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styriacus
The standard Late Devonian conodont zonation between the top of the Upper marginifera Zone and the earliest Carboniferous Siphonodella sulcata Zone is revised to replace the former velifer , styriacus , and costatus zonal groups, which were based primarily on genera other than Palmatolepis , and to eliminate a hiatus above the Upper costatus Zone. The changes were enabled by a new phylogenetic model of Palmatolepis , by range extensions that bridge former gaps between the records of some Palmatolepis taxa, and by further taxonomic revisions of some double-rowed Bispathodus taxa. Basing the standard zonation on conodonts of primarily pelagic biofacies permits construction of parallel, alternative zonations for shallower water biofacies and estimation of phylogenetically more precise zonal timespans.
Conodonts of Bakken Formation (Devonian and Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota
A clymenid ammonoid from the Pinyon Peak Limestone of Utah
North American Devonian Conodont Biostratigraphy
The Lower Devonian of Nevada provides a reference sequence of nine conodont faunas, five of which are also at Royal Creek, Yukon Territory. The first appearance of Icriodus woschmidti is comparable to that in the lower Gedinnian in Europe; the Polygnathus dehiscens-P. foveolatus lineage correlates with the Emsian. Directly associated graptolite and brachiopod zones in Nevada date the intervening conodont succession as upper Gedinnian and Siegenian. Five faunas characterize the lower Middle Devonian (Eifelian) in New York ; at least two of the lower three are present in the Illinois Basin. Illinois Basin faunas correlative to the upper two New York faunas (Seneca and Cherry Valley) have Icriodus angustus, which is absent in New York, but lack Polygnathus kockelianus, which marks the top of the New York Eifelian. Three faunas subdivide the upper Middle Devonian (Givetian) in the Illinois Basin; the lower two occur in New York and Michigan. The Middle Devonian-Upper Devonian boundary possibly falls at the base of or within beds carrying the Spathognathodus insitus fauna. Alberta and Iowa sequences from the Lower Polygnathus asymmetricus through Upper Palmatolepis gigas Zones closely correspond to the lower Upper Devonian in Germany. An Iowa section yields the standard lower Famennian zonal succession (Middle Palma-tolepis triangularis through Upper Palmatolepis quadrantinodosa Zones). Higher Devonian faunas, in the western and central United States, are assigned with difficulty to the Scaphignathus velifer, Upper Polygnathus styriacus, and Spathognathodus costatus Zones. The faunal sequence of the S. costatus Zone differs significantly from that in Germany.