Figure 3. Principal component (PC) analysis results and thin-plate splines of morphological variances of ostracods from all five sections in this study. A, Percentages of the first 10 PC axes; B, scatter plots of PC 1 and PC 2 and PC 2 and PC 3; C, thin-plate splines of mean shape, hypothetical

Figure 9. Correlation of PC1 with glabellar proportions with thin plate splines showing glabellar shapes corresponding to the minimum and maximum value of PC1, for (a) specimens from Jugoszów–Usarzów, and (b) specimens from Jugoszów–Usarzów and Brzechów combined. Inner circle represents

Figure 3. Landmarks used in thin-plate splines on sauropod humerus and femur. A, Right humerus in anterior view showing medial border of proximal humerus (1), extent of humeral head (2, 3), proximal deltopectoral crest (4), distal deltopectoral crest (5), lateral constriction of humerus (6

Figure 6. Thin-plate splines plot of partial and relative warp scores for humeri. A, Uniform components; B, X1 vs. Y1; C, X8 vs. Y8; D, Relative warps. See Figure 4 for legend

Figure 7. Thin-plate splines plot of partial and relative warp scores for femora. A, Uniform components; B, Relative warps. See Figure 4 for legend

FIGURE 6 —Thin-plate splines displaying shape change along discriminant axes. First spline displays landmark numbering as discussed in the text, with original numbers of left hand side landmarks retained for points reflected across the midline and averaged. Change is assumed symmetric on either

FIGURE 7 —Thin-plate splines of end member consensus specimens within nearshore and offshore groupings. For numbering of landmarks refer to Figure 6. The nearshore comparison on the left shows the change in the population mean of brachial valve shape from the Curdsville to the Ashlock sample

Figure 8. Cranidial relative warp thin plate spline. Thin plate spline deformation grids are shown representing the shape change component associated with each cranidial relative warp: ( 1 ) RW1 (32.88% total variance explained); ( 2 ) RW2 (20.36% total variance explained); ( 3 ) RW3 (10.14

Figure 9. Pygidial relative warp thin plate spline. Thin plate spline deformation grids are shown representing the shape change component associated with each pygidial relative warp: ( 1 ) RW1 (37.76% total variance explained); ( 2 ) RW2 (23.73% total variance explained); ( 3 ) RW3 (12.38% total

Figure 6. Thin plate spline deformations derived from the multivariate regression. The thin plate splines show how the shape of the reference form is deformed using the associated vector of ontogenetic shape change for that sclerite: ( 1 ) pre-breakpoint cranidial thin plate spline; ( 2 ) pre

F IG . 6. (a) Profile along the line marked in Figure 5a for the thin-plate spline surface. (b) The difference between the thin-plate spline and the tension and equivalent-source profiles. (c) The difference between the thin-plate spline and the tight and smooth multiquadric profiles.

Figure 15. Thin-plate spline deformation grid of relative warps for 22 landmarks for holaspid cranidia of W. vanhornei (N = 17). ( 1 ) Shape variation related to RW1. ( 2 ) Shape variation related to RW2. ( 3 ) Shape variation related to RW3.

Figure 17. Thin-plate spline deformation grid of shape changes with growth for the 22 cranidial landmarks of W. vanhornei (N = 17).

Figure 18. Thin-plate spline deformation grid of relative warps for 40 landmarks for pygidia of W. vanhornei (N = 10). ( 1 ) Shape variation related to RW1. ( 2 ) Shape variation related to RW2. ( 3 ) Shape variation related to RW3.

Figure 20. Thin-plate spline deformation grid of relative warps for 256 landmarks for pygidia of W. vanhornei (N = 10). ( 1 ) Shape variation related to RW1. ( 2 ) Shape variation related to RW2. ( 3 ) Shape variation related to RW3.

Figure 23. Thin-plate spline deformation grid of relative warps for 14 landmarks for pygidia of W. vanhornei (N = 10). ( 1 ) Shape variation related to RW1. ( 2 ) Shape variation related to RW2.

Fig. 6. Thin-plate spline statistical model fit between MAAT (°C), average winter equivalent snow depth (m), and nF values (unitless) derived from data of Smith and Riseborough (2002) . Lines were digitized from fig. 4 of Smith and Riseborough (2002) , and shaded areas between were

Figure 10. Thin-plate spline deformation vector fields showing changes in outline shape associated with PC axes shown in Fig. 9A,B (size, rotation, and translation normalized). A, PC 1 (PC 1min: DAV:SJCLab C31; PC 1max: USNM PAL 770910); B, PC 2 (PC 2min: USNM PAL 770907; PC 2max: DAV:SJCLab

Figure 18. Thin-plate spline depicting ontogenetic shape change of the cranidium of Oryctocephalites palmeri . Spline shows shape difference between consensus configuration of the four smallest silicified cranidia and consensus configuration of the two largest silicified cranidia.

Figure 21. Thin-plate spline depicting shape change in the cranidium of Oryctocephalites palmeri resulting from taphonomic compaction. Spline shows shape difference between mean form of noncompacted silicified cranidia and mean form of compacted cranidia preserved in shale. Both samples size