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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Sinai Egypt (1)
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia
-
El Kef Tunisia (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (2)
-
Namibia (4)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (3)
-
Free State South Africa (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Durban South Africa (1)
-
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Mali (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Marie Byrd Land (1)
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
Laptev Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Disko Island (1)
-
East Greenland (1)
-
Northern Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic (3)
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Baikal region (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Qilian Mountains (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
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Lhasa Block (1)
-
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
-
Indonesia (2)
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Kanto Plain (1)
-
Niigata Japan (1)
-
Tokyo Japan (1)
-
-
Ryukyu Islands (1)
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (1)
-
-
Malaysia
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Mongolia (1)
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Philippine Islands (2)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Mount Everest (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bangladesh (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Cuddapah Basin (2)
-
-
Gujarat India (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Meghalaya India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir (1)
-
-
Nepal (1)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Chadobets Uplift (1)
-
-
Kuznetsk Basin (1)
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Main Central Thrust (1)
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Middle East
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Cyprus (1)
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Dead Sea (1)
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Iran (2)
-
Iraq (1)
-
Israel
-
Mount Carmel (1)
-
-
Jordan (1)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (2)
-
Menderes Massif (1)
-
North Anatolian Fault (1)
-
Taurus Mountains (1)
-
-
Zagros (2)
-
-
Salair Ridge (1)
-
Siberia (7)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
Tunguska Basin (1)
-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Bay (1)
-
Anabar River (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Equatorial Atlantic (2)
-
North Atlantic
-
Baltic Sea (1)
-
Bay of Fundy (1)
-
Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (1)
-
Caribbean Sea (1)
-
Ceara Rise (1)
-
Foz do Amazonas Basin (1)
-
Gulf of Cadiz (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Eugene Island Block 330 Field (1)
-
-
Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1)
-
North Sea
-
Skagerrak (1)
-
-
Northeast Atlantic (2)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Southwest Atlantic (1)
-
-
West Atlantic (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Adelaide Geosyncline (1)
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Officer Basin (1)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Riversleigh Australia (1)
-
-
South Australia (3)
-
Tasmania Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Canning Basin (1)
-
Carnarvon Basin (2)
-
Lennard Shelf (1)
-
-
-
-
Avalon Zone (1)
-
Blue Mountains (1)
-
Bow River valley (1)
-
Caledonides (2)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Kouchibouguac Bay (1)
-
Saint John County New Brunswick
-
Saint John New Brunswick (1)
-
-
-
Nova Scotia
-
Antigonish County Nova Scotia (1)
-
Cape Breton Island (1)
-
Cumberland County Nova Scotia
-
Joggins Fossil Cliffs (1)
-
-
-
Prince Edward Island (1)
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Manitoulin District Ontario
-
Manitoulin Island (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Anticosti Island (2)
-
-
-
Mackenzie Mountains (2)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Athabasca Oil Sands (1)
-
Banff National Park (1)
-
Dinosaur Provincial Park (1)
-
Drumheller Alberta (1)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
-
British Columbia
-
Tofino Basin (1)
-
Vancouver Island (2)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
-
Kicking Horse River valley (1)
-
Manitoba
-
Bernic Lake (1)
-
Tanco Pegmatite (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories (2)
-
Yukon Territory
-
Royal Creek (2)
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Chortis Block (1)
-
Honduras (1)
-
Panama
-
Panama Canal Zone (1)
-
-
-
Central Graben (1)
-
Coast Ranges (1)
-
Colorado River (2)
-
Colorado River basin (2)
-
Columbia River (1)
-
Colville River (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Azerbaijan (1)
-
Caucasus (2)
-
Donets Basin (1)
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Baikal region (1)
-
Karelia Russian Federation (1)
-
Komi Russian Federation (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Chadobets Uplift (1)
-
-
Kuznetsk Basin (1)
-
Russian Arctic (3)
-
Salair Ridge (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tunguska Basin (1)
-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
-
Vladimir Russian Federation (1)
-
Voronezh Russian Federation
-
Voronezh Anteclise (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Bay (1)
-
Anabar River (1)
-
-
-
Transcaucasia (1)
-
Ukraine (2)
-
-
Davis Strait (1)
-
Eugene Island (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Glarus Alps (1)
-
-
-
Azerbaijan (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Western Carpathians (1)
-
-
Caucasus (2)
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic
-
Bohemia
-
Prague Czech Republic (1)
-
-
-
Germany (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Bern Switzerland (1)
-
Glarus Alps (1)
-
Jura Switzerland (1)
-
Swiss Jura Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Donets Basin (1)
-
Jura Mountains
-
Swiss Jura Mountains (1)
-
-
Karelia Russian Federation (1)
-
Komi Russian Federation (1)
-
Pyrenees
-
Spanish Pyrenees (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Portugal
-
Lisbon Portugal (1)
-
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Granada Spain (1)
-
-
Betic Cordillera (1)
-
Cantabria Spain (1)
-
Guadalquivir Basin (2)
-
Prebetic Zone (2)
-
Spanish Pyrenees (1)
-
Valencia region
-
Alicante Spain (3)
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Northern Apennines (1)
-
-
Emilia-Romagna Italy
-
Bologna Italy (1)
-
-
Latium Italy
-
Rome Italy (1)
-
-
Marches Italy
-
Ancona Italy (1)
-
-
Piemonte Italy (1)
-
Sardinia Italy (1)
-
Tiber Valley (1)
-
Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
-
Bolzano Italy
-
Merano Italy (1)
-
-
-
Tuscany Italy
-
Pisa Italy (1)
-
-
Veneto Italy
-
Venice Italy (1)
-
-
-
-
Transcaucasia (1)
-
Ukraine (2)
-
Vladimir Russian Federation (1)
-
Voronezh Russian Federation
-
Voronezh Anteclise (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium (1)
-
France
-
Jura France (1)
-
Vocontian Trough (1)
-
-
Ireland
-
Mayo Ireland (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
Norway
-
Finnmark Norway
-
Tana Fjord (1)
-
-
Northern Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden
-
Norrbotten Sweden
-
Laisvall Sweden (1)
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Derbyshire England (1)
-
Kent England
-
Folkestone England (1)
-
-
Newcastle England (1)
-
Northumberland England (1)
-
Oxfordshire England (1)
-
Pennines (2)
-
Shropshire England (1)
-
Sussex England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides
-
Inner Hebrides
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
Scottish Highlands
-
Scottish Northern Highlands (1)
-
-
-
Wales (2)
-
-
Isle of Man (1)
-
-
-
-
Glass Mountains (1)
-
Green Canyon (1)
-
Guadalupe Mountains (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
Bay of Bengal (1)
-
East Indian Ocean (1)
-
Exmouth Plateau (1)
-
Ninetyeast Ridge (1)
-
Red Sea (1)
-
Timor Sea
-
Timor Trough (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
-
Kerguelen Plateau (1)
-
Krishna-Godavari Basin (1)
-
Lake Louise (1)
-
Lusitanian Basin (1)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
-
Mediterranean region (2)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Alboran Sea (2)
-
Balearic Basin (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Baja California (1)
-
Baja California Sur Mexico (1)
-
-
Midland Valley (2)
-
North America
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Rae Province (1)
-
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Michigan (1)
-
Lake Superior (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Intermontane Belt (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Sweetgrass Arch (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
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Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (3)
-
-
-
North Slope (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
Polynesia
-
Tonga (1)
-
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
East Pacific Rise (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of California (1)
-
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Lau Basin (1)
-
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (1)
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of California (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Lau Basin (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
Norfolk Ridge (1)
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Indonesian Seas
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (1)
-
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Banda Sea (1)
-
Norfolk Ridge (1)
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
Pacific region (1)
-
Peace River (1)
-
Peak District (1)
-
polar caps (1)
-
polar regions (3)
-
Russian Platform (3)
-
San Jorge Basin (1)
-
Scotia Sea (1)
-
Seymour Island (1)
-
South America
-
Amazon Basin (1)
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Andes (1)
-
Argentina
-
Chubut Argentina (1)
-
Mendoza Argentina (1)
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Neuquen Basin (1)
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Santa Cruz Argentina (1)
-
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Bolivia (1)
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Brazil
-
Maranhao Brazil (1)
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Parnaiba Basin (1)
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Piaui Brazil (1)
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Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (1)
-
-
Colombia
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Amazonas Colombia (1)
-
-
Patagonia (1)
-
Peru
-
Loreto Peru (1)
-
-
Tierra del Fuego
-
Tierra del Fuego Island (1)
-
-
Uruguay (1)
-
Venezuela
-
Falcon Venezuela (1)
-
-
-
Southern Ocean
-
Weddell Sea
-
Maud Rise (1)
-
-
-
Strait of Gibraltar (1)
-
Taranaki Basin (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (1)
-
Brooks Range
-
Sadlerochit Mountains (1)
-
-
Redoubt (1)
-
-
Arizona
-
La Paz County Arizona (1)
-
-
Bighorn Basin (2)
-
Book Cliffs (1)
-
California
-
Caliente Range (1)
-
Hayward Fault (1)
-
Santa Barbara County California (1)
-
Southern California (2)
-
Ventura Basin (1)
-
-
Cincinnati Arch (1)
-
Clark's Fork Basin (1)
-
Colorado
-
Eagle County Colorado (1)
-
Pueblo County Colorado
-
Pueblo Colorado (1)
-
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Summit County Colorado (1)
-
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Columbia Plateau (1)
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Denver Basin (1)
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Georgia (1)
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Great Basin (1)
-
Idaho (1)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana
-
Clay County Indiana (1)
-
-
Kansas
-
Coffey County Kansas (1)
-
Greenwood County Kansas
-
Hamilton Quarry (1)
-
-
-
Lake Tahoe (1)
-
Louisiana
-
Winnfield salt dome (1)
-
-
Maine
-
Aroostook County Maine (1)
-
Piscataquis County Maine (1)
-
-
Michigan (1)
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Mississippi Delta (1)
-
Mississippi River (1)
-
Montana
-
Blaine County Montana (1)
-
Fergus County Montana (1)
-
Lewis and Clark County Montana (1)
-
Phillips County Montana (1)
-
Teton County Montana (1)
-
-
Nevada
-
Elko County Nevada
-
Independence Mountains (1)
-
-
-
New Mexico
-
Dona Ana County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York
-
Ulster County New York (1)
-
-
Oklahoma (2)
-
Oregon
-
Clatsop County Oregon (1)
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Columbia County Oregon (1)
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Multnomah County Oregon (1)
-
Willamette Valley (1)
-
-
Ouachita Mountains (1)
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
South Dakota
-
Corson County South Dakota (1)
-
-
Tennessee
-
Hardin County Tennessee (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Terrell County Texas (1)
-
West Texas (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Drum Mountains (1)
-
Emery County Utah (1)
-
Grand County Utah
-
Moab Utah (1)
-
-
Millard County Utah
-
House Range (2)
-
-
-
Washington
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Cowlitz County Washington (1)
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Pacific County Washington
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Willapa Bay (1)
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Wahkiakum County Washington (1)
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West Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (1)
-
Wisconsin
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Marathon County Wisconsin (1)
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-
Wyoming
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Carbon County Wyoming (1)
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Hanna Basin (1)
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Niobrara County Wyoming (1)
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Yellowstone River (1)
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USSR (1)
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commodities
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energy sources (1)
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heavy mineral deposits (1)
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kaolin deposits (1)
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metal ores
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lead-zinc deposits (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (3)
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mineral exploration (3)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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placers (1)
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water resources (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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organic carbon (1)
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hydrogen (1)
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isotope ratios (15)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (9)
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He-3 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
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metals
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alkali metals
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lithium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
-
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
-
-
gold (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese (1)
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niobium (1)
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rare earths (2)
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silver (1)
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noble gases
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Reptilia
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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-
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Theropoda
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Coelurosauria
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Tyrannosauridae (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Synapsida
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Thelodonti (1)
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coprolites (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Trachyleberididae (1)
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-
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Insecta (2)
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Myriapoda (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (5)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Productida (1)
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Rhynchonellida
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Strophomenida (1)
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Bryozoa (2)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (2)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Pterioida
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Inocerami
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Inoceramidae
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Inoceramus (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (3)
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Nautiloidea (1)
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Gastropoda
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Archaeogastropoda (1)
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Hyolithes (1)
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Porifera
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (2)
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerina
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Globigerina bulloides (1)
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Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides ruber (1)
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Globigerinoides sacculifer (1)
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Orbulina
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Orbulina universa (1)
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-
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Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia
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Globorotalia menardii (1)
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-
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (2)
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
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-
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Nodosariacea
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Nodosariidae
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Lenticulina (1)
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Orbitoidacea
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Cibicides (1)
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Elphidium (1)
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Miogypsinidae
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Miogypsina (1)
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Nummulitidae
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Nummulites (1)
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Ammobaculites (1)
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Ataxophragmiidae (1)
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Lituolidae
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Haplophragmoides (1)
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Trochammina (1)
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Radiolaria (5)
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Vermes
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Annelida (2)
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Polychaeta
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scolecodonts (1)
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Metazoa (1)
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microfossils
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Charophyta (3)
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Conodonta (2)
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Fusulinina
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problematic microfossils (3)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (4)
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Dinoflagellata (8)
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miospores
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pollen (4)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (3)
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Tasmanites (1)
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diatoms (2)
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nannofossils (4)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Lycopsida (5)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Cordaitales (4)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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-
-
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problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (3)
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Pterobranchia (1)
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thallophytes (1)
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tracks (3)
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trails (5)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (3)
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exposure age (1)
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K/Ar (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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thermochronology (1)
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tree rings (1)
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U/Pb (7)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene
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Roman period (2)
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-
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Eemian (1)
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-
-
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
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Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene
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Serravallian (1)
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Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (2)
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Wanapum Basalt (1)
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Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (4)
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upper Pliocene (1)
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upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene (1)
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middle Eocene
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Bartonian (1)
-
-
upper Eocene
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La Meseta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
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Rupelian (2)
-
-
upper Oligocene
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Chattian (3)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Bluesky Formation (1)
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Gething Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (1)
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McMurray Formation (2)
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Valanginian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Natih Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Belly River Formation (1)
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Blackhawk Formation (2)
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Campanian
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Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
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lower Campanian (1)
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upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Cenomanian
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upper Cenomanian (1)
-
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Cody Shale (1)
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Coniacian (1)
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Frontier Formation (1)
-
Gulfian
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Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
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Judith River Formation (2)
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K-T boundary (3)
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Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
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lower Maestrichtian (1)
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upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Oldman Formation (1)
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Prince Creek Formation (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (7)
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Turonian (2)
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Two Medicine Formation (2)
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-
Viking Formation (2)
-
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Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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middle Liassic (1)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
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-
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Middle Jurassic
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Callovian (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Kimmeridgian
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lower Kimmeridgian (1)
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upper Kimmeridgian (1)
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-
Morrison Formation (1)
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Oxfordian
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middle Oxfordian (1)
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upper Oxfordian (1)
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Portlandian (2)
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Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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Volgian (1)
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-
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Olenekian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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-
Middle Triassic
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Anisian (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian
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Ischigualasto Formation (1)
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Norian (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
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Gog Group (1)
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Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
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Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (2)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
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Brazil Formation (1)
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Joggins Formation (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian (2)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Desmoinesian (1)
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Moscovian (2)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Gzhelian (2)
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Kasimovian (1)
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Virgilian
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Shawnee Group (2)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (3)
-
-
Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (1)
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Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Swan Hills Formation (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian (1)
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Frasnian (1)
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-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
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Lisburne Group (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Tremadocian (1)
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Martinsburg Formation (1)
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Middle Ordovician (2)
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Upper Ordovician
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Caradocian (1)
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Cincinnatian (1)
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Hirnantian (1)
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Katian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
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Echooka Formation (1)
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Guadalupian
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Bell Canyon Formation (1)
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Capitan Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
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Cisuralian
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Asselian (1)
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Kungurian (1)
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Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Wolfcampian
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Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian (1)
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Middle Silurian (1)
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Upper Silurian (1)
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-
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Phanerozoic (3)
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Precambrian
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Archean (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Lewisian (1)
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Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Miette Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Dengying Formation (1)
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Ediacaran (9)
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Hadrynian (1)
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Marinoan (1)
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Vendian (8)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (3)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (1)
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Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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diabase (1)
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granites
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leucogranite (1)
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pegmatite (1)
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ultramafics (2)
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volcanic rocks
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adakites (1)
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andesites
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boninite (1)
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basalts
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flood basalts (1)
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glasses
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obsidian (1)
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volcanic glass (1)
-
-
rhyolites
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pantellerite (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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gneisses
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orthogneiss (1)
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impactites
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impact breccia (1)
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quartzites (1)
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ophiolite (2)
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turbidite (4)
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meteorites
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites
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carbonaceous chondrites (1)
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ordinary chondrites
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H chondrites (1)
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-
-
-
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minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (2)
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hydrates (1)
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native elements (1)
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organic minerals
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amber (1)
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oxides
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iron oxides (1)
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phosphates
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apatite (1)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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kaersutite (1)
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pargasite (1)
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richterite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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spodumene (1)
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-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
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feldspar group
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plagioclase (1)
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silica minerals
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quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group
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hydrogarnet (1)
-
-
zircon group
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zircon (5)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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clay minerals
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halloysite (1)
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kaolinite (2)
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smectite (1)
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illite (1)
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mica group
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glauconite (2)
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muscovite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
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iron sulfates (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (10)
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Africa
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Gregory Rift (1)
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Madagascar
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Mahajanga Basin (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Egypt
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Sinai Egypt (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Tunisia
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El Kef Tunisia (1)
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-
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Southern Africa
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Karoo Basin (2)
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Namibia (4)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (3)
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Free State South Africa (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
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Durban South Africa (1)
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-
Merensky Reef (1)
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-
-
West Africa
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Mali (1)
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-
-
Antarctica
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Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Russian Arctic (3)
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Far East
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Borneo
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Burma (1)
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China
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Indonesia (2)
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Japan
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Korea
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Malaysia
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Mongolia (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Zagros (2)
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Salair Ridge (1)
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Siberia (7)
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Siberian Platform
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Tibetan Plateau (1)
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Tunguska Basin (1)
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Tuva Russian Federation (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Anabar River (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Equatorial Atlantic (2)
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Ceara Rise (1)
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Gulf of Mexico
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Eugene Island Block 330 Field (1)
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Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1)
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North Sea
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Northeast Atlantic (2)
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atmosphere (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Queensland Australia
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Western Australia
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Canning Basin (1)
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bacteria (1)
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bibliography (4)
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biogeography (24)
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biography (3)
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brines (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 111
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ODP Site 677 (1)
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Leg 113
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ODP Site 689 (1)
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Leg 119
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ODP Site 737 (1)
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ODP Site 746 (1)
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Leg 120
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ODP Site 747 (1)
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ODP Site 751 (1)
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Leg 121
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ODP Site 757 (1)
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Leg 122
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ODP Site 762 (1)
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Leg 138
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ODP Site 847 (1)
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Leg 154
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ODP Site 926 (1)
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Leg 164
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Leg 183
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ODP Site 1138 (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
spiral troughs
How do spiral troughs form on Mars?
Time slice through the Planum Boreum SHARAD 3D volume (a) after (piecewise)...
CORRECTION
FIGURE 4 —Modern traces in association with C. coeca . A) Mucous-lined bur...
Bed Configurations
Abstract A striking characteristic of sediment transport on noncohesive beds is the development of geometrical forms or elements on a scale much larger than the grains themselves. These forms always show a strong element of regularity in arrangement, although usually they are irregular in detail. Most are elongated either parallel or transverse to the flow. Parallel-to-flow bed forms seem to be a manifestation of spiraling fluid motion, called secondary flow, that is parallel to the main flow and superimposed upon it. The convergent and divergent transverse components of near-bed flow may mold the bed into a series of ridges and troughs; the bed geometry in turn affects the structure of the flow, but not fundamentally. Transverse-to-flow bed forms, which are more commonly preserved in the sedimentary record, are dynamically more complicated in that they arise from a strong interaction between the flow and the bed. The nonuniformity of flow over transverse bed forms is not antecedent to the bed forms but comes about by the interaction between the flow and the bed; we'll see that these bed forms can be produced by uniform flow over a bed that is planar on the scale of grains. In this chapter we'll consider only transverse bed forms under unidirectional flows, but you should bear in mind that transverse bed forms under oscillatory flows are also interesting and important. See Clifton (1976), Harms et al. (1982), and Allen (1982, Vol. 1) for more information on oscillatory-flow bed forms* Transverse bed forms move upstream or downstream at velocities much smaller than the flow velocity, by erosion of sediment at some points and deposition at other points. Most are at least crudely wave-shaped and are therefore often likened to waves. They are not waves in the dynamic sense, as water waves or sound waves are, although you'll see that they have certain wave like properties in a kinematic as well as a geometric sense. Geologists and engineers alike have marveled at bed forms. Apart from their intrinsic fascination as a physical phenomenon, bed forms are of practical importance: (i) they constitute obstacles to navigation and a threat to submarine structures; (ii) when present in a channel they are the most important determinant of flow resistance; (iii) they have an important and complicating effect on sediment transport rate; (iv) their existence leads to the development of some of the most common stratification features in sedimentary deposits, and these structures are one of the most useful tools available in the interpretation of ancient sedimentary environments.