4)
-
metacinnabar (1)
-
millerite (2)
-
molybdenite (7)
-
nickel sulfides (6)
-
orpiment (1)
-
pentlandite (12)
-
pyrite (39)
-
pyrrhotite (17)
-
siegenite (1)
-
sphalerite (18)
-
stannoidite (1)
-
stibnite (3)
-
talnakhite (1)
-
tetradymite (2)
-
troilite (1)
-
violarite (1)
-
wurtzite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonates
-
famatinite (1)
-
-
sulfantimonites
-
bournonite (1)
-
chalcostibite (1)
-
freibergite (3)
-
luzonite (1)
-
polybasite (2)
-
pyrargyrite (1)
-
stephanite (2)
-
tetrahedrite (5)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
gratonite (1)
-
jordanite (1)
-
luzonite (1)
-
tennantite (4)
-
-
sulfobismuthites
-
matildite (3)
-
-
sulfogermanates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tellurates (1)
-
tellurides
-
altaite (1)
-
calaverite (2)
-
coloradoite (2)
-
hedleyite (2)
-
hessite (3)
-
joseite (3)
-
tellurobismuthite (2)
-
tetradymite (2)
-
-
tungstates
-
ferberite (1)
-
scheelite (3)
-
wolframite (2)
-
-
uranium minerals (7)
-
vanadates
-
carnotite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (12)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (338)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
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African Platform (1)
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
-
Congo Craton (3)
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East Africa
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Ethiopia
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Tigray Ethiopia (1)
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Kenya (2)
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Malawi (1)
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Mozambique (2)
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Tanzania (4)
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Zambia (3)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Tanganyika (1)
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East African Rift (1)
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Gregory Rift (1)
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Kufra Basin (1)
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Limpopo Basin (1)
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Madagascar (4)
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Mozambique Belt (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (3)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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Egypt
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Eastern Desert (3)
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Kosseir Egypt (1)
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Libya (2)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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Rif
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Beni Bouchera (1)
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Tafilalt (2)
-
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Tunisia (1)
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Nubian Shield (7)
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Sahara (2)
-
Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Botswana (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (4)
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Karoo Basin (5)
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Namibia (5)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (23)
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Cape Province region (1)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (1)
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Limpopo South Africa (2)
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Merensky Reef (9)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton Mountain Land (1)
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Murchison greenstone belt (1)
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Transvaal region (3)
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Witwatersrand (3)
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Zimbabwe
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Great Dyke (3)
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West Africa
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Cameroon (2)
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Chad (1)
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Ghana (1)
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Guinea (1)
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Nigeria
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Sierra Leone (1)
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Taoudenni Basin (1)
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West African Craton (2)
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Antarctica
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East Antarctica (1)
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Queen Maud Land
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Schirmacher Hills (1)
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Victoria Land (1)
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Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Voring Plateau (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (6)
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Ilimaussaq (2)
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Peary Land (3)
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Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
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South Greenland (1)
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Jan Mayen (1)
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Russian Arctic
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New Siberian Islands (7)
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Novaya Zemlya (22)
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Severnaya Zemlya (9)
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Wrangel Island (4)
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen
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Spitsbergen Island (2)
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-
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asbestos deposits (1)
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Chuya Alps (2)
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Gorny Altai (33)
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Kalba Range (1)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Chuya Basin (3)
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Gorny Altai (33)
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Zmeinogorsk Russian Federation (1)
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Altai-Sayan region (31)
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Amu Darya (1)
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Amur region (2)
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Amur Russian Federation (3)
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Angara River (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (6)
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (3)
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Saudi Arabia
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Ghawar Field (1)
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Baikal Mountains (3)
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Baikal region (20)
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Baikal rift zone (4)
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Buryat Russian Federation
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Central Asia
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Aral region (2)
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Aral Sea (1)
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Caspian Depression (3)
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Fergana Basin (2)
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Kazakhstan
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Balkhash region (3)
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Central Kazakhstan (5)
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Chu-Ili Mountains (1)
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Eastern Kazakhstan
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Chingis-Tau (3)
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Kalba Range (1)
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Karaganda Kazakhstan
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Karatau Range (5)
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Kokchetav Kazakhstan
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Lake Balkhash (1)
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Pavlodar Kazakhstan
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Tengiz Field (1)
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Pamirs
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Darvaz (1)
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Turgay Basin (3)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Dzhugdzhur region (2)
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Far East
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Borneo
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Burma (8)
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China
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Songliao Basin (3)
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Xizang China
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Yangtze Platform (11)
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Indochina (1)
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Japan
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Chichibu Belt (3)
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Honshu
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Gifu Japan (2)
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Ibaraki Japan
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Hitachi Deposit (1)
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Iwate Japan
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Kitakami Mountains (1)
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Mino Belt (1)
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Shiga Japan (1)
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Kurosegawa Zone (3)
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Kyushu
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Miyazaki Japan (2)
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Saga Japan (1)
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Sambagawa Belt (3)
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Shikoku
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Kochi Japan (1)
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Korea
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South Korea (1)
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Laos (3)
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Lesser Sunda Islands
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Timor
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East Timor (4)
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Malay Peninsula
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Langkawi Islands (1)
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Malaysia
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Mongolia
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Thailand (9)
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Himalayas
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Bastar Craton (2)
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Chhattisgarh India
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Dharwar Craton (9)
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Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (2)
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Gujarat India
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Orissa India
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Rajasthan India
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Aravalli Range (1)
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Sikkim India (1)
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Singhbhum shear zone (1)
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Southern Granulite Terrain (1)
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Tamil Nadu India
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Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Basin (1)
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Indian Shield (1)
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Kohistan (1)
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Nepal (3)
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Pakistan
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Punjab Pakistan
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Salt Range (1)
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (5)
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Irkutsk Basin (1)
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Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (7)
-
Berriasian (17)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (6)
-
Isachsen Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (2)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
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Neocomian (11)
-
Valanginian (12)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (2)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
-
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Edmonton Group (1)
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (4)
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Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Pierre Shale (1)
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Prince Creek Formation (1)
-
Santonian (5)
-
Senonian (6)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
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Turonian (6)
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
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Wahweap Formation (1)
-
-
Yezo Group (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (3)
-
Jurassic
-
Bazhenov Formation (15)
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (4)
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Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
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Bajocian (4)
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Bathonian (8)
-
Callovian (8)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridgian
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Morrison Formation (3)
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Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (18)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (4)
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Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Griesbachian (1)
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Induan (3)
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Olenekian (4)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (30)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Ladinian (6)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Norian (6)
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Rhaetian (2)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
metal ores
-
aluminum ores (2)
-
antimony ores (4)
-
arsenic ores (2)
-
base metals (23)
-
beryllium ores (5)
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bismuth ores (1)
-
chromite ores (23)
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cobalt ores (11)
-
copper ores (110)
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gold ores (137)
-
IOCG deposits (3)
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iridium ores (1)
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iron ores (20)
-
lead ores (30)
-
lead-zinc deposits (15)
-
lithium ores (2)
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manganese ores (11)
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mercury ores (5)
-
molybdenum ores (23)
-
nickel ores (51)
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niobium ores (5)
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osmium ores (1)
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palladium ores (10)
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platinum ores (78)
-
polymetallic ores (27)
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pyrite ores (2)
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rare earth deposits (9)
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rhenium ores (2)
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ruthenium ores (1)
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silver ores (32)
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strontium ores (1)
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tantalum ores (3)
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tellurium ores (1)
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tin ores (10)
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titanium ores (1)
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tungsten ores (7)
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uranium ores (9)
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vanadium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (43)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
plutonium
-
Pu-240 (1)
-
-
thorium
-
Th-232 (2)
-
-
uranium
-
U-235 (1)
-
U-238/Pb-204 (1)
-
U-238/U-235 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
-
potassium
-
K-40 (1)
-
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
-
sodium (3)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
beryllium (15)
-
calcium (3)
-
magnesium
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (74)
-
Sr-90 (2)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-27 (1)
-
-
antimony (11)
-
arsenic (12)
-
bismuth (13)
-
cadmium (3)
-
chromium (17)
-
cobalt (8)
-
copper
-
Cu-65 (1)
-
-
gallium (3)
-
germanium (3)
-
gold (50)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (33)
-
-
indium (2)
-
iron
-
ferric iron (17)
-
ferrous iron (12)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (11)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (11)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
-
U-238/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
manganese (15)
-
mercury (14)
-
molybdenum (4)
-
nickel (18)
-
niobium (10)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (22)
-
iridium ores (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (10)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (8)
-
-
osmium ores (1)
-
palladium (20)
-
palladium ores (10)
-
platinum (30)
-
platinum ores (78)
-
rhodium (8)
-
ruthenium (22)
-
ruthenium ores (1)
-
-
precious metals (24)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (15)
-
dysprosium (2)
-
europium (6)
-
gadolinium (3)
-
lanthanum (4)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (56)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
-
-
praseodymium (1)
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
-
-
scandium (3)
-
terbium (2)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (12)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (8)
-
-
silver (24)
-
tantalum (5)
-
thallium (4)
-
tin (1)
-
titanium (10)
-
tungsten (3)
-
vanadium (12)
-
zinc (7)
-
zirconium (4)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (12)
-
cataclasites (5)
-
eclogite (49)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (4)
-
orthogneiss (8)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
gondite (1)
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
-
hornfels (5)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
suevite (1)
-
-
-
jadeitite (10)
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
listwanite (9)
-
marbles
-
brucite marble (1)
-
ophicalcite (2)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (5)
-
metabasite (6)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (2)
-
metagranite (3)
-
metaperidotite (3)
-
metapyroxenite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (31)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metagraywacke (3)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (12)
-
metasandstone (4)
-
metasiltstone (2)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
apogranite (1)
-
greisen
-
beresite (1)
-
-
rodingite (4)
-
serpentinite (31)
-
skarn (14)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (11)
-
migmatites
-
anatexite (1)
-
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (5)
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (20)
-
schists
-
blueschist (9)
-
chlorite schist (2)
-
glaucophane schist (1)
-
greenschist (3)
-
tourmalinite (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
metamorphism (135)
-
metasomatism (127)
-
meteorites
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iron meteorites (1)
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micrometeorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
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achondrites
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diogenite (1)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
nakhlite
-
Nakhla Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CV chondrites
-
Allende Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
meteorology (1)
-
Mexico
-
Oaxaca Mexico (1)
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Puebla Mexico (3)
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Tamaulipas Mexico (1)
-
-
micropaleontology (1)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (222)
-
mineral exploration (94)
-
mineral resources (9)
-
mineralogy (8)
-
minerals (16)
-
mining geology (4)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (17)
-
mud volcanoes (2)
-
museums (7)
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (7)
-
organic nitrogen (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (10)
-
-
helium
-
He-4 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (4)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
radon
-
Rn-220 (1)
-
Rn-222 (3)
-
-
-
nodules (3)
-
nonmetal deposits (6)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (5)
-
Appalachians
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (2)
-
Blue Ridge Province (1)
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
Piedmont
-
Inner Piedmont (2)
-
-
Southern Appalachians (6)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (5)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (2)
-
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
Slave Province (3)
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (3)
-
English River Belt (1)
-
Uchi Subprovince (2)
-
Wabigoon Belt (4)
-
Wawa Belt (2)
-
-
-
Champlain Valley (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Grenville Front (1)
-
Keweenawan Rift (1)
-
Lake Superior region (1)
-
Michigan Basin (1)
-
Niagara Escarpment (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (9)
-
-
North American Craton (3)
-
Omineca Belt (1)
-
Pedregosa Basin (2)
-
Purcell Mountains (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains foreland (2)
-
Saint Elias Mountains (2)
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
-
Transcontinental Arch (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
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Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (1)
-
-
Williston Basin (2)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (2)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (7)
-
nuclear facilities (1)
-
ocean basins (10)
-
ocean circulation (1)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 104 (1)
-
Leg 113
-
ODP Site 690 (1)
-
-
Leg 159
-
ODP Site 959 (1)
-
-
Leg 174AX (1)
-
Leg 189
-
ODP Site 1172 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (18)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (5)
-
-
-
oil and gas fields (78)
-
orogeny (145)
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (2)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-17/O-16 (3)
-
O-18 (3)
-
O-18/O-16 (87)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea
-
Aleutian Basin (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Okhotsk Sea (1)
-
Okinawa Trough (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Manila Trench (1)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
Bismarck Sea
-
Manus Basin
-
PACMANUS hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Banda Arc (2)
-
Indonesian Seas
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Okhotsk Sea (1)
-
Okinawa Trough (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Manila Trench (1)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
Ontong Java Plateau (3)
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
Bismarck Sea
-
Manus Basin
-
PACMANUS hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
Pacific region
-
Circum-Pacific region (1)
-
-
paleobotany (5)
-
paleoclimatology (100)
-
paleoecology (115)
-
paleogeography (277)
-
paleomagnetism (75)
-
paleontology (26)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (3)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Poleta Formation (2)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
Tommotian (2)
-
Yudoma Series (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Barrandian (1)
-
-
Mount Read Volcanics (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (5)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Avonian (1)
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Chilliwack Group (1)
-
Ely Limestone (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (6)
-
Dinantian (30)
-
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Middle Carboniferous (8)
-
Mississippian
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Osagian (4)
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (2)
-
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (8)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (19)
-
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Hermosa Group (2)
-
Joggins Formation (2)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (13)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (2)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (2)
-
-
Moscovian (20)
-
Paradox Formation (2)
-
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (15)
-
Kasimovian (13)
-
Missourian (3)
-
Virgilian (2)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Stephanian (5)
-
Uralian (6)
-
Westphalian (7)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (9)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (4)
-
Pragian (4)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (8)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Givetian
-
upper Givetian (1)
-
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Miette Complex (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (6)
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (4)
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
lower Frasnian (1)
-
upper Frasnian (4)
-
-
Kellwasser event (4)
-
Olentangy Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (3)
-
Gemericum (2)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (6)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (8)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (9)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Tremadocian (5)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (2)
-
Darriwilian (4)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (4)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (10)
-
Katian (7)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (3)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
-
Paganzo Group (1)
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Chase Group (1)
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (8)
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
Roadian (6)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Ufimian (1)
-
Wordian (7)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (5)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (13)
-
Asselian (14)
-
Kungurian (17)
-
Sakmarian (12)
-
-
Leonardian (2)
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (17)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (3)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (10)
-
Wuchiapingian (4)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (30)
-
Tatarian (3)
-
Zechstein (3)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (10)
-
Rhuddanian (8)
-
Telychian (6)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (3)
-
Sheinwoodian (3)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian (2)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (2)
-
Ludfordian (4)
-
-
Pridoli (6)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (2)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
-
palynology (5)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (34)
-
Chitinozoa (7)
-
Dinoflagellata (32)
-
megaspores (2)
-
miospores
-
pollen (43)
-
-
-
paragenesis (65)
-
permafrost (5)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
-
shale oil (3)
-
-
petrology (31)
-
Phanerozoic (32)
-
phase equilibria (35)
-
phosphate deposits (4)
-
phosphorus (6)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
western Urals
Carbonate platform drowning in a foreland setting; the Mid-Carboniferous platform in western Urals (Russia) Available to Purchase
The extents of the Western Urals and West Siberian Catchments, which develo... Open Access
SCHEME OF CORRELATION OF SECTIONS OF THE LOWER PERMIAN OF THE WESTERN URALS... Available to Purchase
Ophiolite-related associations of platinum-group minerals at Rudnaya, western Sayans and Miass, southern Urals, Russia Available to Purchase
Ordovician deposits of the western slope of the Southern Urals and their correlation based on conodonts and chitinozoans Available to Purchase
Correlation of the type Bashkirian Stage (Middle Carboniferous, South Urals) with the Morrowan and Atokan series of the Midcontinental and Western United States Free
Correlation of Uppermost Carboniferous and Lower Permian rugose coral zones from the Urals to Western North America Available to Purchase
Biostratigraphy and Lower Permian Fusulinidae of the Upper Delta River Area, East-Central Alaska Range Available to Purchase
A Lower Permian fusulinid fauna was found in rocks of Mankomen age within a fault block in the Upper Delta River area, east-central Alaska Range. Three members of the M ankomen Formation are recognized and described from this area. They are, in stratigraphic order: a lower Tuffaceous Sandstone Member, an Alternating Limestone-Shale Member, and a Limestone Member. Additional sedimentary rocks occur still higher in the section but are as yet unmapped. The section exposed in this area represents the youngest known Upper Paleozoic sediments in the Alaska Range. Eighteen species of fusulinids belonging to three genera are described from the Alternating Limestone-Shale Member and Limestone Member. They are: Pseudofusulinella valkenburghae n. sp.; P . cf. P. parvula Skinner and Wilde; P. sp. A; Eoparafusulina mendenhalli n. sp.; E. waddelli n. sp.; Schwagerina pseudokaragasensis n. sp.; S. cf. S. emaciata (Beede); S. sp. A; S. rowetti n. sp.; S. callosa (Rauser-Chernousova); S. whartoni n. sp.; S. heineri n. sp.; S. moffiti n. sp.; S. sp. B; S. sp. C; S. rainyensis n. sp.; S. mankomenensis n. sp.; and S. hyperborea (Salter). This fauna is divided into six assemblage zones on the basis of the fusulinid species. Collectively, the zones indicate a Lower Permian age, ranging from late Asselian to middle Artinskian when compared to the zonation of Permian sections in the western Urals, USSR. The fusulinids from the Lower Permian of the Alaska Range belong to the Boreal faunal realm that includes the geosynclinal seas of the Alaskan Cordilleran, Franklinian, and Uralian geosynclines. Faunal evidence indicates temporary marine connections between Alaska and the Pacific north-west, and between the Uralian and Tethyan regions. Correlations are suggested between the Alaska Range section and the following regions: southeastern Alaska; northeastern Alaska; northwestern Yukon Territory; Grinnell Peninsula, Arctic Archipelago; northwest Greenland; Spitsbergen; and the Ural region of the USSR.
The Provenance and Weathering Conditions of Riphean (Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic) Shales, Siltstones, and Sandstones with Time, Southeastern Russia (Siberia) Available to Purchase
Abstract The mineralogy, major–element, and trace–element composition of shales, siltstones, and sandstones of the Uchur Group (Lower Riphean) and Aimchan and Kerpyl groups (Middle Riphean) in southeastern Russia were determined. The shales and siltstones are mostly illite to muscovite and quartz, with lesser K–feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, carbonate, hematite, magnetite, and smectite. The sandstones are quartz–rich and range from quartz arenites and wackes to feldspathic arenites and wackes. They contain minor rock fragments (mostly shale or schist). Estimated CIA values (chemical index of alteration) of most shales and siltstones are fairly high (70–91) and ICV values (index of compositional variability) are less than one, suggesting fairly intense weathering in the source and no significant input of first– cycle material. A number of shales and siltstones of the Kerpyl Group have ICVs greater than one, suggesting that some first–cycle material was incorporated. The Eu/Eu* and (La/Lu) cn ratios of the shales–siltstones tend to decrease (0.75 to 0.65 and 13.8 to 7.8, respectively) and the Th/Sc ratios increase (0.76 to 0.95) from the Uchur to Aimchan to Kerpyl groups. These results suggest that the average source of the shales and siltstones changed from a more tonalite–rich source in the Uchur Group to a more granodiorite–rich source in the Kerpyl Group. The higher K–feldspar relative to plagioclase in the sandstones from the Uchur Group is thus anomalous, and it may have been a result of removal of the plagioclase due to intense weathering or diagenesis. Previous studies of the younger Neoproterozoic Lakhanda and Ui groups indicate that shales and siltstones have lower Eu/Eu* values than those of the Kerpyl Group. Thus, during the Mesoproterozoic the sources changed from a high abundance of tonalite in the Uchur Group to gradually increasing amounts of granodiorite in the Aimchan Group to more granite in the younger Lakhanda and Ui groups. Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic (Riphean) shales in southeastern Russia have compositional trends in time similar to those from the southeastern USA and western Urals due to similar recycling (up to 70–75% of the rock volume) of original granitoid sources coupled with periodic input of first–cycle sediment. The Nd isotopes support mainly Paleoproterozoic (T Nd DM 1.9–2.4 Ga) sources for most groups, with Archean block erosional input (T Nd DM up to 2.8 Ga with moderately negative values of Nd) only for the Aimchan rocks. Younger Nd model ages (1500–1350 Ma) are observed in Early Upper Riphean (1025–1005 Ma) Lakhanda Group and Vendian Yudoma Group (< 560 –542 Ma) shales and correspond to juvenile input during late Grenvillian events (1000–950 Ma rift–related mafic magmatism along the eastern margin of the Siberia platform) and post–Rodinian (Vendian) destruction of the eastern periphery of the Siberian craton before opening of the Paleozoic ocean. The new data support the hypothesis of the existence of the supercontinent Rodinia (< 1050–600 Ma for the Siberian craton) but do not give direct evidence of Siberian juxtaposition to Laurentia during the Lower and Middle Riphean.
Crustal structure and tectonic model of northeastern Baltica, based on deep seismic and potential field data Available to Purchase
Abstract The Early-Mid-Palaeozoic successions of the Pechora Basin along continent Baltica's northeastern margin unconformably overlie Neoproterozoic complexes of the Timanide orogen; further west, Palaeozoic platform strata cover the East European Craton basement. The latter is exposed in the northern parts of the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield and is also present beneath the Neoproterozoic (perhaps also Mesoproterozoic) and younger successions of the Mezen Basin. Geophysical data help define the crustal and upper mantle structures of this part of northwestern Russia, from the Kola Peninsula to the Uralide orogen. Within the Shield, seismic refraction and near-vertical reflection profiling allow the terranes of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age, defined at the surface (the Murmansk, Kola Liinakhamary, Central Kola, Keivy and Belomorian terranes, and the Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga and Lapland-Kolvitsa Granulite Belts constituting the Lapland-Kola orogen, and the West Karelian, Central Karelian and Vodlozer terranes forming the Karelian province), to be traced into the deeper crust, promoting interpretation of various early Precambrian compressional and extensional regimes. Thrusting, transcurrent and extensional faulting have been identified in a crust that has been partly thickened during late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic collision and locally extended both in back-arc basin settings and during syn-post-collisional collapse. The main Fennoscandian terranes can be traced southeastwards beneath the Mezen Basin based on gravity and magnetic data. Seismic profiling shows that the Phanerozoic successions of this basin overlie intracratonic rifts of Neoproterozoic and possibly Mesoproterozoic age. The rifts are composed of a number of half-graben, the details of which are well defined by vibroseis reflection profiling. During the development of Mezen Basin rifts, a Neoproterozoic passive margin was established in the vicinity of what is now the Timan Range. Late Neoproterozoic (Vendian) orogeny emplaced slope-rise turbidite-dominated successions southwestwards onto the platform. Towards the hinterland of the Timanides (also referred to as Baikalides), beneath the Phanerozoic Pechora Basin, a combination of potential field and seismic surveys, both shallow reflection and deep refraction profiling, have allowed analysis of the crust and uppermost mantle. Neoproterozoic magmatic arcs, Grenville-age(?) microcontinents and possible oceanic domains are inferred to exist beneath the early Palaeozoic unconformity. A vast region of Neoproterozoic accretion reaches from the western Urals, northwards beneath the Pechora Basin and the eastern Barents Shelf.
Future Petroleum-Productive Regions of USSR and Mongolia: ABSTRACT Free
FENESTELLA FROM THE PERMIAN OF WEST TEXAS Available to Purchase
The 38 species and varieties, 27 new ones of Fenestella, described are mainly from the Permian of the Glass Mountains, West Texas. Four are from material collected by Condra in 1937 from the lower Permian of the western Urals in Russia. Identified associated Bryozoa are also listed. The described species of Fenestella are recognized by external and internal zooecial features, and in some consideration is given also to zoarial characters. Secondary encrustation and various appendages are described but not considered specifically diagnostic. Variability of meshwork in a species has been determined wherever possible. Spacing of branches in the same zoarium is more irregularly varied than the spacing of dissepiments, which determines the length of fenestrules. Variability of length of fenestrules thus determined is not haphazard, but in most species is either correlated with the position of fenestrules in a zoarium or is determined by regular spacing of dissepiments at fixed intermittent shorter and longer intervals. The development of carinae and carinal nodes is of specific importance and is used in grouping of higher rank: subgeneric and next below, which is called group or section. Twelve groups or sections of the genus Fenestella are recognized and defined. Four of these are distinguished within Minilia Crockford, which is characterized by a double row of nodes, and treated as a subgenus of Fenestella. A newly introduced polyphyletic subgenus Loculiporina is characterized by superstructure similar to that in the Silurian and Devonian Loculipora. Cervella Chronic is also considered a polyphyletic subgenus of Fenestella. The stratigraphy of the Permian of the Mid-Continent of America and of European Russia is reviewed in so far as it concerns the described Bryozoa, and the intercontinental correlation of the formations to which they belong is tabulated. The identification and description of Permian species of Fenestella has necessitated a revision of the identical or closely related Pennsylvanian forms previously described by Ulrich, Rogers, Condra, Moore, and Elias, but no overall revision of all known Pennsylvanian species of the genus has been attempted. Microstructure of the wall in Fenestella has been studied in polarized light on the specially prepared thin (1 to 2 μ thick) sections. A complex zoarial inner skeleton in Fenestella and other fenestrate Cryptostomata is differentiated and named the colonial plexus; it distinguishes this new order, named Fenestrata, from order Cryptostomata Vine, not Ulrich. Comparative study of the microstructure of extant and fossil Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata shows that Fenestrata are closer to the latter order in the following respect: the common bud or colonial bud of Cyclostomata, as understood by Smitt and Borg, is found to be homologous to the colonial plexus, but the latter is a more extensive and complex structure than the common bud. Laminated sclerenchyma is developed secondarily on the outer and inner sides of these homologous structures in Fenestrata and in Cyclostomata. The transverse minute spicules (so-called capillaries) in the outer sclerenchyma of Fenestrata do not compare well with either pores or pseudopores of Cyclostomata, and new evidence indicates that they are calcareous entities not openings subsequently filled by calcium carbonate. They apparently originated simultaneous with the sclerenchyma, and are interpreted as calcified bases of a simple filamentous alga, much like the similarly calcified minute epiphytic Pleurocladia lacustris of northwestern Europe.
Classification of the Artinskian Series in Russia Available to Purchase
a , Sketch map of the southwestern Urals (simplified after ( Kozlov, 2002 )... Available to Purchase
Tectonic scheme of the South Urals. 1 , boundaries of the Ural foreland ba... Available to Purchase
( a ) Locations of the Uralian–Alaskan type massifs in the Urals (compiled ... Available to Purchase
Extract from ( Spizharskii, 1979 ). 1 , faults; 2 , Main Urals fault; 3 ... Available to Purchase
Early Paleozoic evolution of the western North and Polar Urals (after [ 6 ,... Available to Purchase
Comparison of the isotopic compositions of carbon near the Devonian–Carboni... Available to Purchase
Revealing microstructural properties of shocked and tectonically deformed zircon from the Vredefort impact structure: Raman spectroscopy combined with SEM microanalyses Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Finite deformation patterns of accessory phases can indicate the tectonic regime and deformation history of the host rocks and geological units. In this study, tectonically deformed, seismically deformed, and shocked zircon grains from a granite sample from the core of the Vredefort impact structure were analyzed in situ, using a combination of Raman spectroscopy, backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping, electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) qualitative chemical mapping, and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. We aimed to reveal the effects of marginal grain-size reduction, planar deformation bands (PDBs), and shock microtwins on the crystal structure and microchemistry of zircon. Deformation patterns such as PDBs, microtwins, and subgrains did not show any significant effect on zircon crystallinity/metamictization degree or on the CL signature. However, the ratio of Raman band intensities B 1g (1008 cm –1 ) to E g (356 cm –1 ) slightly decreased within domains with low misorientation. The ratio values were affected in shocked grains, particularly in twinned domains with high misorientation. B 1g /E g ratio mapping combined with metamictization degree mapping (full width at half maximum of B 1g peak) suggest the presence of shock deformation features in zircon; however, due to the lower spatial resolution of the method, they must be used in combination with the EBSD technique. Additionally, we discovered anatase, quartz, goethite, calcite, and hematite micro-inclusions in the studied zircon grains, with quartz and anatase specifically being associated with strongly deformed domains of shocked zircon crystals.