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-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (47)
-
D/H (9)
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deuterium (4)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (9)
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N-15/N-14 (4)
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (18)
-
O-18/O-16 (57)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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S-33 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (13)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (23)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (2)
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Lu/Hf (2)
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metals
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actinides
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cesium
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Cs-137 (6)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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-
sodium (7)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (13)
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calcium (2)
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magnesium (4)
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strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (23)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (4)
-
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arsenic (3)
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cadmium (1)
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chromium (2)
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copper (1)
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germanium (1)
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gold (2)
-
hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (9)
-
-
iron
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ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-210 (6)
-
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manganese (2)
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mercury (1)
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molybdenum (1)
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nickel (2)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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precious metals (3)
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rare earths
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cerium (2)
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europium (5)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (1)
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neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (18)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (3)
-
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tantalum (1)
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technetium
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Tc-99 (1)
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titanium (3)
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zinc (4)
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zirconium (2)
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nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (4)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
-
-
radon
-
Rn-222 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (57)
-
-
phosphorus (5)
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silicon (1)
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sulfur
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S-33 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (13)
-
-
trace metals (3)
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-
fossils
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bacteria
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coliform bacteria (1)
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borings (18)
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burrows (38)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Agnatha (2)
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii
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Selachii (1)
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Holocephali (1)
-
-
Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
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Teleostei (3)
-
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Sarcopterygii
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Dipnoi (1)
-
-
-
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Caudata (1)
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-
-
Aves (5)
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Cervidae
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Cervus
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Cervus elaphus (1)
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Rangifer (1)
-
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Tylopoda
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Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Carnivora
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Fissipeda
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Canidae (1)
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Felidae (1)
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Ursidae (2)
-
-
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Cetacea
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Archaeoceti (2)
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Mysticeti (2)
-
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Insectivora
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Soricidae (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae (1)
-
-
-
Primates
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Hominidae
-
Australopithecinae
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Australopithecus
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Australopithecus africanus (1)
-
-
-
Homo
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Homo sapiens
-
Homo sapiens sapiens (1)
-
-
-
-
simians
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Cercopithecidae (1)
-
-
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Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Mammuthus
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Mammuthus columbi (1)
-
-
-
-
Mastodontoidea (1)
-
-
Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae (2)
-
-
Sciuromorpha
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Sciuridae (1)
-
-
-
Sirenia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Chelonia (4)
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Cryptodira (4)
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Emydidae (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia
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Eusuchia
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Crocodylidae (1)
-
-
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
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Ceratopsia
-
Ceratopsidae (2)
-
-
Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (3)
-
-
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda
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Camarasaurus (1)
-
Diplodocidae (1)
-
-
-
Theropoda
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Coelurosauria
-
Dromaeosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
-
Ichthyosauria (2)
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (1)
-
-
Serpentes
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Colubridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria
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Elasmosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Cynodontia (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
coprolites (5)
-
cyanobacteria (3)
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eukaryotes (1)
-
fungi (4)
-
Graptolithina (2)
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Hemichordata (2)
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ichnofossils
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Arenicolites (4)
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Chondrites ichnofossils (4)
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Cruziana (5)
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Diplocraterion (2)
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Glossifungites (3)
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Nereites (3)
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Ophiomorpha (5)
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Palaeophycus (4)
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Planolites (5)
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Rhizocorallium (2)
-
Skolithos (6)
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Teichichnus (2)
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Thalassinoides (8)
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Trypanites (1)
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Zoophycos (4)
-
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (1)
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Merostomata
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Xiphosura (1)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
-
Cirripedia (4)
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Malacostraca
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Brachyura (1)
-
-
Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
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Cyprideis (1)
-
Cytheridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Palaeoptera
-
Ephemeroptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
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Corynexochida (1)
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Redlichiida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Pentamerida (1)
-
Rhynchonellida (4)
-
Spiriferida
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Atrypidae (1)
-
-
Terebratulida (2)
-
-
-
Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (2)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (3)
-
Scleractinia
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Acropora (2)
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Montastrea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (1)
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Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (8)
-
Eocrinoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (4)
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Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (1)
-
Veneroida
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Cardiidae (1)
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Lucinidae (1)
-
Mactra (1)
-
Veneridae
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Chione (1)
-
-
-
-
Mytilus (1)
-
Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae
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Crassostrea (2)
-
Ostrea (2)
-
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
Pectinacea
-
Pectinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
Baculites (2)
-
Psiloceratida (1)
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Naticidae (3)
-
Neogastropoda (2)
-
Turritellidae
-
Turritella (1)
-
-
-
Hyolithes (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Hexactinellida (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
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Allogromiina (1)
-
Fusulinina (1)
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Miliolidae (1)
-
Quinqueloculina (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (1)
-
-
Orbulina (1)
-
-
Globotruncanidae
-
Globotruncana (1)
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
Nodosariacea
-
Nodosariidae
-
Lenticulina (2)
-
Nodosaria (1)
-
-
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Amphistegina (1)
-
Cibicides (2)
-
Lepidocyclina (1)
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Ammonia (3)
-
Heterostegina (1)
-
Miogypsinidae
-
Miogypsina (1)
-
-
Nummulitidae
-
Nummulites (3)
-
-
Rotalia (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Ammobaculites (1)
-
Lituolidae
-
Haplophragmoides (3)
-
-
Trochammina (6)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
Silicoflagellata (1)
-
Thecamoeba (2)
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (3)
-
Nematomorpha (1)
-
Phoronida (2)
-
Polychaeta
-
Serpulidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Metazoa (1)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (1)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Conodonta
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Palmatolepis (1)
-
-
Fusulinina (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (4)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata
-
Deflandrea (1)
-
-
megaspores (3)
-
miospores
-
pollen (39)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
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calcareous algae (1)
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (1)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (14)
-
nannofossils (7)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida (1)
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Lycopsida (5)
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Alnus (1)
-
Betula (3)
-
Ericaceae (1)
-
Hamamelididae (1)
-
Pterocarya (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
Rosidae (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (3)
-
Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
-
Pinus (4)
-
-
Tsuga (1)
-
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (3)
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
thallophytes (2)
-
tracks (9)
-
trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (6)
-
Ar/Ar (54)
-
exposure age (8)
-
fission-track dating (10)
-
K/Ar (20)
-
Lu/Hf (2)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (8)
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paleomagnetism (30)
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Pb/Pb (3)
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Pb/Th (3)
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racemization (2)
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radiation damage (1)
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Rb/Sr (5)
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Re/Os (6)
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Sm/Nd (9)
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Sr/Sr (4)
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tephrochronology (2)
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Th/U (3)
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thermochronology (17)
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thermoluminescence (2)
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tree rings (1)
-
U/Pb (140)
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U/Th/Pb (4)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (2)
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Bronze Age (3)
-
Caloosahatchee Formation (1)
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Iron Age (2)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (6)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (7)
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Middle Ages (1)
-
middle Holocene (2)
-
Neoglacial
-
Little Ice Age (2)
-
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (2)
-
Roman period (4)
-
-
-
Mazama Ash (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
Illinoian (2)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Calabrian (1)
-
Gelasian (1)
-
Olduvai Subchron (2)
-
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
Peoria Loess (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian (1)
-
Eemian (1)
-
Sangamonian (2)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
middle Wisconsinan (3)
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (15)
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Catahoula Formation (1)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
John Day Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Maikop Series (3)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Calvert Formation (2)
-
Fleming Formation (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Choptank Formation (1)
-
Langhian (1)
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
-
Sarmatian (1)
-
Topopah Spring Member (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
-
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
Pontian (2)
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Ogallala Formation (2)
-
Pliocene
-
Citronelle Formation (2)
-
lower Pliocene (3)
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
Yorktown Formation (2)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Avon Park Formation (4)
-
Bridger Formation (1)
-
Bridgerian (1)
-
Chuckanut Formation (3)
-
Jacksonian (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Aquia Formation (1)
-
Hatchetigbee Formation (1)
-
Willwood Formation (2)
-
Ypresian (2)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (1)
-
Carrizo Sand (2)
-
Claiborne Group (4)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
Tallahatta Formation (1)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Nanjemoy Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Jackson Group (1)
-
Piney Point Formation (2)
-
Priabonian (2)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Huber Formation (1)
-
Ocala Group (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (2)
-
-
middle Oligocene
-
Byram Formation (1)
-
Marianna Limestone (1)
-
-
Suwannee Limestone (3)
-
upper Oligocene (4)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
Clayton Formation (3)
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (6)
-
K-T boundary (10)
-
-
Ludlow Member (1)
-
Nanafalia Formation (2)
-
Porters Creek Formation (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (2)
-
Tiffanian (2)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2)
-
Refugian (1)
-
Renova Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
White River Group (2)
-
Wilcox Group (9)
-
Williamsburg Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Chesapeake Group (1)
-
Pinecrest Beds (1)
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (3)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
-
Bahariya Formation (1)
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (5)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Georgetown Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (4)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (2)
-
-
Logan Canyon Formation (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (2)
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (2)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Bluesky Formation (3)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Georgetown Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (3)
-
Glen Rose Formation (4)
-
Hauterivian (2)
-
Kootenay Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (3)
-
McMurray Formation (10)
-
Missisauga Formation (3)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (2)
-
Trinity Group (2)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (6)
-
Middle Cretaceous (10)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Potomac Group (3)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Bagh Beds (1)
-
Bearpaw Formation (2)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (3)
-
Blufftown Formation (1)
-
Buda Limestone (5)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (4)
-
-
Cardium Formation (3)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coker Formation (2)
-
Coniacian (2)
-
Demopolis Chalk (2)
-
Duwi Formation (1)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (7)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (6)
-
Fox Hills Formation (2)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Austin Group (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (4)
-
Prairie Bluff Chalk (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Hornbrook Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (10)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (3)
-
upper Maestrichtian (3)
-
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (4)
-
Middendorf Formation (2)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Mooreville Chalk (2)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (4)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (1)
-
Ripley Formation (4)
-
Santonian (11)
-
Senonian (28)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (6)
-
Two Medicine Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (2)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Bonanza Group (1)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Ladner Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (2)
-
Callovian (3)
-
Walloon Coal Measures (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (4)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (3)
-
Morrison Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Smackover Formation (4)
-
Sundance Formation (3)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
Longarm Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (3)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Passaic Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (2)
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Griesbachian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
Spathian (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Doig Formation (3)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (4)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
-
Carnian (2)
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
MIS 3 (2)
-
MIS 5 (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (3)
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Conasauga Group (3)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (4)
-
Murphy Marble (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Pioche Shale (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
Furongian (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (2)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Jackfork Group (1)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (6)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Big Injun Sandstone (1)
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Chainman Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (2)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (3)
-
Keokuk Limestone (2)
-
-
Pocono Formation (2)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (4)
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Newman Limestone (1)
-
Price Formation (1)
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Bangor Limestone (1)
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Greenbrier Limestone (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (5)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
-
Meramecian
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
Salem Limestone (3)
-
-
Monteagle Limestone (1)
-
Parkwood Formation (2)
-
Pennington Formation (2)
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (3)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (7)
-
Atokan (2)
-
Desmoinesian (1)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Pottsville Group (4)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Chattanooga Shale (5)
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
-
Fisset Brook Formation (1)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Hamilton Group (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Prairie Evaporite (3)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Canadaway Group (1)
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (2)
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Helderberg Group (3)
-
Horton Group (4)
-
Keyser Limestone (3)
-
Knox Group (5)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (2)
-
Wilmington Complex (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (2)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
El Paso Group (1)
-
Ellenburger Group (2)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Cloridorme Formation (1)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian (6)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (1)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Mohawkian (4)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (3)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Viola Limestone (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
-
Petersburg Granite (2)
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Silurian
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (2)
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
-
Perry Mountain Formation (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (2)
-
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (1)
-
Ludfordian (1)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
-
-
Talladega Group (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Arkansas Novaculite (1)
-
-
Wells Formation (1)
-
Wissahickon Formation (2)
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (14)
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Precambrian
-
Animikie Group (1)
-
Archean
-
Gilman Formation (2)
-
Neoarchean (9)
-
Opemisca Group (1)
-
Roy Group (1)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
-
Baltimore Gneiss (1)
-
Catoctin Formation (1)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Great Smoky Group (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Spuhler Peak Formation (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (1)
-
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Damara System (1)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Keweenawan (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (20)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
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Ediacaran (7)
-
Lynchburg Formation (1)
-
Maranon Complex (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Vendian (3)
-
Walden Creek Group (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Whitewater Group (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
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agglutinates (1)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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granophyre (1)
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kimberlite (1)
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picrite (4)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (1)
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diabase (11)
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plagiogranite (2)
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tonalite (7)
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trondhjemite (1)
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gabbros
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alkali gabbros
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teschenite (1)
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norite (2)
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troctolite (3)
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granites
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aplite (3)
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A-type granites (4)
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charnockite (3)
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granite porphyry (2)
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I-type granites (3)
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leucogranite (2)
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monzogranite (1)
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S-type granites (2)
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two-mica granite (1)
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granodiorites (9)
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lamprophyres (1)
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monzodiorite (3)
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monzonites (2)
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pegmatite (10)
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quartz syenite (1)
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ultramafics
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hornblendite (1)
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peridotites
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dunite (2)
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garnet peridotite (1)
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pyroxenite
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clinopyroxenite (1)
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orthopyroxenite (1)
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websterite (1)
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porphyry (2)
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volcanic rocks
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adakites (1)
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andesites
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boninite (2)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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alkali olivine basalt (1)
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flood basalts (4)
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ocean-island basalts (5)
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basanite
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dacites (2)
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glasses
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obsidian (2)
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latite (1)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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ignimbrite (8)
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pumice (2)
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scoria (1)
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tuff (17)
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trachyandesites (3)
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ophiolite (17)
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volcanic ash (9)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (7)
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gneisses
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phyllites (6)
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ferruginous quartzite (1)
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schists
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blueschist (2)
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chlorite schist (2)
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slates (3)
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ophiolite (17)
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meteorites
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meteorites
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ordinary chondrites
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Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
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minerals
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arsenides
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hydrates (1)
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rutile (6)
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pyroxene group
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framework silicates
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quartz
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sorosilicates
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epidote group
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ring silicates
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tourmaline group
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sheet silicates
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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Africa
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Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (3)
-
Blufftown Formation (1)
-
Buda Limestone (5)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (4)
-
-
Cardium Formation (3)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coker Formation (2)
-
Coniacian (2)
-
Demopolis Chalk (2)
-
Duwi Formation (1)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (7)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (6)
-
Fox Hills Formation (2)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Austin Group (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (4)
-
Prairie Bluff Chalk (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Hornbrook Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (10)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (3)
-
upper Maestrichtian (3)
-
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (4)
-
Middendorf Formation (2)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Mooreville Chalk (2)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (4)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (1)
-
Ripley Formation (4)
-
Santonian (11)
-
Senonian (28)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (6)
-
Two Medicine Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (2)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Bonanza Group (1)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Ladner Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (2)
-
Callovian (3)
-
Walloon Coal Measures (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (4)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (3)
-
Morrison Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Smackover Formation (4)
-
Sundance Formation (3)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
Longarm Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (3)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Passaic Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (2)
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Griesbachian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
Spathian (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Doig Formation (3)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (4)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
-
Carnian (2)
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
metal ores
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aluminum ores (2)
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base metals (7)
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chromite ores (3)
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copper ores (28)
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gold ores (46)
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iron ores (6)
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lead ores (12)
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lead-zinc deposits (10)
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lithium ores (1)
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manganese ores (5)
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molybdenum ores (14)
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nickel ores (3)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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polymetallic ores (6)
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rare earth deposits
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cerium ores (1)
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silver ores (9)
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tantalum ores (1)
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tin ores (2)
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uranium ores (7)
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zinc ores (14)
-
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium (4)
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uranium (5)
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alkali metals
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cesium
-
Cs-137 (6)
-
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lithium (2)
-
potassium (1)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
sodium (7)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (1)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (13)
-
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (4)
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (23)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (4)
-
-
arsenic (3)
-
cadmium (1)
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chromium (2)
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copper (1)
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germanium (1)
-
gold (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (9)
-
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-210 (6)
-
-
manganese (2)
-
mercury (1)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (2)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
palladium ores (1)
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platinum ores (3)
-
-
precious metals (3)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (2)
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europium (5)
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lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (18)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (3)
-
-
tantalum (1)
-
technetium
-
Tc-99 (1)
-
-
titanium (3)
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zinc (4)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (7)
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cataclasites (3)
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eclogite (3)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (1)
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biotite gneiss (1)
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granite gneiss (3)
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orthogneiss (8)
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paragneiss (3)
-
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granulites (1)
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hornfels (1)
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impactites (2)
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marbles (7)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (3)
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metabasite (1)
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metadacite (1)
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metagabbro (2)
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metagranite (1)
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metaperidotite (1)
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serpentinite (2)
-
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metaplutonic rocks (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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khondalite (1)
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metachert (1)
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metagraywacke (1)
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metapelite (4)
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paragneiss (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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skarn (2)
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steatite (1)
-
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metavolcanic rocks (15)
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migmatites (5)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (2)
-
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phyllites (6)
-
quartzites
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ferruginous quartzite (1)
-
-
schists
-
blueschist (2)
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chlorite schist (2)
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greenschist (4)
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greenstone (3)
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hornblende schist (1)
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muscovite schist (1)
-
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slates (3)
-
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metamorphism (77)
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metasomatism (51)
-
meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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H chondrites
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Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
meteorology (1)
-
Mexico
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Baja California (3)
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Baja California Mexico (2)
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-
micropaleontology (2)
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mineral deposits, genesis (63)
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mineral exploration (39)
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mineral resources (5)
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minerals (1)
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mining geology (5)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (13)
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monazite deposits (1)
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mud volcanoes (3)
-
museums (4)
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (4)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
-
-
radon
-
Rn-222 (1)
-
-
-
nodules (3)
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nonmetal deposits (3)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (20)
-
Appalachians
-
Allegheny Mountains (1)
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Appalachian Plateau (2)
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Blue Ridge Mountains (23)
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Blue Ridge Province (26)
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Carolina slate belt (5)
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Central Appalachians (11)
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Cumberland Plateau (2)
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Great Appalachian Valley (1)
-
Northern Appalachians (10)
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Piedmont
-
Inner Piedmont (8)
-
-
Southern Appalachians (79)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (10)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (9)
-
-
Canadian Shield
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Flin Flon Belt (3)
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Grenville Province (6)
-
Slave Province (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (7)
-
Wabigoon Belt (1)
-
-
-
Coast plutonic complex (1)
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Dakota Aquifer (1)
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Denali Fault (1)
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Disturbed Belt (1)
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Great Lakes
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Lake Superior (1)
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Great Plains (2)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (72)
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Juan de Fuca Strait (3)
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Keweenawan Rift (3)
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Kootenay Arc (1)
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Lake Superior region (1)
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Leech River Fault (1)
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Mexicali Valley (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (11)
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North American Craton (3)
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Pedregosa Basin (1)
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Purcell Mountains (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Laramie Mountains (2)
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Tobacco Root Mountains (1)
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Uinta Mountains (1)
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Wasatch Range (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
-
-
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Saint Elias Mountains (2)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
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Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
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Strait of Georgia (7)
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Sweetgrass Arch (1)
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Transcontinental Arch (1)
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (6)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (13)
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Williston Basin (5)
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Yakutat Terrane (2)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (1)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
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nuclear facilities (5)
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ocean basins (4)
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ocean circulation (10)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 101 (1)
-
Leg 114
-
ODP Site 698 (1)
-
ODP Site 699 (1)
-
ODP Site 703 (1)
-
-
Leg 146
-
ODP Site 892 (1)
-
-
Leg 164
-
ODP Site 991 (1)
-
ODP Site 994 (1)
-
ODP Site 995 (1)
-
ODP Site 997 (1)
-
-
Leg 167
-
ODP Site 1012 (1)
-
ODP Site 1017 (1)
-
ODP Site 1018 (1)
-
ODP Site 1019 (1)
-
ODP Site 1020 (1)
-
-
Leg 168 (2)
-
Leg 169S
-
ODP Site 1033 (1)
-
ODP Site 1034 (1)
-
-
Leg 174AX (1)
-
Leg 208
-
ODP Site 1263 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (32)
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ocean waves (8)
-
Oceania
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Melanesia
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Bougainville (1)
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Fiji (2)
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New Caledonia (1)
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Vanuatu (4)
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu (1)
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Maui County Hawaii
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Maui
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Haleakala (1)
-
-
-
-
Samoa (1)
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Tonga (2)
-
-
-
oceanography (13)
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oil and gas fields (56)
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orogeny (89)
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (57)
-
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Pacific Coast (2)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Cocos Ridge (1)
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East Pacific Rise (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Astoria Canyon (1)
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Bristol Bay (2)
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Juan de Fuca Ridge (1)
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Mendocino fracture zone (1)
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Middle America Trench (2)
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Monterey Canyon (1)
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Queen Charlotte Basin (1)
-
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Peru-Chile Trench (2)
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Chile Ridge (1)
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Lau Basin (1)
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Nazca Ridge (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
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Aleutian Trench (1)
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Bering Sea
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Aleutian Basin (1)
-
Bowers Ridge (1)
-
Bristol Bay (2)
-
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Astoria Canyon (1)
-
Bristol Bay (2)
-
Cascadia Basin (5)
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Gulf of California
-
Guaymas Basin (1)
-
-
Juan de Fuca Ridge (1)
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Mendocino fracture zone (1)
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Middle America Trench (2)
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Monterey Canyon (1)
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Queen Charlotte Basin (1)
-
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Northwest Pacific
-
Bowers Ridge (1)
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East China Sea (1)
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Japan Trench (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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Shatsky Rise (1)
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South China Sea
-
Manila Trench (1)
-
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Chile Ridge (1)
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Lau Basin (1)
-
Nazca Ridge (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Bismarck Sea (1)
-
Cook Strait (1)
-
Coral Sea
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Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Indonesian Seas
-
Makassar Strait (1)
-
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Northwest Pacific
-
Bowers Ridge (1)
-
East China Sea (1)
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Japan Trench (1)
-
Okhotsk Sea (1)
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
South China Sea
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Manila Trench (1)
-
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Bismarck Sea (1)
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Cook Strait (1)
-
Coral Sea
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Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
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Pacific region (4)
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paleobotany (2)
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paleoclimatology (79)
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paleoecology (139)
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paleogeography (151)
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paleomagnetism (30)
-
paleontology (31)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (3)
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Conasauga Group (3)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (4)
-
Murphy Marble (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Pioche Shale (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
Furongian (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (2)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Jackfork Group (1)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (6)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Big Injun Sandstone (1)
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Chainman Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (2)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (3)
-
Keokuk Limestone (2)
-
-
Pocono Formation (2)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (4)
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Newman Limestone (1)
-
Price Formation (1)
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Bangor Limestone (1)
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Greenbrier Limestone (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (5)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
-
Meramecian
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
Salem Limestone (3)
-
-
Monteagle Limestone (1)
-
Parkwood Formation (2)
-
Pennington Formation (2)
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (3)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (7)
-
Atokan (2)
-
Desmoinesian (1)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Pottsville Group (4)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Chattanooga Shale (5)
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
-
Fisset Brook Formation (1)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Hamilton Group (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Prairie Evaporite (3)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Canadaway Group (1)
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (2)
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Helderberg Group (3)
-
Horton Group (4)
-
Keyser Limestone (3)
-
Knox Group (5)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (2)
-
Wilmington Complex (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (2)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
El Paso Group (1)
-
Ellenburger Group (2)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Cloridorme Formation (1)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian (6)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (1)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Mohawkian (4)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (3)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Viola Limestone (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
west-central Georgia
Early Mesozoic Talbotton diabase dikes in west-central Georgia: Compositionally homogeneous high-Fe quartz tholeiites Available to Purchase
The early Mesozoic Talbotton diabase dike set in west-central Georgia consists of four en-echelon, multiply intruded segments with an overall N17°W strike. Compared to other known dikes in Georgia and Alabama, dikes in the Talbotton set are unusually wide, and have pronounced magnetic anomalies due to their relatively high Fe-Ti oxide content. Both chemical and modal compositions of the Talbotton rocks are remarkably homogeneous along strike as well as in cross section. Total variation for a given element or mineral commonly does not exceed analytical error. No compositional differences were observed within the dikes for large-ion-lithophile (LIL) elements across three pre-Mesozoic lithotectonic belts. The Talbotton dikes appear to be similar to dikes of the north-south swarm in the Carolinas and Virginia. Dikes of the Talbotton set and the north-south swarm are comparable with respect to their high-Fe quartz-tholeiite (HFQ) compositions, orientations, and individual dike widths and lengths. The Talbotton magma, however, does not fall upon the fractionation trend of this swarm and cannot be associated by mineral control as evidenced by observed phenocryst assemblages. Major- and trace-element relationships between diabases in the Talbotton dikes and other diabases in Georgia and Alabama cannot be reasonably explained by crystal fractionation or partial melting. A distinct Eu anomaly in the Talbotton dikes, however, indicates fractionation of plagioclase. Mafic index values suggest that ferromagnesian minerals, most probably clinopyroxene, were also part of the fractionation assemblage. The Talbotton dikes were apparently derived from a parental magma not represented at the current level of erosion in the Georgia-Alabama Piedmont.
Surface Occurence of Cretaceous Beds in the Southeastern States: ABSTRACT Free
Eastern Piedmont fault system: Speculations on its extent Available to Purchase
Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA Available to Purchase
Volcanogenic sulfide deposits in the southernmost Appalachians Available to Purchase
Post-depositional subaerial weathering effects on the mineralogy of an upper Cretaceous sand in southeastern United States Available to Purchase
Heavy minerals of Horn Island, northern Gulf of Mexico Available to Purchase
Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of a southern Appalachian amphibolite with epidote + quartz symplectite Available to Purchase
Epidote-amphibolite to amphibolite facies transition in the southern Appalachian Piedmont: P-T conditions across the garnet and cale-silicate isograds Available to Purchase
Tethyan evolution and continental collision in Georgia Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Georgia, the westernmost part of the southern Caucasus, is located at the junction of the European and Asiatic branches of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and represents a unique area where the Tethys Ocean was completely closed only in the late Cenozoic as a result of prolonged convergence between the Eurasian and Africa-Arabian plates. During the Neoproterozoic–early Cenozoic, the territory of Georgia and the adjacent area of the Caucasus were parts of the Tethys Ocean and its northern margin. The Tethys was not a single continuous oceanic plate, but rather developed in branches separating continental terranes of different sizes, which rifted and drifted away from the Gondwana margin and eventually collided with Laurasia. Prior to the final collision in the late Cenozoic, the region hosted systems of islandarc, intra-arc, and back-arc basins located between the East European continent and the oceanic basins of the Tethys. Integrative geological and paleogeographical studies show a collage of several tectonic units (terranes) in Georgia and adjoining areas that have distinctive geological histories with marine Tethyan, Eurasian, or Gondwanan affinities. These include the Scythian platform, the Great Caucasus, the Transcaucasus-Pontides, and the Lesser Caucasus–Alborz–West Iran regions. Their position between the Africa-Arabian and Eurasiatic continents provides a reason for grouping them into the Northern Tethyan (Eurasian) and Southern Tethyan (Gondwanan) domains. The Scythian platform, Great Caucasus, and Transcaucasus-Pontian belts are of North Tethyan origin, while Anatolia, Taurus, Iran, and the southern Lesser Caucasus belong to the South Tethys. The Arabia-Nubian Shield, at the end of the Proterozoic, experienced basement consolidation related to the final stages of the Pan-African cycle of tectogenesis. In contrast to the southern Lesser Caucasus (Daralagöz), the Transcaucasus did not undergo this process because it broke away from the Arabia-Nubia Shield and, during Cambrian–Devonian times, drifted deep into the Prototethys toward the northern (Baltica) continent. During the early–middle Paleozoic, in the wake of northward-migrating Gondwanan fragments, the Paleotethyan basin formed, and, in the Ordovician, along its border with the Transcaucasus, subduction of oceanic crust occurred, accompanied by suprasubduction volcanic eruptions. Northward migration of the Transcaucasus throughout the Paleozoic caused narrowing of the Prototethys and its transformation into an oceanic back-arc (Dizi) basin. Fragments of Paleotethyan crust are found along the southern border of the Transcaucasus, within accretionary complexes of the Lesser Caucasus ophiolite suture, and in the Pontides. Relicts of Paleotethyan crust crop out in Iranian Garadagh. During the late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic, the oceanic basin separating the Africa-Arabian continent from the Taurus-Anatolian-Iranian platformal domain gradually extended. During this phase, only the Central Iranian terrane separated from Gondwana, drifted northward, and collided with the Eurasian continent in the Late Triassic. The Taurus-Anatolian terranes separated from Gondwana later, in the Early–Middle Jurassic. During the Mesozoic–Cenozoic, Daralagöz represented the northwesternmost margin of the Central Iranian platform and was separated from the North Anatolian platform by an oceanic or back-arc basin (Khoy basin), which within the modern structure is represented by Mesozoic–Cenozoic ophiolites of Urumieh-Khoy and Van. The Paleozoic–Paleogene evolution of the North Tethyan domain was marked by major magmatic events corresponding to the Pacific-type and Mediterranean stages of Tethyan development. The precollisional magmatic assemblages reflect a variety of paleogeographic environments. They are indicative of a west Pacific-type oceanic setting in which a mature, Andean-type continental arc developed. There were several episodes of oceanic lithospheric obduction onto the continental terranes of the region; these included (1) the middle–late Paleozoic, during which basite-ultrabasite complexes were thrust over the island-arc system of the Transcaucasus and the Main Range zone of the Great Caucasus; (2) pre–Late Triassic obduction in the Lesser Caucasus; and (3) pre–Late Jurassic obduction during which ultrabasic rocks were thrust over the continental block of the Artvin-Bolnisi zone. The metabasites apparently represent Paleotethyan fragments. Final closing of the oceanic and back-arc basins, head-on continent-continent collision, topographic inversion, and formation of the present-day structures in Georgia and adjacent countries took place in the late Cenozoic.
Along-strike variations in the composition of sandstones derived from the uplifting western Greater Caucasus: Causes and implications for reservoir quality prediction in the Eastern Black Sea Available to Purchase
Abstract Oligo-Miocene outcrops along the southern margin of the western Greater Caucasus preserve a record of sediments shed from the range into the northern and central parts of the Eastern Black Sea. Sandstones in the Russian western Caucasus are significantly more quartz-rich than those located farther SE in western Georgia. The latter contain appreciably more mudstone and volcanic rock fragments. Oligo-Miocene turbidite systems derived from the Russian western Caucasus in the Tuapse Trough and central Eastern Black Sea may therefore form better-quality reservoirs at shallow to moderate depths than sediments derived from west Georgian volcaniclastic sources in the easternmost part of the basin. Palynomorph analysis indicates sediment derivation predominantly from Jurassic and Cretaceous strata in the Russian western Caucasus and from Eocene strata, and an increasing proportion of Cretaceous strata upsection, in western Georgia. An Eocene volcaniclastic source is proposed for the increased rock fragment component in west Georgian sandstones. Eocene volcaniclastic rocks are no longer exposed in the Greater Caucasus, but similar rocks form the inverted fill of the Adjara–Trialet Basin farther south in the Lesser Caucasus. The former presence of a northern strand of this basin in the west Georgian Caucasus is supported by earlier thermochronological work. Supplementary material: A sample data table, petrographic data table, petrographic key, QFL sandstone compositional plot and palynomorph reworking Stratabugs™ charts are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18662 .
Stratigraphy of Atlantic Coastal Plain Between Long Island and Georgia: Review Available to Purchase
Cenozoic tectonic history of the South Georgia microcontinent and potential as a barrier to Pacific-Atlantic through flow Open Access
Geologic map and summary of the evolution of the Kigluaik Mountains gneiss dome, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Available to Purchase
Geologic mapping of the Kigluaik gneiss dome on Seward Peninsula, Alaska, was conducted at 1:24,000 scale and compiled with thesis maps and published maps as a colored map covering eight 15″ quadrangles at 1:63,360 scale. The Kigluaik dome consists of an exceptionally well-exposed 15-km-thick structural section of metasedimentary rocks and orthogneisses. A 91 ± 1 Ma upper-amphibolite-to-granulite facies metamorphic event that was syntectonic with gneiss dome fabrics overprints a pre–120 Ma blueschist-to-greenschist facies event. Peak conditions associated with younger metamorphism increase from greenschist facies in the structurally higher rocks of the Nome Group, through biotite, staurolite, sillimanite, and second sillimanite isograds to granulite facies in the rocks of the Kigluaik Group. The high-grade overprint is coeval with mantle-derived magmatism at 90 ± 1 Ma. Mafic magmatism provided heat for metamorphism and induced partial melting, also enabling flow of gneisses. Deformation thinned the crust as the gneiss dome was exhumed, collapsing isograds and juxtaposing rocks that equilibrated at dramatically different structural levels. Lineations in the gneiss dome record a rotation of stretching directions with structural depth. The continuous transition of lineation azimuth and the lack of overprinting relationships indicate orthogonal stretching directions at different structural levels in the gneiss dome during its formation. Based on regional geologic relations, it is likely that the Bering Strait gneiss domes developed within a continental arc that was undergoing extension, probably as the result of rollback of the north-dipping subducting slab along the Pacific margin during Late Cretaceous time. Additional mapping contributions were made by: Phillip B. Gans, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara; Andrew T. Calvert, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California; Timothy A. Little, School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; Kimberly A. Hannula, Department of Geology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado; Jeffrey Lee, Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington; Charles M. Rubin, Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington; Jaime Toro, Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and James E. Wright, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
Shaking in the Southeastern United States: Examining Earthquakes and Blasts in the Central Georgia–South Carolina Seismic Region Available to Purchase
Metamorphosed Silurian Brachiopods from New Hampshire Available to Purchase
Basin architecture and density structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia Available to Purchase
ROLE OF CONTINENTAL CLOSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF FLORIDA BASEMENT FEATURES Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Existing interpretations of the major rock assemblages of the Florida basement (Cambrian Osceola Complex, Ordovician-Silurian Suwannee Basin sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic Southwest Florida Volcanic Field) and basement structural features (Jay Fault-Bahamas Fracture Zone extensions and South Georgia Rift) indicate a history of initial evolution at a Gondwana continental margin, late Paleozoic coupling with North America, and eventual appendage as a peninsula following a fortuitous geometry of Triassic rifting. Reconciliation of this scenario, however, with the demonstrated spatial distribution of basement rock units and proposed concepts of motion on the Jay Fault is elusive without invoking unlikely initial configurations or tectonic behavior. Apprehensions concerning the shape of the extension into Florida of the South Georgia Rift, the presence of apparent elements of the Osceola Complex in the panhandle and southeastern Georgia, and lack of deformation within the Suwannee Basin sedimentary units can be tempered with a reconstruction of basement response to the closure of North America and Gondwana. A proposed sequence of events is contingent on deformational collision of Gondwana at and north of the North America Alabama Promontory followed by clockwise rotation and northwestward motion of Gondwana. En echelon right-lateral faults, including a precursory segment of the Jay Fault, progressively developed from east to west, facilitating closure at the Ouachita Orogen and displacing elements of a once-continuous continental margin to accommodate pivoting of Gondwana about the promontory. Thus, adjacent portions of the central Florida Osceola Complex to the northeast and southwest were fixed closer to the suture and bracketed the Suwannee Basin sequence. The subsequent development of Triassic basins in the Florida basement was constrained by the presence of offset basement blocks. Divergent motion of South America was accommodated by reactivated, but left-lateral and normal, motion along some of the initial Paleozoic faults. What previously had been described as the Jay Fault was actually a series of subparallel features, linked by embryonic spreading centers and perhaps converging near the present-day Osceola Complex. Accordingly, the Florida basement is a reflection of tectonic events attributable to a disruptive Paleozoic suturing process as well as Triassic rifting.