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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Eastern Desert (1)
-
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Libya (1)
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Southern Africa
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Karoo Basin (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (4)
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Cape Province region (2)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa
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Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
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West Africa
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Nigeria (2)
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Sierra Leone (1)
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-
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Altiplano (1)
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Antarctica (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Fujian China (1)
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Indonesia
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Sumatra
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Toba Lake (2)
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon
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Mount Pinatubo (1)
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Himalayas (2)
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India
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Jharkhand India
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Northeastern India
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Ladakh (1)
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Nepal (1)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula
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Klyuchevskaya Sopka (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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Siberia (1)
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Siberian Platform
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Australia
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Yilgarn (1)
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New Zealand
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Canterbury New Zealand
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Okataina volcanic centre (1)
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Taupo (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia
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Cape Breton Island (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Labrador
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Voisey's Bay Deposit (1)
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Ontario
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Sudbury igneous complex (1)
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Thunder Bay District Ontario
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Lake Nipigon (1)
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Western Canada
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Saskatchewan (1)
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Cascade Range (1)
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Chocolate Mountains (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula
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Klyuchevskaya Sopka (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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-
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Siberian Platform
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Anabar Shield (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Anabar Shield (1)
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-
-
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (2)
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-
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Elba (2)
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Europe
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Alps
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Central Alps
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Rhaetian Alps
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Adamello Massif (1)
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Balkan Peninsula (1)
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Central Europe
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Erzgebirge (1)
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Germany
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Saxony Germany
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Altenberg Germany (1)
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Poland (1)
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Sudeten Mountains
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Karkonosze Mountains (1)
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Southern Europe
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Bulgaria (1)
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Castilla y Leon Spain
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Zamora Spain (1)
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Spanish Central System (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Calabria Italy (1)
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Lombardy Italy
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Adamello Massif (1)
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Sardinia Italy (2)
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Sicily Italy
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Lipari Islands
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Lipari Island (1)
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Pantelleria (1)
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Tuscany Italy
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Monte Capanne (1)
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Variscides (4)
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Western Europe
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France
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Normandy (1)
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Iceland
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Ireland
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Galway Ireland
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Leinster (1)
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Scandinavia
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Finland (2)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Cornwall England
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Land's End (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Mascarene Islands
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Reunion
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Piton de la Fournaise (1)
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Mediterranean region (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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Tyrrhenian Sea (1)
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Mexico
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Mexico state (1)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
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Valley of Mexico (1)
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Mount Erebus (1)
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North America
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Canadian Shield
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Rocky Mountains
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North Island (1)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (2)
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Sierra Nevada (3)
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South America
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Amazonian Craton (1)
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Brazil
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Para Brazil
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Serra dos Carajas (1)
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Chile (1)
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Peru (1)
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United States
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California
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Inyo County California
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Inyo Mountains (2)
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Madera County California (1)
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Mono County California
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Long Valley Caldera (1)
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Sierra Nevada Batholith (1)
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Tuolumne County California (1)
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Colorado
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Lake County Colorado
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Climax Colorado (1)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (2)
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Idaho
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Bonner County Idaho (1)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains (1)
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Washington
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Golden Horn Batholith (1)
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White Mountains (1)
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commodities
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metal ores
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chromite ores (1)
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copper ores (2)
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gold ores (1)
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molybdenum ores (1)
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nickel ores (1)
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platinum ores (1)
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tin ores (1)
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tungsten ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (4)
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mineral exploration (2)
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placers
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beach placers (1)
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elements, isotopes
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isotope ratios (6)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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-
stable isotopes
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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-
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metals
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actinides
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uranium (1)
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alkali metals
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lithium (1)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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-
-
aluminum (2)
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chromium (1)
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gold (1)
-
hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
niobium (2)
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platinum group
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platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
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europium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
yttrium (1)
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tantalum (1)
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titanium (5)
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tungsten (1)
-
-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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-
sulfur (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (2)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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paleomagnetism (3)
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Rb/Sr (1)
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Sm/Nd (2)
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U/Pb (12)
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U/Th/Pb (1)
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-
geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Neolithic (1)
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Pleistocene
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Bandelier Tuff (1)
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-
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Stone Age
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Neolithic (1)
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Tertiary
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Climax Porphyry (1)
-
Neogene
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Miocene (1)
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Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Upper Cretaceous
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Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic (1)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
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-
-
Devonian
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Upper Devonian (1)
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-
Leinster Granite (2)
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Permian (1)
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upper Paleozoic (1)
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-
Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean (1)
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Stillwater Complex (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic (2)
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Neoproterozoic
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Ediacaran (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (4)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (2)
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picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
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diabase (1)
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diorites
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tonalite (2)
-
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites
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A-type granites (3)
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biotite granite (1)
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granite porphyry (1)
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leucogranite (3)
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microgranite (1)
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monzogranite (3)
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rapakivi (2)
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two-mica granite (1)
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granodiorites (4)
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lamproite (1)
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monzodiorite (2)
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pegmatite (1)
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syenites (2)
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ultramafics
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peridotites (2)
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-
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porphyry (2)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (1)
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basalts
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
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olivine tholeiite (1)
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tholeiite (1)
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dacites (1)
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glasses
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obsidian (2)
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volcanic glass (1)
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komatiite (2)
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phonolites (1)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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ignimbrite (1)
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tuff (2)
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quartz latite (1)
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rhyodacites (1)
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rhyolites (4)
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trachytes (1)
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-
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
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gneisses
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granite gneiss (1)
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granulites (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metagranite (1)
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (1)
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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migmatites (1)
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mylonites
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ultramylonite (1)
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quartzites (1)
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schists (1)
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minerals
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minerals (1)
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oxides
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cassiterite (1)
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chromite (1)
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magnetite (3)
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niobates
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columbite (1)
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euxenite (1)
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rutile (1)
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tantalates
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euxenite (1)
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titanium oxides (1)
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titanomagnetite (2)
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phosphates
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apatite (1)
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monazite (4)
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whitlockite (1)
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xenotime (2)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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hornblende (2)
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tschermakite (1)
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-
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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diopside (1)
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hedenbergite (1)
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orthopyroxene (2)
-
-
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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adularia (1)
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anorthoclase (1)
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K-feldspar (5)
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microcline (1)
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orthoclase (2)
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perthite (1)
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sanidine (2)
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plagioclase
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albite (2)
-
-
-
scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
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quartz (5)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group (1)
-
olivine group
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fayalite (1)
-
olivine (7)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (12)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
tourmaline group (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (6)
-
muscovite (1)
-
phlogopite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (14)
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
-
Libya (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (4)
-
Cape Province region (2)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Nigeria (2)
-
Sierra Leone (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica (1)
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China
-
Fujian China (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Sumatra
-
Toba Lake (2)
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Mount Pinatubo (1)
-
-
-
-
Himalayas (2)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (1)
-
Bihar India (1)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
Jharkhand India
-
Singhbhum India (1)
-
-
Maharashtra India
-
Chandrapur India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Assam India (1)
-
Meghalaya India (1)
-
-
Orissa India (1)
-
West Bengal India
-
Purulia India (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Nepal (1)
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Klyuchevskaya Sopka (1)
-
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (1)
-
Yilgarn (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Canterbury New Zealand
-
Banks Peninsula (1)
-
-
Okataina volcanic centre (1)
-
Tarawera volcanic complex (1)
-
Taupo (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (1)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cape Breton Island (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Voisey's Bay Deposit (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
Thunder Bay District Ontario
-
Lake Nipigon (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Climax Porphyry (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
construction materials (1)
-
continental drift (1)
-
crust (3)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
crystal growth (14)
-
crystal structure (5)
-
crystallography (1)
-
data processing (2)
-
deformation (3)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Rhaetian Alps
-
Adamello Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Balkan Peninsula (1)
-
Central Europe
-
Erzgebirge (1)
-
Germany
-
Saxony Germany
-
Altenberg Germany (1)
-
-
-
Poland (1)
-
Sudeten Mountains
-
Karkonosze Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Bulgaria (1)
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Spain
-
Castilla y Leon Spain
-
Zamora Spain (1)
-
-
-
Spanish Central System (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Calabria Italy (1)
-
Lombardy Italy
-
Adamello Massif (1)
-
-
Sardinia Italy (2)
-
Sicily Italy
-
Lipari Islands
-
Lipari Island (1)
-
-
Pantelleria (1)
-
-
Tuscany Italy
-
Monte Capanne (1)
-
-
-
-
Variscides (4)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Central Massif (1)
-
Manche France (1)
-
Normandy (1)
-
-
Iceland
-
Laki (1)
-
-
Ireland
-
Galway Ireland
-
Connemara (1)
-
Galway Granite (1)
-
-
Leinster (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
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1-20 OF 109 RESULTS FOR
synneusis
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Journal Article
Synneusis of zircon: why not?
Journal: Mineralogical Magazine
Published: 01 February 2001
Mineralogical Magazine (2001) 65 (1): 71–79.
...P. Alexandrov Abstract Some zircons from the Hercynian Soultz granite, NE France, exhibit complex structures, with double cores and oscillatory-banded overgrowths. These glomeroporphyritic crystals are uncommon for zircons, in which synneusis has not previously been described. The cores...
Journal Article
Mantled feldspars and synneusis
Journal: American Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Published: 01 June 1979
American Mineralogist (1979) 64 (5-6): 514–518.
...R. J. Stull Abstract Synneusis, the drifting together and systematic attachment of crystals in a melt, is involved in three of the known origins for mantled feldspars: (1) overgrowth, (2) exsolution, and (3) filling of skeletal plagioclase. Quartz latite dikes of the Chocolate Mountains, California...
Journal Article
The Effect of Synneusis on Phenocryst Distribution Patterns in Some Porphyritic Igneous Rocks
Journal: American Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Published: 01 April 1967
American Mineralogist (1967) 52 (3-4): 529–536.
...Joseph A. Vance; John P. Gilreath Abstract Segregation of early crystals into clusters exhibiting glomero-porphyrit-ic or synneusis structure characterizes many igneous rocks and is especially striking in porphyries. These widespread, but largely neglected, structures are of general petrologic...
Journal Article
To sink, swim, twin, or nucleate: A critical appraisal of crystal aggregation processes
Penny E. Wieser, Zoja Vukmanovic, Rüdiger Kilian, Emilie Ringe, Marian B. Holness, John Maclennan, Marie Edmonds
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 20 August 2019
Geology (2019) 47 (10): 948–952.
... processes (e.g., synneusis, accumulation during settling). We tested these hypotheses by quantifying the relative orientation of adjacent crystals using electron backscatter diffraction. Both olivine aggregates from Kīlauea volcano (Hawaiʻi, USA) and chromite aggregates from the Bushveld Complex (South...
Journal Article
Structural analysis of twins in feldspars. I. Carlsbad twinning
Journal: European Journal of Mineralogy
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld Journals
Published: 27 November 2017
European Journal of Mineralogy (2017) 29 (6): 939–947.
... frequency of this twin and its occurrence as both contact and penetration twin, and as primary or synneusis twin. In the case of triclinic polymorphs, the common substructure is much less satisfactory and the Carlsbad twin is probably inherited from the monoclinic phases, accompanied by transformations...
Image
SEM BSE image of unpolished raw surfaces of Lipari obsidian: elongated hede...
in SEM-EDS microanalysis of microphenocrysts of Mediterranean obsidians : a preliminary approach to source discrimination
> European Journal of Mineralogy
Published: 01 May 2004
Fig. 4. SEM BSE image of unpolished raw surfaces of Lipari obsidian: elongated hedenbergitic pyroxene crystal (grey in colour) in synneusis with an euhedral crystal of magnetite (white in colour).
Journal Article
Resolving the “megacryst paradox”: Feldspar orientation relationships record crystal mobility in granites
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 03 July 2024
Geology (2024) 52 (9): 712–716.
... the systematic low-energy crystallographic relationships expected from attachment by synneusis in melt-rich environments where crystals have space to rotate. We use electron backscatter diffraction to quantify the crystal orientations and find that the megacrysts’ plagioclase inclusions do occupy these preferred...
Image
Six zoned plagioclase phenocrysts (numbered) in parallel, apparent “synneus...
Published: 01 March 2011
Figure 16. Six zoned plagioclase phenocrysts (numbered) in parallel, apparent “synneusis” orientation, set in a much finer-grained groundmass of anhedral quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase. Xu et al. ( 2009 , their fig. 3 a ) referred to this as a “tower-shape structure.” Crossed polars; base
Image
“Glomeroporphyritic” aggregate of zoned plagioclase crystals in a much fine...
Published: 01 March 2011
Figure 17. “Glomeroporphyritic” aggregate of zoned plagioclase crystals in a much finer-grained groundmass of anhedral quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase. Some of the crystals could be in a potential “synneusis” relationship, but most appear to be random and so could have nucleated on each other
Journal Article
Prevalence of growth twins among anhedral plagioclase microlites
Journal: American Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Published: 01 February 2015
American Mineralogist (2015) 100 (2-3): 385–395.
..., or synneusis, but rather a result of growth defects introduced during the incipient stages of crystallization. We suggest internal structural defects (twins) control macroscopic morphological defects (embayments, swallowtails, and melt inclusions) as a result of the high energy of the twin plane boundary...
Journal Article
The spatial association of accessory minerals with biotite in granitic rocks from the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 22 December 2021
Geosphere (2022) 18 (1): 1–18.
.... The high, and statistically significant, binary touching factors and shared perimeter factors suggest a strong physical or chemical control on their spatial association. We evaluate random collisions in magma (synneusis), heterogeneous nucleation processes, induced nucleation in passively enriched boundary...
Journal Article
Microstructural evidence for convection in high-silica granite
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 22 November 2021
Geology (2022) 50 (3): 295–299.
... relationships, representing low grain-boundary energy configurations. These clusters must have formed by synneusis in a magmatic environment where crystals could have moved freely, rotating into low-energy orientations on contact. We argue that this not only demonstrates that 100-m-scale crystal-poor and liquid...
Journal Article
Quartz crystals in Toba rhyolites show textures symptomatic of rapid crystallization
Journal: American Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Published: 01 February 2020
American Mineralogist (2020) 105 (2): 194–226.
... commonly thought to signify crystal resorption, crystal deformation, synneusis, or fluctuating P–T conditions are here a consequence of rapid disequilibrium crystal growth. Most importantly, we discover that an overarching process of disequilibrium crystallization is manifested among these crystal features...
Journal Article
Formation of rhyolite at the Okataina Volcanic Complex, New Zealand: New insights from analysis of quartz clusters in plutonic lithics
Journal: American Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America
Published: 01 August 2015
American Mineralogist (2015) 100 (8-9): 1778–1789.
... and that many quartz crystals were subject to one or more resorption events. The process of quartz crystals with different magmatic histories coming together into common relative orientations to form clusters is indicative of oriented quartz synneusis and suggests a history of crystal accumulation. The quartz...
Journal Article
Structural Criteria for Identifying Granitic Cumulates
Journal: The Journal of Geology
Publisher: The University of Chicago Press
Published: 01 March 2011
The Journal of Geology (2011) 119 (2): 127–142.
...Figure 16. Six zoned plagioclase phenocrysts (numbered) in parallel, apparent “synneusis” orientation, set in a much finer-grained groundmass of anhedral quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase. Xu et al. ( 2009 , their fig. 3 a ) referred to this as a “tower-shape structure.” Crossed polars; base...
Journal Article
Disequilibrium textures in the Leinster Granite Complex, SE Ireland: evidence for acid-acid magma mixing
Journal: Mineralogical Magazine
Published: 01 December 2002
Mineralogical Magazine (2002) 66 (6): 929–939.
...-spike zoning in plagioclase (sample GM1). Note the non-sericitized Na-core and later calcic spike zone. Scale bar is 1 mm. ( f ) Lath trail in K-feldspar megacryst (sample GM1). Scale bar is 1 mm. ( g ) Synneusis with the attachment of up to nine individual plagioclase crystals enclosed in K-feldspar...
Journal Article
Magmatically zoned muscovite from the peraluminous two-mica granites of the Leinster batholith, southeast Ireland
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 May 1991
Geology (1991) 19 (5): 437–440.
...Patrick Roycroft Abstract Euhedral muscovites from the granites of the Leinster batholith, Ireland, have zone textures that clearly demonstrate their magmatic origin. These textures include corrosion, synneusis, development of transient faces, zone thickening, face widening, and rational...
Journal Article
Zoning in Plagioclase (Normal and Oscillatory) in the Feldspar Porphyries of Karsog Area, Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 March 1989
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1989) 33 (3): 223–227.
... composition. During this process, zoned plagioclases came in contact with one another and resulted in synneusis. Partial resorption resulted in truncated zones followed by crystallisation of a more calcic rim. Copyright © 1989 Geological Society of India 1989 Geological Society of India JOURNAL...
Journal Article
Secondary and Primary Growths in the Zircons from Paragneisses and Migmatites of Arvika (Sweden) and Nelaug (Norway) Regions
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 October 1986
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1986) 28 (4): 320–324.
.... The process of synneusis may result in parallel growths or attachment of zircons that have initially undergone separate growth histories. The occurrence of primary growths in paragneisses and migmatites is due to their derivation from magmatic sources and their survival during mechanical transportation...
Image
(A–B) Backscatter electron (BSE) images of olivine aggregates consisting of...
in To sink, swim, twin, or nucleate: A critical appraisal of crystal aggregation processes
> Geology
Published: 20 August 2019
), allowing assessment of facial attachments. In this case, crystals are predominantly attached along {110}-{110} faces. Note the presence of a misaligned crystal in C within an aggregate mostly formed of crystals with similar orientations. If this aggregate formed by dendritic growth, synneusis would also
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