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Journal Article

Stepover Rupture of the 2014 M w 7.0 Yutian, Xinjiang, Earthquake Available to Purchase

Hao Zhang, Zengxi Ge
Published: 03 January 2017
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2017) 107 (2): 581–591.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160099
..., together, show that that the earthquake first bilaterally ruptures the northwestward‐dipping south Xiaoerkule fault and then steps over to another parallel Xiaoerkule–Ashikule fault. The fault stepover acts as a geometrical barrier during the rupture propagation. The rupture at the fault stepover bursts...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Stepover</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> of the 2014 M w 7.0 Yutian, Xinjiang, Earthquake
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Journal Article

Joint Inversion of Rupture across a Fault Stepover during the 8 August 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake Available to Purchase

Yong Zhang, Wanpeng Feng, Xingxing Li, Yajing Liu, Jieyuan Ning, Qinghua Huang
Published: 11 August 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (6): 3386–3397.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210084
... segment, resulting in distinctive slip patches on the two segments. A 4‐km‐long coseismic slip gap was identified around the stepover, consistent with the aftershock locations and mechanisms. The right‐stepping segmentation and coseismic rupture across the compressional stepover exhibited by the 2017...
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View PDF for article title, Joint Inversion of <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> across a Fault <span class="search-highlight">Stepover</span> during the 8 August 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake
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Journal Article

Surface Rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake in the Qingping Stepover Determined from Geomorphologic Surveying and Excavation, and Its Tectonic Implications Available to Purchase

Junjie Ren, Guihua Chen, Xiwei Xu, Shimin Zhang, Changwei Mao
Published: 01 November 2010
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2010) 100 (5B): 2651–2659.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090267
... ( BYF ) was the main seismogenic fault and formed two distinctively different surface rupture zones separated by the Qingping and Gaochuan stepovers. Real-time kinematic ( RTK ) surveying of alluvial terrace sequences indicates that terraces T1-T3 and river floodplain T0 have the same vertical...
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View PDF for article title, Surface <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> of the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake in the Qingping <span class="search-highlight">Stepover</span> Determined from Geomorphologic Surveying and Excavation, and Its Tectonic Implications
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Add to Citation Manager for Surface <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> of the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake in the Qingping <span class="search-highlight">Stepover</span> Determined from Geomorphologic Surveying and Excavation, and Its Tectonic Implications
Image
Interpretation of the stepover rupture in the northeastern branch. Both SF1 and SF4 are sinistral strike‐slip faults. In between the two faults, a pair of extensional forces are exerted on the SF3, where intermittent surface failure traces are obtained by Li et al. (2014).

Interpretation of the stepover rupture in the northeastern branch. Both SF1... Available to Purchase

Published: 03 January 2017
Figure 11. Interpretation of the stepover rupture in the northeastern branch. Both SF1 and SF4 are sinistral strike‐slip faults. In between the two faults, a pair of extensional forces are exerted on the SF3, where intermittent surface failure traces are obtained by Li et al. (2014) .
Journal Article

The Effects of d 0 on Rupture Propagation on Fault Stepovers Available to Purchase

Julian C. Lozos, James H. Dieterich, David D. Oglesby
Published: 15 July 2014
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2014) 104 (4): 1947–1953.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130305
... from segment to segment of a disconnected stepover, or to propagate through the double bends of a connected stepover, as a way to gauge rupture energy and behavior. We find the stepover width or bend angle through which rupture can propagate is affected by the choice of d 0 , but it is not a linear...
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View PDF for article title, The Effects of d 0 on <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> Propagation on Fault <span class="search-highlight">Stepovers</span>
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Snapshots of stresses at 8‐km depth on the second fault segment at the moment of nucleation on that segment for 1‐km (top) and 4‐km (bottom) (a) compressional and (b) extensional stepovers with supershear rupture velocity, embedded in homogeneous granite. The red curve represents yield stress, and the blue curve represents shear stress; the rupture front is where these two curves meet. In the 1‐km stepover, rupture nucleates at roughly the same point along strike for extensional and compressional cases, but note that the rupture front in the compressional case coincides with a peak in shear stress that represents the stopping phase from the first fault segment, while the rupture front in the extensional case initiates after the stopping phase has already passed. In the 4‐km stepover, the rupture front in neither the compressional nor extensional case corresponds with the stopping phase, and rupture nucleates much farther along strike in the compressional case than in the extensional case.

Snapshots of stresses at 8‐km depth on the second fault segment at the mome... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2013
Figure 11. Snapshots of stresses at 8‐km depth on the second fault segment at the moment of nucleation on that segment for 1‐km (top) and 4‐km (bottom) (a) compressional and (b) extensional stepovers with supershear rupture velocity, embedded in homogeneous granite. The red curve represents yield
Journal Article

Rupture Propagation and Ground Motion of Strike‐Slip Stepovers with Intermediate Fault Segments Available to Purchase

Julian C. Lozos, David D. Oglesby, James N. Brune, Kim B. Olsen
Published: 16 December 2014
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2015) 105 (1): 387–399.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140114
...Julian C. Lozos; David D. Oglesby; James N. Brune; Kim B. Olsen Abstract Field studies of historic rupture traces show that fault stepovers commonly serve as endpoints to earthquake ruptures. This is an effect that is corroborated by past dynamic modeling studies. However, field studies also show...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> Propagation and Ground Motion of Strike‐Slip <span class="search-highlight">Stepovers</span> with Intermediate Fault Segments
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Journal Article

Rupture Jumping and Seismic Complexity in Models of Earthquake Cycles for Fault Stepovers with Off‐Fault Plasticity Available to Purchase

Md Shumon Mia, Mohamed Abdelmeguid, Ruth A. Harris, Ahmed E. Elbanna
Published: 21 February 2024
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2024) 114 (3): 1466–1480.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230249
...Md Shumon Mia; Mohamed Abdelmeguid; Ruth A. Harris; Ahmed E. Elbanna ABSTRACT Fault stepovers are prime examples of geometric complexity in natural fault zones that may affect seismic hazard by determining whether an earthquake rupture continues propagating or abruptly stops. However, the long‐term...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> Jumping and Seismic Complexity in Models of Earthquake Cycles for Fault <span class="search-highlight">Stepovers</span> with Off‐Fault Plasticity
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Journal Article

Rupture Propagation along Stepovers of Strike‐Slip Faults: Effects of Initial Stress and Fault Geometry Available to Purchase

Hui Wang, Mian Liu, Benchun Duan, Jianling Cao
Published: 07 April 2020
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2020) 110 (3): 1011–1024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190233
...Hui Wang; Mian Liu; Benchun Duan; Jianling Cao ABSTRACT Large earthquakes on strike‐slip faults often rupture multiple fault segments by jumping over stepovers. Previous studies, based on field observations or numerical modeling with a homogeneous initial stress field, have suggested that stepovers...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Rupture</span> Propagation along <span class="search-highlight">Stepovers</span> of Strike‐Slip Faults: Effects of Initial Stress and Fault Geometry
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Journal Article

The July 2020 M w 6.3 Nima Earthquake, Central Tibet: A Shallow Normal‐Faulting Event Rupturing in a Stepover Zone Available to Purchase

Jiuyuan Yang, Caijun Xu, Yangmao Wen, Guangyu Xu
Published: 03 November 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2022) 93 (1): 45–55.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210057
... with that the structural stepover often acts as a barrier to affect the propagation of earthquake rupture, our study demonstrates that the failure of a stepover may potentially induce the occurrence of earthquake along the bounding strike‐slip faults. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 28 February...
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View PDF for article title, The July 2020 M w 6.3 Nima Earthquake, Central Tibet: A Shallow Normal‐Faulting Event <span class="search-highlight">Rupturing</span> in a <span class="search-highlight">Stepover</span> Zone
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Image
Selected events demonstrating rupture jumping in the tensile stepover. (a–d) Spatiotemporal evolution of slip rate in four different events. Nucleation site is marked by red dot, and red solid arrow indicates rupture jumping to the other fault, in which the jumped rupture is marked by the red star. Backpropagating front is indicated by the white dashed arrow. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Selected events demonstrating rupture jumping in the tensile stepover. (a–d... Available to Purchase

Published: 21 February 2024
Figure 4. Selected events demonstrating rupture jumping in the tensile stepover. (a–d) Spatiotemporal evolution of slip rate in four different events. Nucleation site is marked by red dot, and red solid arrow indicates rupture jumping to the other fault, in which the jumped rupture is marked
Image
Summary of modeled rupture behavior over stepovers with various widths. Each line on the right side represents the right fault segment in one case, where together with the left‐fault segment they make a stepover. Positive width indicated releasing stepover, and negative width indicated restraining stepover. The crosses show where initial rupture on the right‐fault segment is triggered, and the time when rupture on the right‐fault segment is triggered is indicated on each fault. Black lines represent releasing stepover, whereas gray lines represent restraining stepover.

Summary of modeled rupture behavior over stepovers with various widths. Eac... Available to Purchase

Published: 07 April 2020
Figure 7. Summary of modeled rupture behavior over stepovers with various widths. Each line on the right side represents the right fault segment in one case, where together with the left‐fault segment they make a stepover. Positive width indicated releasing stepover, and negative width indicated
Image
Summary of time needed for rupture to jump stepover from the first fault to the second fault. Panels (a)–(d) have the same meanings as in Figure 3. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Summary of time needed for rupture to jump stepover from the first fault to... Available to Purchase

Published: 25 March 2014
Figure 4. Summary of time needed for rupture to jump stepover from the first fault to the second fault. Panels (a)–(d) have the same meanings as in Figure  3 . The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Image
Rupture time (s) in the case of an extensional stepover. (a) TP is not in effect on either of the faults (model A). (b) TP is in effect only on fault 1 (model C). The faults are subjected to depth‐dependent stresses given by equations (3)–(5). The stepover width is 2.0 km. The diamonds denote the locations where ruptures are triggered on fault 2.

Rupture time (s) in the case of an extensional stepover. (a)  TP is not in... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2012
Figure 8. Rupture time (s) in the case of an extensional stepover. (a)  TP is not in effect on either of the faults (model A). (b)  TP is in effect only on fault 1 (model C). The faults are subjected to depth‐dependent stresses given by equations  (3)–(5) . The stepover width is 2.0 km
Image
Rupture time (s) in the case of a compressional stepover. (a) TP is not in effect on either of the faults (model A). (b) TP is in effect only on fault 2 (model B). (c) TP is in effect only on fault 1 (model C). The stepover width is 0.7 km in (a) and (b) and 0.5 km in (c). The diamonds denote the locations where ruptures are triggered on fault 2.

Rupture time (s) in the case of a compressional stepover. (a)  TP is not i... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2012
Figure 3. Rupture time (s) in the case of a compressional stepover. (a)  TP is not in effect on either of the faults (model A). (b)  TP is in effect only on fault 2 (model B). (c)  TP is in effect only on fault 1 (model C). The stepover width is 0.7 km in (a) and (b) and 0.5 km in (c
Image
Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment; the rest of the fault continues to slip. (b) 20°-compressional stepover with a 5 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault, exactly as in the extensional case. By 7.0932 s, the fault has stopped slipping and has started to heal, with the rupture front stalled partway through the linking segment. (c) 20°-compressional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 3.3502 s, the rupture has progressed into the stepover and has jumped from the linking segment to the near edge of the far segment. At 3.5621 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable both in the stresses and in the slip rate. (d) 20°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 0.97196 s, the rupture has jumped from the nucleating segment to the near edge of the linking segment. At 1.0495 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the stresses and the slip rate. (e) 20°-compressional stepover with a 3 km linking segment. By 4.6788 s, the initial rupture has come to a halt in the stepover, and the fault has already healed. Note the small peak in the slip velocity due to a stopping phase from the left end of the fault (circled in green). At 6.3643, the peak in slip velocity reaches the stopping point of the main rupture front, causing it to restart. At 6.478 s, rupture has jumped from the linking segment to the far segment, and two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the slip velocity and the stresses.

Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2011
Figure 3. Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment
Image
Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment; the rest of the fault continues to slip. (b) 20°-compressional stepover with a 5 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault, exactly as in the extensional case. By 7.0932 s, the fault has stopped slipping and has started to heal, with the rupture front stalled partway through the linking segment. (c) 20°-compressional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 3.3502 s, the rupture has progressed into the stepover and has jumped from the linking segment to the near edge of the far segment. At 3.5621 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable both in the stresses and in the slip rate. (d) 20°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 0.97196 s, the rupture has jumped from the nucleating segment to the near edge of the linking segment. At 1.0495 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the stresses and the slip rate. (e) 20°-compressional stepover with a 3 km linking segment. By 4.6788 s, the initial rupture has come to a halt in the stepover, and the fault has already healed. Note the small peak in the slip velocity due to a stopping phase from the left end of the fault (circled in green). At 6.3643, the peak in slip velocity reaches the stopping point of the main rupture front, causing it to restart. At 6.478 s, rupture has jumped from the linking segment to the far segment, and two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the slip velocity and the stresses.

Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2011
Figure 3. Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment
Image
Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment; the rest of the fault continues to slip. (b) 20°-compressional stepover with a 5 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault, exactly as in the extensional case. By 7.0932 s, the fault has stopped slipping and has started to heal, with the rupture front stalled partway through the linking segment. (c) 20°-compressional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 3.3502 s, the rupture has progressed into the stepover and has jumped from the linking segment to the near edge of the far segment. At 3.5621 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable both in the stresses and in the slip rate. (d) 20°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.49632 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. At 0.97196 s, the rupture has jumped from the nucleating segment to the near edge of the linking segment. At 1.0495 s, two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the stresses and the slip rate. (e) 20°-compressional stepover with a 3 km linking segment. By 4.6788 s, the initial rupture has come to a halt in the stepover, and the fault has already healed. Note the small peak in the slip velocity due to a stopping phase from the left end of the fault (circled in green). At 6.3643, the peak in slip velocity reaches the stopping point of the main rupture front, causing it to restart. At 6.478 s, rupture has jumped from the linking segment to the far segment, and two separate rupture fronts are distinguishable in both the slip velocity and the stresses.

Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2011
Figure 3. Graphs of rupture behavior. Shear stress in blue, yield stress in red. (a) 35°-extensional stepover with a 2 km linking segment. At 0.4969 s, the rupture behaves as if on a planar fault. By 4.8806 s, the entire fault has ruptured and has started to heal on the nucleating segment
Image
Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the compressional stepover with a stress taper of 1 km. Curves are as labeled in Figure 3.

Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the compressional stepover with a... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2008
Figure 5. Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the compressional stepover with a stress taper of 1 km. Curves are as labeled in Figure  3 .
Image
Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the extensional stepover with a stress taper of 100 m. Curves are as labeled in Figure 3.

Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the extensional stepover with a s... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2008
Figure 4. Rupture nucleation on secondary fault for the extensional stepover with a stress taper of 100 m. Curves are as labeled in Figure  3 .