Abstract In 1914 a notable cliff fall occurred on the chalk coast of the Seven Sisters in Sussex. Debris from the fall travelled outwards across the shore platform in front of the cliff for a distance of about 75 m, forming a narrow tongue-like projection. The reason why the debris exhibited such mobility is uncertain, but it may have flowed in a similar fashion to a sturzstrom, despite its modest volume (c. 12500m 3 ) and the equally modest height of the cliff (44-45 m). If this suggestion is correct, the minimum volume of detached rock required to trigger sturzstrom-type flow is 1-2 orders of magnitude less than is commonly claimed.

Abstract The Neogene stratigraphic section in the Split Mountain area exposes megabreccia deposits up to 12 km long with volumes up to 3 × 10 8 m 3 . Shattered-rock domains still portray the bedrock distribution of lithologies. Jigsaw-puzzle fabric occurs on a variety of scales from microscopic to outcrop. Broken and stretched pegmatites tend to rise upward as step-ups in the inferred down-flow directions. Upper Miocene subaerial megabreccias about 65 m thick disturbed the underlying strata to depths less than a meter during their emplacement. This includes producing grooved and decapitated stones both in the substrate and below shear surfaces especially within the basal few meters of the megabreccia deposits. The lower portions of a megabreccia are rich in step-ups, ramps, and crushed-rock streamers that rise upward in the down-flow direction. After flooding of the basin by the ancestral Gulf of California, a lower Pliocene megabreccia moved across the sea floor deforming underlying sedimentary layers by injections and sunken megabreccia lobes that locally caused tightly folded bottom-sediment packages >35 m thick to rise as diapirs. Near the leading edge, on the southwest corner of the deposit, there is a small volume of more traditional sandy conglomerate deposited as the mass rapidly slowed and stopped. Both subaerial and subaqueous megabreccias contain lithologic domains that preserve the distribution of bedrock lithologies, jigsaw-puzzle fabric, step-ups and crushed-rock streamers; these features all require non-turbulent flow. These huge volumes of shattered bedrock moved 10–12 km distance in late Miocene as dry subaerial masses, and again across the floor of an early Pliocene inland sea. All the observed features strongly indicate flow as sturzstroms.

Abstract Unpublished reports of investigations carried out after the 1983 Sale Mountain landslide and some of the published papers related to the occurrence, mechanism, and mobility of the landslide are reviewed herein. The landslide occurred on the high, steep south slope of Sale Mountain, which comprises nearly horizontal Pliocene siltstones and mudstones covered by 120 m of Pleistocene eolian loess. The volume of loess involved in the slide was less than one-third of the total volume of the sliding mass, so it is was not a loess landslide, but a loess-covered mudstone landslide. Although the landslide occurred suddenly, before its occurrence there was a long-term preparatory stage, in which gravitational creep and tension fracturing were important processes leading to the final abrupt failure of the slope. Most researchers have suggested that the mechanism of the landslide was progressive failure that began with extremely slow sliding and tension fracturing, and ended with shearing through resisting elements across the bedding of the Pliocene sediments. The sliding velocity of the landslide was extremely rapid. The average velocity was ~20 m/s. The Fahrböschung is 11°, which represents an excessive travel distance of 1120 m.

Abstract Herein I describe the status of rockslide studies in the Alps and present a brief history of the studies. Special attention is paid to the outstanding part in landslide studies in the past 25 years taken by G. Abele, and I introduce his main work to those English-speaking readers who may not be familiar with this scientist. After extensive morphological studies on many rockslide deposits in the Alps, Abele studied huge debris flows that were possibly triggered by rockslides. In addition, new aspects in rockslide studies and the latest rockslides in the Alps are described.