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Journal Article

Static Deformation Due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Layered Half-Space Available to Purchase

Yu-Mei He, Wei-Min Wang, Zhen-Xing Yao
Published: 01 October 2003
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2003) 93 (5): 2253–2263.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020136
..., and tensile finite-fault models, the focal depth is very sensitive to the presence of the layered model. The slip displacement is more sensitive to the layered model in the case of the normal dip-slip sources. More numerical tests show that the sensitive slip is mainly due to the ultralow-velocity topsoil...
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Journal Article

Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Available to Purchase

Yoshimitsu Okada
Published: 01 April 1992
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1992) 82 (2): 1018–1040.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0820021018
...Yoshimitsu Okada Abstract A complete set of closed analytical expressions is presented in a unified manner for the internal displacements and strains due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources. These expressions are particularly compact...
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Journal Article

Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Available to Purchase

Yoshimitsu Okada
Published: 01 August 1985
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1985) 75 (4): 1135–1154.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750041135
...Yoshimitsu Okada Abstract A complete suite of closed analytical expressions is presented for the surface displacements, strains, and tilts due to inclined shear and tensile faults in a half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources. These expressions are particularly compact and free from...
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Journal Article

Elastodynamic near-field of a finite, propagating tensile fault Available to Purchase

N. A. Haskell, K. C. Thomson
Published: 01 June 1972
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1972) 62 (3): 675–697.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0620030675
...N. A. Haskell; K. C. Thomson Abstract Displacement, particle velocity, and acceleration wave forms in the near-field of a finite, propagating tensile fault have been computed by numerical integration of the Green's function integrals for an infinite medium. The displacement discontinuity...
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Journal Article

Evidence for Near-Horizontal Tensile Faulting at the Base of Gornergletscher, a Swiss Alpine Glacier Available to Purchase

Fabian Walter, Douglas S. Dreger, John F. Clinton, Nicholas Deichmann, Martin Funk
Published: 01 April 2010
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2010) 100 (2): 458–472.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090083
... functions are estimated by sensitivity studies in which we invert 1D and 3D synthetics using Green’s functions of wrong velocity models. The results show that calculations of source types and fault plane orientations of tensile cracks are rather robust with respect to errors in Green’s functions. However...
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Journal Article

A correction to “Elastodynamic Near-Field of a Finite Propagating Tensile Fault” by Haskell and Thomson Available to Purchase

K. C. Thomson, R. Doherty
Published: 01 August 1977
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1977) 67 (4): 1215–1217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0670041215
... . Haskell N. A. Thomson K. C. (1972) . Elastodynamic near-field of a finite propagating tensile fault , Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 62 , 675 - 697 . Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America. Vol. 67, No. 4...
View PDF for article title, A correction to “Elastodynamic Near-Field of a Finite Propagating <span class="search-highlight">Tensile</span> <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span>” by Haskell and Thomson
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Journal Article

Moment Tensor Inversions of Icequakes on Gornergletscher, Switzerland Available to Purchase

Fabian Walter, John F. Clinton, Nicholas Deichmann, Douglas S. Dreger, Sarah E. Minson, Martin Funk
Published: 01 April 2009
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2009) 99 (2A): 852–870.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080110
... openings. This explains well the dominating Rayleigh waves and compressive first motions observed at all recording seismograms. As these characteristics can be observed in most icequake signals, we believe that the vast majority of icequakes recorded in the 2 yr is due to tensile faulting, most likely...
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Journal Article

Numerical modeling of low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing signals for mixed-mode reactivation Open Access

Chaoyi Wang, David W. Eaton, Yuanyuan Ma
Journal: Geophysics
Published: 22 June 2023
Geophysics (2023) 88 (6): WC25–WC36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2022-0700.1
... or strain-rate patterns that are characteristic of propagating tensile hydraulic fractures. However, mixed-mode fault reactivation, consisting of shear slip (mode II) with tensile opening (mode I), can occur in cases where propagating hydraulic fractures intersect preexisting natural fractures or faults...
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Journal Article

Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults Available to Purchase

N. A. Haskell
Published: 01 December 1964
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1964) 54 (6A): 1811–1841.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA05406A1811
... equivalent to a distribution of double-couple point sources over the fault plane. In the case of a tensile fault (relative displacement normal to the fault plane) the equivalent point source distribution is composed of force dipoles normal to the fault plane with a superimposed purely compressional component...
View PDF for article title, Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating <span class="search-highlight">faults</span>
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Virtual outcrop model and field photographs from Saltern Cove (for location, see Fig. 2). Model and photographs show faulted Brixham Limestone Formation (BxL) and Saltern Cove Formation mudstones (SCf), infilled by Volcaniclastic material (Vc) and bedded sediment of the Torbay Breccia Formation (TBf). (a) Annotated 3D virtual outcrop model. Inset shows the stereographic projection of data from the reverse/thrust fault and slickenlines, the dilatant fault and the bedding of the overlying limestone and a bedding-parallel fold axis [SX 89488 58535]. (b) Local geological map with main outcrops labelled; for key, see Figure 2. (c) Section view of bedded sediment overlying the fallen limestone block. Location shown in part (a). (d) Zoned volcaniclastic tephra within the tensile normal fault; orange material is fine-grained tuff, with suspended volcanic clasts. (e) Breccia material infilling the normal tensile fault with clasts of brecciated orange volcaniclastic material set in a red sandstone matrix. (f) Cross-section view of limestone-hosted vuggy calcite-lined cavities in the hanging wall of the thrust fault.

Virtual outcrop model and field photographs from Saltern Cove (for location... Open Access

Published: 22 July 2020
outcrops labelled; for key, see Figure 2 . ( c ) Section view of bedded sediment overlying the fallen limestone block. Location shown in part (a). ( d ) Zoned volcaniclastic tephra within the tensile normal fault; orange material is fine-grained tuff, with suspended volcanic clasts. ( e ) Breccia material
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Summary of inverted palaeostress axis orientations from slickenline data. In all cases, the data have been back-rotated to remove the regional tilt displayed by the immediately overlying Stoer Group (see Killingback et al. (2020)). It should be noted that the subvertical orientation of σ2 is consistent with the proposed strike-slip regime. (a) Lower hemisphere stereographic projection of right dihedron palaeostress inversion results from all Assyntian outcrops. (b) Lower hemisphere stereographic projection showing the results of right dihedron palaeostress inversion from the Cathair Dhubh outcrop. (c) Stereographic projection showing results of normalized slip tendency analysis showing critically stressed east–west structures. (d) Lower hemisphere stereographic projection of contoured poles to observed tensile fault planes. (e) Schematic plan-view illustration showing the orientations of Assyntian faults and fractures in relation to Riedel secondary shear classifications: R, R', Y, T.

Summary of inverted palaeostress axis orientations from slickenline data. I... Open Access

Published: 17 February 2023
the Cathair Dhubh outcrop. ( c ) Stereographic projection showing results of normalized slip tendency analysis showing critically stressed east–west structures. ( d ) Lower hemisphere stereographic projection of contoured poles to observed tensile fault planes. ( e ) Schematic plan-view illustration showing
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Simplified (not to scale) mechanism of carbonate assimilation and CO2 release at Mount Vesuvius. Rising primary magma (magma feeding rates from Rosi et al., 1987; Civetta and Santacroce, 1992; Scandone et al., 2008) is channeled at metamorphic basement–carbonate rock discontinuity, forming sill-shaped body (Auger et al., 2001; De Natale et al., 2006). Primary magma reacts with carbonate rocks, crystallizing clinopyroxene (cpx) and liberating CO2 according to reactions 1 and 2 in text. Arrows indicate CO2 migration through rock's most permeable zones, dissolving in the aquifer (Caliro et al., 2005), and finally generating diffuse degassing at the surface concentrated above tensile faults in the sedimentary basement (Federico et al., 2002) (bsl—below sea level). Geometry of sedimentary and metamorphic basement is from geophysical surveys. Top of carbonate sequence is dissected by series of regional normal faults and generally deepens toward Bay of Naples and center of Campanian Plain (Berrino et al., 1998). Inversion of gravity data suggests that the thickness of the carbonate basement is ~11 km (Berrino et al., 1998, and references therein).

Simplified (not to scale) mechanism of carbonate assimilation and CO 2 rel... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 April 2009
in the aquifer ( Caliro et al., 2005 ), and finally generating diffuse degassing at the surface concentrated above tensile faults in the sedimentary basement ( Federico et al., 2002 ) (bsl—below sea level). Geometry of sedimentary and metamorphic basement is from geophysical surveys. Top of carbonate sequence
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Spatial distribution of Coulomb stress, CS=|σxy|−fo|σyy|, for (a) the tensile stepover with elastic bulk; (b) the tensile stepover with elastoplastic bulk; and (c) the compressive stepover with elastoplastic bulk. The star mark indicates the location of rupture front on the source fault. The other fault is the receiver for the stress perturbation induced by the source fault. For the elastoplastic cases, the second panel shows the region of active plastic yielding (red) and currently elastic region (blue) at the instant of the snapshot. Extended region of plastic yielding and positive CS for the elastoplastic tensile stepover helps rupture jumping from the source fault to the receiver fault. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Spatial distribution of Coulomb stress, CS = | σ x y | − f ... Available to Purchase

Published: 21 February 2024
. Extended region of plastic yielding and positive CS for the elastoplastic tensile stepover helps rupture jumping from the source fault to the receiver fault. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
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Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. Tensile fractures propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles to the fault plane as rocks on that side of the fault have been stretched parallel to the fault by displacements away from the fault tip. Conversely, at point Y, rocks were displaced towards the fault tip increasing compression parallel to the fault and causing tensile fractures to propagate parallel to the fault.

Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at ... Open Access

Published: 01 January 2001
Figure 3: Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. Tensile fractures propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles to the fault plane as rocks on that side of the fault have been
Image
(a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. (b) Sketch of the stress distribution based on the (a) tensile fractures that propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles to the fault plane because rocks on that side of the fault have been stretched parallel to the fault by displacements away from the fault tip. Conversely, at point Y, the rocks were displaced toward the fault tip increasing compression parallel to the fault and causing tensile fractures to propagate parallel to the fault (after Bourne et al., 2000).

(a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault... Available to Purchase

Published: 08 December 2015
Figure 13. (a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. (b) Sketch of the stress distribution based on the (a) tensile fractures that propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles
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(a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. (b) Sketch of the stress distribution based on (a). Tensile fractures propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles to the fault plane as rocks on that side of the fault have been stretched parallel to the fault by displacements away from the fault tip. Conversely, at point Y, rocks were displaced toward the fault tip increasing compression parallel to the fault and causing tensile fractures to propagate parallel to the fault. (After Bourne et al., 2000).

(a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2010
Figure 10. (a) Distribution of tensile fractures around the tip of a strike-slip fault at Nash Point, Wales. (b) Sketch of the stress distribution based on (a). Tensile fractures propagate in the direction of greatest compressive stress. At point X, fractures propagate at high angles
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A simplified cross-section of the subsurface looking northeast along strike of the main fault which is located below the dashed line. The small shallow seismic structure slightly offset from the main fault is also shown above the dashed line. The dashed line represents a horizontal surface before the 2011 main event that experienced tensile stress in the footwall block just above the shallow tip of the rupture and compressional stress in the hanging wall block just above the shallow tip of the rupture following reverse fault motion. Normal faulting apparently occurred on the shallow offset structure in response to the tensile stress generated by the displacement associated with the mainshock rupture.

A simplified cross-section of the subsurface looking northeast along strike... Open Access

Published: 11 February 2025
surface before the 2011 main event that experienced tensile stress in the footwall block just above the shallow tip of the rupture and compressional stress in the hanging wall block just above the shallow tip of the rupture following reverse fault motion. Normal faulting apparently occurred on the shallow
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Mohr stress diagram illustrating transitional tensile failure for the reverse and thrust faults, and tensile failure for tension gashes. The diagram shows the mechanical behaviour of a rock with a fundamental tensile strength of -10 MPa and an internal angle of friction of 35°, which might be realistic for quartzitic sandstone (e.g., Davies et al, 2012). Mohr circles are drawn as examples, illustrating qualitative differences in rock failure associated with the observed hydraulic faults. All structures formed at high fluid pressures, reducing the total stresses corresponding to the depth of fracture formation (~6500 to 7500 m; 170 to 200 MPa) to small positive or negative effective stresses. Tension gashes formed at small differential stress, leading to the intersection of the corresponding Mohr circle with the tensile failure envelope (TFE) at point 1. The reverse fault formed at higher differential stresses, causing intersection with the transitional tensile failure envelope (TTFE) at point 2. The normal stress acting on the fault plane is a small negative figure. As a result of reduced differential stress compared to the reverse fault, the Mohr circle for thrust faults intersects at point 3. Failure along the hydraulic strike-slip faults may have taken place at similar stress condition

Mohr stress diagram illustrating transitional tensile failure for the rever... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2016
Figure 14. Mohr stress diagram illustrating transitional tensile failure for the reverse and thrust faults, and tensile failure for tension gashes. The diagram shows the mechanical behaviour of a rock with a fundamental tensile strength of -10 MPa and an internal angle of friction of 35°, which
Journal Article

Origin of high P/S spectral ratios from the Guerrero accelerograph array Available to Purchase

R. R. Castro, J. G. Anderson, J. N. Brune
Published: 01 December 1991
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1991) 81 (6): 2268–2288.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810062268
... the results, Haskell's (1964) formulation was used to calculate the energy radiated by a shear fault, with energy from tensile motion superimposed. It was found that small motions normal to the fault can account for P / S spectral ratios close to one, suggesting that fault tensile motions may be causing...
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SAVGT statistics over 33 geodetic studies projected into tensile‐slip rates on the UCERF3.1 fault geometry: (a) mean tensile‐slip rate and (b) standard deviation of tensile‐slip rate.

SAVGT statistics over 33 geodetic studies projected into tensile‐slip rates... Available to Purchase

Published: 14 November 2017
Figure 11. SAVGT statistics over 33 geodetic studies projected into tensile‐slip rates on the UCERF3.1 fault geometry: (a) mean tensile‐slip rate and (b) standard deviation of tensile‐slip rate.