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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Admiralty Bay (1)
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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NanTroSEIZE
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North America
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Pacific region
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Eastern U.S.
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Northeastern U.S. (2)
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Florida
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu
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Honolulu Hawaii (1)
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Kauai County Hawaii
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Idaho
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Illinois
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Iowa
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Kansas
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Michigan
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Minnesota
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Mississippi
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Missouri
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Montana
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Moxa Arch (1)
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Nebraska
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Nevada
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Esmeralda County Nevada (5)
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New England (4)
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New Mexico
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Bernalillo County New Mexico
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Dona Ana County New Mexico (3)
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Eddy County New Mexico (2)
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Socorro County New Mexico
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Torrance County New Mexico (1)
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New York
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Finger Lakes (1)
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Tompkins County New York
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Ithaca New York (1)
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Washington County New York (2)
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North Carolina
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North Dakota
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Ohio
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Oklahoma
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Oregon
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Pennsylvania
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South Carolina
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South Dakota
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Tennessee
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Texas
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Amarillo Uplift (1)
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Utah
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Henry Mountains (2)
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Vermont
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Virginia
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Washington
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Mount Saint Helens (7)
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Snohomish County Washington (4)
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West Virginia
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Western U.S. (45)
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Wisconsin (4)
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Wyoming
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USSR (8)
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commodities
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gems (6)
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metal ores
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base metals (17)
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lead-zinc deposits (33)
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silver ores (47)
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mineral deposits, genesis (225)
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petroleum
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shale oil (4)
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phosphate deposits (3)
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placers
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refractory materials (1)
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tight sands (1)
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water resources (4)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (99)
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C-14 (97)
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organic carbon (23)
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chemical elements (2)
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chemical ratios (10)
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halogens
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bromine (2)
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chlorine
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chloride ion (2)
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Cl-36 (4)
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fluorine (7)
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hydrogen
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D/H (24)
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deuterium (4)
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incompatible elements (2)
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isotope ratios (326)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (3)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (4)
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Be-10 (22)
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C-14 (97)
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Cl-36 (4)
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Cs-137 (3)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (29)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (24)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (21)
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Pb-210 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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Re-187/Os-188 (4)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
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Th-232/Th-230 (1)
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-
stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (4)
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (99)
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
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Cu-65 (2)
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D/H (24)
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deuterium (4)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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He-4/He-3 (2)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (51)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (7)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (68)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (108)
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Os-188/Os-187 (10)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (29)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (24)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (7)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (21)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (4)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (4)
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (48)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (103)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (7)
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Lu/Hf (17)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-232/Th-230 (1)
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uranium (7)
-
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (3)
-
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lithium (2)
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potassium (8)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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sodium (3)
-
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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beryllium
-
Be-10 (22)
-
-
calcium
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
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Mg/Ca (1)
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-
magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (103)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (3)
-
-
antimony (6)
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arsenic (6)
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bismuth (7)
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cadmium (2)
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chromium (5)
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cobalt (1)
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copper
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Cu-65 (2)
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gallium (1)
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germanium (2)
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gold (15)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (51)
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-
iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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ferric iron (5)
-
ferrous iron (5)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (29)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (24)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (7)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (21)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (4)
-
Pb-210 (6)
-
-
manganese (4)
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mercury (7)
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molybdenum (5)
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nickel (5)
-
niobium (9)
-
platinum group
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iridium (1)
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iridium ores (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (10)
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Re-187/Os-188 (4)
-
-
osmium ores (1)
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palladium (7)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum (10)
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platinum ores (21)
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ruthenium (1)
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ruthenium ores (1)
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precious metals (9)
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rare earths
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cerium (4)
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europium (3)
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lanthanum (6)
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lutetium (4)
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neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (68)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
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-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
-
-
ytterbium (9)
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yttrium (13)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (4)
-
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silver (3)
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tantalum (5)
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thallium (1)
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tin (3)
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titanium (8)
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tungsten (3)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc (3)
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zirconium (2)
-
-
nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (7)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (4)
-
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (2)
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krypton (1)
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neon (1)
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radon (1)
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xenon (1)
-
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (108)
-
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phosphorus (2)
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selenium (2)
-
silicon
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (48)
-
-
tellurium (5)
-
trace metals (3)
-
-
fossils
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Archaea (1)
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bacteria
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Pseudomonas (1)
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Shewanella
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Shewanella putrefaciens (1)
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borings (3)
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burrows (15)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
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Teleostei
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Sarcopterygii
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Dipnoi (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia (2)
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Aves (3)
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Mammalia
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Multituberculata (2)
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Amblypoda
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Pantodonta (1)
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Bovidae
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Bison
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Bison occidentalis (1)
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Cervidae (1)
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Tylopoda
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Camelidae (2)
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Carnivora
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Fissipeda
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Canidae (1)
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Felidae
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Panthera (2)
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Smilodon (2)
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Ursidae
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Ursus (1)
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Cetacea
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Mysticeti (1)
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Chiroptera (1)
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Condylarthra (1)
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Edentata
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Xenarthra (1)
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Insectivora
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Proteutheria
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Scandentia (1)
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Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae (2)
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae
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Equus (3)
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Primates
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Hominidae (1)
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Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Mammuthus (3)
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-
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Mastodontoidea (1)
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Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae (2)
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Muridae (1)
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-
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Ungulata (2)
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Metatheria (1)
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Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Chelonia (2)
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (1)
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ceratopsia
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Ceratopsidae (1)
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (6)
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-
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha (1)
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Theropoda
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Carnosauria (1)
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Coelurosauria
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Dromaeosauridae (1)
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Tyrannosauridae
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Tyrannosaurus
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Tyrannosaurus rex (1)
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-
-
-
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Pterosauria (1)
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Ichthyosauria
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Ichthyosaurus (1)
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Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia (1)
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-
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Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (1)
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-
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Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Cynodontia (1)
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-
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-
-
-
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coprolites (1)
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cyanobacteria (1)
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eukaryotes (4)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Monograptina
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Monograptus (1)
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-
-
-
Hemichordata (9)
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ichnofossils
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Eubrontes (1)
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Grallator (1)
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Rhizocorallium (1)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (4)
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (2)
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Cirripedia (1)
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Malacostraca
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Brachyura (4)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Bairdiomorpha
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Bairdiacea
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Bairdiidae
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Bairdia (2)
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-
-
-
Cypridocopina
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Cyprididae (1)
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Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
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Cytheridae (1)
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Trachyleberididae (1)
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-
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Platycopida
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Cytherellidae
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Cytherelloidea (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (2)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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Hymenoptera (1)
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Neuroptera (1)
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Trichoptera (2)
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Exopterygota
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Hemiptera (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (1)
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Corynexochida (2)
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Ptychopariida (1)
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Redlichiida (2)
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-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (1)
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Pentamerida (3)
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Productida (2)
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Rhynchonellida (2)
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Spiriferida
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Atrypidae (1)
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Cyrtospirifer (1)
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Spiriferidina
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Spiriferidae (1)
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-
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Strophomenida (2)
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Terebratulida (1)
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-
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (1)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (5)
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Scleractinia (2)
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Tabulata (2)
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Hydrozoa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (5)
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Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (1)
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Homalozoa
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Machaeridia (3)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Glycymeris (1)
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (1)
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Veneroida
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Astartidae
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Astarte (2)
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-
-
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Nuculanidae (2)
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Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae
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Inoceramus (2)
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-
-
Pectinacea
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Pectinidae (2)
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-
-
-
Solemyida (1)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (10)
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Baculites (1)
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Goniatitida (1)
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Psiloceratida (1)
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (5)
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-
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Nautiloidea (4)
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Gastropoda
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Archaeogastropoda (1)
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Neogastropoda
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Muricidae (1)
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Turritellidae (1)
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Polyplacophora (1)
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Scaphopoda (1)
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Porifera
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Calcarea
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Sphinctozoa (1)
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Demospongea (4)
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Stromatoporoidea (2)
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-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae
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Schwagerina (1)
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-
-
Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (2)
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-
-
Nodosariacea
-
Nodosariidae
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Lenticulina (1)
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Nodosaria (2)
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-
-
Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (1)
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Cibicides (3)
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-
Rotaliacea
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Ammonia
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Ammonia beccarii (1)
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-
Elphidium (2)
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-
-
Textulariina
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Ammodiscacea
-
Ammodiscidae (1)
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Astrorhizidae (2)
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-
Lituolacea
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Ammobaculites (1)
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Lituolidae
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Haplophragmoides (1)
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-
Trochammina (2)
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-
-
-
Radiolaria (28)
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-
Vermes
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Annelida (2)
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Chaetognatha (1)
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-
-
Metazoa (4)
-
microfossils
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Charophyta (2)
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Conodonta
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Adetognathus (1)
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Hindeodus (1)
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Icriodus (1)
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Neogondolella (2)
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Polygnathus (1)
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-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae
-
Schwagerina (1)
-
-
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (5)
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Dinoflagellata (23)
-
megaspores (2)
-
miospores
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pollen (53)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
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calcareous algae (2)
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Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (2)
-
-
diatoms (17)
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Microcodium (1)
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nannofossils (5)
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Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae
-
Lithothamnium (1)
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-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
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Pecopteris (1)
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-
Lycopsida (4)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
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-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
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Alnus (2)
-
Betula (1)
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Hamamelididae (1)
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Rosidae (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae (1)
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (2)
-
Coniferales
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Cupressaceae (2)
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Picea
-
Picea glauca (1)
-
-
Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
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Pinus (1)
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-
Taxodiaceae
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Metasequoia (1)
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Taxodium (1)
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Tsuga (1)
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-
Cordaitales
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Cordaites (1)
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-
Cycadales (1)
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Ginkgoales
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Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Pteridospermae (2)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
Pterobranchia (8)
-
thallophytes (5)
-
tracks (7)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (36)
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Ar/Ar (138)
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exposure age (16)
-
fission-track dating (48)
-
He/He (1)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (2)
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K/Ar (33)
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lichenometry (5)
-
Lu/Hf (17)
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Nd/Nd (2)
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optically stimulated luminescence (12)
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paleomagnetism (91)
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Pb/Pb (13)
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Pb/Th (4)
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racemization (1)
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radiation damage (2)
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Rb/Sr (15)
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Re/Os (31)
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sclerochronology (1)
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Sm/Nd (18)
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Sr/Sr (2)
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tephrochronology (13)
-
Th/U (9)
-
thermochronology (56)
-
thermoluminescence (3)
-
tree rings (17)
-
U/Pb (398)
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U/Th/Pb (9)
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uranium disequilibrium (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (2)
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (2)
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lower Cenozoic (2)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Clovis (1)
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (7)
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Holocene
-
lower Holocene (9)
-
Medieval Warm Period (1)
-
middle Holocene (2)
-
Neoglacial (8)
-
upper Holocene (40)
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Mazama Ash (1)
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Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
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Blackwater Draw Formation (1)
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Champlain Sea (3)
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Illinoian (2)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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Loveland Loess (1)
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lower Pleistocene
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Jaramillo Subchron (2)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (4)
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middle Pleistocene (2)
-
Peoria Loess (5)
-
Roxana Silt (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Eemian (1)
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Rancholabrean (1)
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Sangamonian (2)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
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Younger Dryas (11)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
lower Wisconsinan (1)
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (2)
-
Pinedale Glaciation (2)
-
Scandinavian ice sheet (1)
-
-
-
Siwalik System (2)
-
Tertiary
-
Arikaree Group (2)
-
Asmari Formation (1)
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Calipuy Group (2)
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Challis Volcanics (2)
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Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
John Day Formation (1)
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Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
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lower Tertiary (5)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (2)
-
Hemphillian (1)
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Miocene
-
Antelope Shale (1)
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Barstovian (1)
-
Barstow Formation (2)
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Clarendonian (1)
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Columbia River Basalt Group (8)
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Ellensburg Formation (1)
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Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Saucesian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (9)
-
Mizunami Group (1)
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Puerto Madryn Formation (1)
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Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
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Tiva Canyon Member (1)
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upper Miocene
-
Messinian (1)
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Modelo Formation (1)
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Tortonian (1)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (2)
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Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (3)
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lower Pliocene (9)
-
upper Pliocene (7)
-
-
Ringold Formation (1)
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (2)
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (1)
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Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
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Chuckanut Formation (4)
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Chumstick Formation (2)
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Clarno Formation (1)
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Crescent Formation (2)
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Green River Formation (3)
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lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (1)
-
Tyee Formation (2)
-
-
Narizian (1)
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Ootsa Lake Group (3)
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Swauk Formation (2)
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Umpqua Formation (2)
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upper Eocene (7)
-
-
Hanna Formation (3)
-
Kenai Group (3)
-
lower Paleogene (7)
-
Oligocene
-
Creede Formation (1)
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Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
Hemlock Conglomerate (2)
-
lower Oligocene (3)
-
upper Oligocene (8)
-
-
Orca Group (2)
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Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (4)
-
K-T boundary (8)
-
Puercan (1)
-
Torrejonian (1)
-
-
middle Paleocene
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Selandian (2)
-
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (3)
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Tiffanian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
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Refugian (1)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Tyonek Formation (4)
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Wasatch Formation (1)
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White River Group (2)
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Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
Pysht Formation (1)
-
Shahejie Formation (3)
-
upper Tertiary
-
Poznan Clays (1)
-
-
-
Tulare Formation (1)
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Pico Formation (1)
-
Tamiami Formation (1)
-
-
Yakataga Formation (2)
-
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (13)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (2)
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Hue Shale (2)
-
Kuskokwim Group (8)
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (2)
-
upper Albian (3)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (6)
-
Berriasian (3)
-
Blackleaf Formation (2)
-
Bluesky Formation (2)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (3)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (5)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (3)
-
Hauterivian (4)
-
Hosston Formation (1)
-
Isachsen Formation (3)
-
Mannville Group (2)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Missisauga Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Neocomian (2)
-
Pebble Shale (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Torok Formation (3)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (6)
-
Zubair Formation (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (6)
-
Middle Cretaceous (24)
-
Nanushuk Group (3)
-
Nenjiang Formation (2)
-
Qingshankou Formation (2)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (4)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (3)
-
Belly River Formation (3)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (3)
-
lower Campanian (2)
-
upper Campanian (6)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (4)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Cody Shale (1)
-
Colville Group (1)
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (4)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (2)
-
Fruitland Formation (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (3)
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (4)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Hornbrook Formation (2)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (4)
-
Javelina Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (3)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
Kanguk Formation (3)
-
Kodiak Formation (2)
-
K-T boundary (8)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (3)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Moreno Formation (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (3)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (1)
-
Santonian (3)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
-
Senonian (21)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
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Turonian
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middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
Valdez Group (4)
-
Viking Formation (4)
-
Yezo Group (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (11)
-
Glen Canyon Group (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (6)
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Jurassic
-
Aztec Sandstone (2)
-
Bazhenov Formation (2)
-
Bonanza Group (2)
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Coast Range Ophiolite (2)
-
Fernie Formation (5)
-
Kingak Shale (3)
-
Ladner Group (1)
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Lower Jurassic
-
East Berlin Formation (1)
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Hettangian (7)
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Laberge Group (5)
-
lower Liassic (7)
-
middle Liassic (6)
-
Nordegg Member (2)
-
Pliensbachian (12)
-
Sinemurian (4)
-
Talkeetna Formation (2)
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Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (6)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
-
Bajocian (9)
-
Bathonian (6)
-
Callovian (6)
-
Page Sandstone (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
San Rafael Group (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (3)
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Cotton Valley Group (2)
-
Galice Formation (3)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (2)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (8)
-
Morrison Formation (3)
-
Naknek Formation (3)
-
Oxfordian
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Smackover Formation (2)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (6)
-
Volgian (3)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
McHugh Complex (4)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (4)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
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Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Sandilands Formation (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (14)
-
Smithian (1)
-
Spathian (1)
-
Thaynes Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (2)
-
Montney Formation (6)
-
Shublik Formation (5)
-
Takla Group (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
-
Carnian (8)
-
Chinle Formation (2)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Luning Formation (1)
-
Norian (12)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (6)
-
Sag River Sandstone (2)
-
Stuhini Group (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (4)
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
-
Yanshanian (2)
-
-
MIS 2 (2)
-
MIS 3 (4)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 6 (1)
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (2)
-
Berea Sandstone (1)
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Gog Group (1)
-
Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (9)
-
Tapeats Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Amsden Formation (1)
-
Chilliwack Group (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (2)
-
Dinantian (15)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (3)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Charles Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kayak Shale (2)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (3)
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (2)
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Madison Group (3)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Redwall Limestone (1)
-
Sunbury Shale (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (2)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (2)
-
Heath Formation (2)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian (3)
-
Serpukhovian (9)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (1)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (2)
-
-
Desmoinesian
-
Spiro Sandstone (1)
-
-
Moscovian (2)
-
-
Minturn Formation (2)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (3)
-
Holder Formation (1)
-
Missourian (2)
-
Virgilian
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (1)
-
-
Wapanucka Limestone (2)
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Uralian (1)
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (9)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
Pragian (6)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (4)
-
Givetian
-
upper Givetian (2)
-
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (4)
-
Popovich Formation (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian (8)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (2)
-
Nisku Formation (1)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Olentangy Shale (2)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Earn Group (2)
-
Endicott Group (4)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Hunton Group (2)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
Laborcita Formation (1)
-
Lisburne Group (11)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (4)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Madera Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Tremadocian (5)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (1)
-
Meguma Group (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (3)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (5)
-
Katian (3)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (3)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Paganzo Group (1)
-
Permian
-
Blaine Formation (1)
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
Cutler Formation (4)
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Echooka Formation (2)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (2)
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
Roadian (3)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Wordian (4)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (3)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Al Khlata Formation (2)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (3)
-
Asselian (2)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (5)
-
-
Wolfcampian (3)
-
-
McCloud Limestone (1)
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Middle Permian (4)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Toroweap Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (2)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (14)
-
Rio do Rasto Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (3)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Road River Formation (3)
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (4)
-
Telychian (3)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow (6)
-
Pridoli (2)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (2)
-
Bakken Formation (3)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (4)
-
-
Phanerozoic (22)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (1)
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Kalgoorlie System (1)
-
Mesoarchean (4)
-
Neoarchean (10)
-
Paleoarchean (3)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Chuar Group (2)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (2)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (1)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Prince Albert Group (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (1)
-
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Keweenawan (1)
-
Kunyang Group (1)
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Aldridge Formation (1)
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Newland Limestone (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (1)
-
-
Miette Group (3)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (5)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (22)
-
Horsethief Creek Group (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Sturtian (2)
-
Tonian (5)
-
Vendian (9)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (2)
-
-
Birimian (3)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Svecofennian (1)
-
Urquhart Shale (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (5)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (8)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (4)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (6)
-
appinite (1)
-
diabase
-
diabase porphyry (1)
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (4)
-
quartz diorites (6)
-
tonalite (23)
-
trondhjemite (4)
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros (1)
-
anorthositic gabbro (1)
-
norite (5)
-
olivine gabbro (2)
-
troctolite (4)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (2)
-
A-type granites (6)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (9)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (4)
-
S-type granites (5)
-
two-mica granite (2)
-
-
granodiorites (37)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
minette (1)
-
spessartite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (4)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (10)
-
quartz monzonite (6)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (11)
-
hornblendite (3)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (11)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (3)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (3)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (8)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (3)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (7)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
hawaiite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (13)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (12)
-
ocean-island basalts (7)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (2)
-
tholeiitic basalt (3)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (3)
-
-
dacites (12)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (4)
-
-
latite (1)
-
meimechite (1)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (4)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (15)
-
pumice (6)
-
scoria (3)
-
tuff (20)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (1)
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (2)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (24)
-
volcanic ash (13)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (10)
-
cataclasites (10)
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eclogite (15)
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garnetite (2)
-
gneisses
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augen gneiss (2)
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orthogneiss (15)
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paragneiss (7)
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tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (2)
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hornfels (2)
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impactites
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impact breccia (1)
-
-
marbles (10)
-
metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (5)
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metabasite (3)
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metadiabase (1)
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metadiorite (1)
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metagabbro (6)
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metagranite (2)
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metaperidotite (1)
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metapyroxenite (1)
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metarhyolite (1)
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serpentinite (7)
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-
metaplutonic rocks (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metachert (1)
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metaconglomerate (2)
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metagraywacke (1)
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metapelite (9)
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metasandstone (4)
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paragneiss (7)
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shungite (1)
-
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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greisen (2)
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serpentinite (7)
-
skarn (27)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (20)
-
migmatites (11)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (2)
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ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (6)
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phyllonites (1)
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quartzites (9)
-
schists
-
blueschist (8)
-
greenschist (5)
-
greenstone (5)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (24)
-
turbidite (48)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
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H chondrites
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Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (15)
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antimonides (1)
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arsenates (1)
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (5)
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lollingite (1)
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sperrylite (4)
-
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arsenites (1)
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bismuthides (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (3)
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aragonite (4)
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bastnaesite (2)
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calcite (16)
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dolomite (5)
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ikaite (3)
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parisite (1)
-
siderite (6)
-
smithsonite (2)
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sphaerosiderite (1)
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synchysite (1)
-
witherite (2)
-
-
chromates (1)
-
halides
-
chlorides
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halite (3)
-
-
fluorides
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bastnaesite (2)
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clinohumite (1)
-
fluorite (4)
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humite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
K-bentonite (2)
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minerals (3)
-
molybdates
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powellite (1)
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wulfenite (1)
-
-
native elements (4)
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organic minerals
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amber (1)
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oxides
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aluminum oxides (1)
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baddeleyite (1)
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brucite (1)
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cassiterite (4)
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chrome spinel (10)
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chromite (7)
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cryptomelane (1)
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diaspore (1)
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ferrihydrite (1)
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goethite (1)
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hematite (7)
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hollandite (1)
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hydroxides
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iron hydroxides (1)
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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ilmenite (4)
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iron oxides (6)
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limonite (2)
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magnesium oxides (1)
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magnetite (10)
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manganese oxides (1)
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niobates
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aeschynite (1)
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betafite (1)
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columbite (1)
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fergusonite (1)
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ixiolite (1)
-
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pyrolusite (1)
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rutile (5)
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spinel (5)
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tantalates
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betafite (1)
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ixiolite (1)
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microlite (3)
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wodginite (1)
-
-
titanomagnetite (1)
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uraninite (2)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (67)
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britholite (1)
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fluorapatite (3)
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hydroxylapatite (1)
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monazite (29)
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xenotime (4)
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platinum minerals (10)
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silicates
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aluminosilicates (1)
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asbestos (1)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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actinolite (1)
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cummingtonite (1)
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glaucophane (1)
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hornblende (28)
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kaersutite (2)
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nephrite (2)
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pargasite (2)
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tremolite (1)
-
-
-
jade (2)
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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chrome diopside (1)
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diopside (2)
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hedenbergite (1)
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jadeite (1)
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omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (9)
-
-
wollastonite group
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wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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adularia (1)
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K-feldspar (13)
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sanidine (2)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (1)
-
-
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leucite (1)
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scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
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jasper (1)
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opal
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opal-CT (1)
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-
quartz (16)
-
-
zeolite group
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analcime (2)
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clinoptilolite (1)
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edingtonite (1)
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heulandite (1)
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laumontite (1)
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mordenite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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andalusite (3)
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britholite group
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britholite (1)
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chloritoid (1)
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chondrodite (1)
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clinohumite (1)
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garnet group
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almandine (1)
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andradite (1)
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grossular (1)
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pyrope (1)
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spessartine (2)
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humite (1)
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kyanite (2)
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olivine group
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forsterite (3)
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olivine (14)
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sillimanite (1)
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staurolite (2)
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titanite group
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titanite (11)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (364)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
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bertrandite (1)
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chevkinite group
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chevkinite (1)
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epidote group
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allanite (2)
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epidote (6)
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zoisite (1)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
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vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
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beryl (3)
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cordierite (3)
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emerald (3)
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tourmaline group (3)
-
-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chamosite (1)
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chlorite (13)
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Primary terms
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Expedition 341
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (14)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 108
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Pacific region
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Paleozoic
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Upper Mississippian
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Upper Carboniferous
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Devonian
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Old Red Sandstone (4)
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Upper Devonian
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Dunkard Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Madera Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic
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Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
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New Albany Shale (1)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician
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Sandbian (3)
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Wufeng Formation (1)
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Yeoman Formation (1)
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Viola Limestone (1)
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Paganzo Group (1)
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Permian
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Blaine Formation (1)
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Coconino Sandstone (1)
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Cutler Formation (4)
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Ecca Group (1)
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Echooka Formation (2)
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Gharif Formation (1)
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Guadalupian
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Bell Canyon Formation (1)
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Delaware Mountain Group (2)
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Grayburg Formation (1)
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Roadian (3)
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Tansill Formation (1)
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Wordian (4)
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Kaibab Formation (1)
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Khuff Formation (3)
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Lower Permian
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Abo Formation (1)
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Al Khlata Formation (2)
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (3)
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Asselian (2)
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Kungurian (3)
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Sakmarian (5)
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Wolfcampian (3)
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McCloud Limestone (1)
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Meade Peak Member (1)
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Middle Permian (4)
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Park City Formation (1)
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Phosphoria Formation (2)
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Rotliegendes (2)
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Toroweap Formation (1)
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Unayzah Formation (3)
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Upper Permian
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Kazanian (1)
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (2)
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Wuchiapingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (14)
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Rio do Rasto Formation (1)
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Zechstein (3)
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Yates Formation (1)
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Pilot Shale (1)
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Road River Formation (3)
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Sauk Sequence (1)
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Shoo Fly Complex (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Rhuddanian (4)
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Telychian (3)
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Qalibah Formation (1)
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Wenlock
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Homerian (1)
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Middle Silurian (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Cayugan
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Tonoloway Limestone (1)
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Ludlow (6)
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Pridoli (2)
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Salina Group (1)
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Supai Formation (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (2)
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Dwyka Formation (1)
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Fountain Formation (1)
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Woodford Shale (4)
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palynology (4)
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Plantae
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Corallinaceae
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Equisetales
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Spermatophyta
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Taxodiaceae
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plate tectonics (519)
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Precambrian
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Central Rand Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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Aldridge Formation (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic
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Aphebian
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Birimian (3)
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Urquhart Shale (1)
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Sinian
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Windermere System (5)
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Vadito Group (1)
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problematic fossils
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (22)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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argillite (4)
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arkose (2)
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coal
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oil sands (3)
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sedimentary structures
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banks (1)
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graded bedding (2)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
southwestern Alaska
Mitigation of guided wave contamination in waveform tomography of marine seismic reflection data from southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Three-dimensional distribution of igneous rocks near the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit in southwestern Alaska: Constraints from regional-scale aeromagnetic data Available to Purchase
Integrated geophysical imaging of a concealed mineral deposit: A case study of the world-class Pebble porphyry deposit in southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Geological Analysis of Aeromagnetic Data from Southwestern Alaska: Implications for Exploration in the Area of the Pebble Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit Available to Purchase
Pb-Sr-Nd Isotopes in Surficial Materials at the Pebble Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Can the Mineralizing Fingerprint be Detected Through Cover? Available to Purchase
Modern Salt-Marsh and Tidal-Flat Foraminifera From Sitkinak and Simeonof Islands, Southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Tectonic Evolution and Cretaceous Gold Metallogenesis of Southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Abstract Cretaceous gold metallogenesis in southwestern Alaska comprises three distinct episodes related to the accretionary evolution of northwestern North America. The oldest mineralizing event is characterized by 112 Ma Cu-Au-Bi-Te porphyry-type(?) veining in the zoned Bonanza and adjacent plutons that intruded rocks of the Nyac terrane. Tectonic reconstructions and limited geological and geochemical data suggest that Cu-Au mineralization in the Nyac district may be related to terminal subduction during accretion of the Togiak-Koyukuk arc. The subsequent 100 to 89 Ma metallogenic event is a product of subduction-related magmatism immediately following accretion of the Peninsular-Alexander-Wrangellia superterrane and includes formation of the giant Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit. Pebble underwent a complex history of highly oxidized magmatism that is isotopically linked to enriched lithosphere or metasomatized mantle sources. Pebble and other porphyryrelated plutons were emplaced as a consequence of changes in plate motion and onset of dextral transpression along the continental margin to the southeast of their present-day locations. The final 75 to 65 Ma metallogenic event is regionally the most extensive. It followed a ~15-m.y.-long magmatic lull and is related to enigmatic subduction-related magmatism in the western part of the Alaska Range and the Kuskokwim basin. This event resulted in the formation of porphyry, reduced pluton-related, orogenic, and possible epithermal Au deposits. In the better-studied relatively low-relief areas of the Kuskokwim basin, many of the mineralized systems are spatially associated with ilmenite-series monzonite to quartz monzonite composite plutons that have isotopic signatures consistent with derivation from crustally contaminated mantle sources. These pluton-hosted Au deposits comprise low-sulfide stockworks, sheeted veins, and/or breccias in the cupolas of moderately differentiated intrusions that contain high Au; anomalous As, Bi, Sb, and/or Te; and have variable, but not uneconomic, Cu concentrations. In addition, Au, Sb, and/or Hg deposits hosted by competent NE-trending granite porphyry dike-sill complexes or along faults in flysch are widespread in the Kuskokwim basin. These deposits, including the giant Donlin Creek Au deposit, formed at shallow crustal levels and are classified here as epizonal orogenic Au deposits and related Hg and Sb lodes. Mesozonal orogenic Au deposits were formed along the margins of the uplifting Willow Creek pluton that is now exposed along the southern side of the Talkeetna Mountains batholith. Recent discoveries in the rugged Alaska Range comprise less well-studied porphyry Au-Cu (Whistler, Island Mountain), epithermal(?) Au (Terra), and reduced pluton-hosted Au deposits (Estelle). The cause of the broad latest Cretaceous magmatism associated with the final metallogenic event is enigmatic, but indicates widespread high heat flow possibly related to flat-slab subduction, lithospheric mantle delamination, or escape tectonics. Plutonism postdated regional folding and coincided with periods of movement along regional faults and formation of the NE-trending structural fabric. Magmatism resulted from initiation of transpressional faulting in more landward positions during oblique subduction of the Kula plate. Crustal contamination of mantle melts, either near their source or during ascent through the thick flysch of the Kuskokwim basin, produced low oxidation state magmas and controlled much of the metallogeny, particularly for those deposits that display similarities to both reduced porphyry Au-Cu deposits and, to a lesser degree, reduced intrusion-related Au systems. High heat flow also induced crustal melting and metamorphic devolatilization to form orogenic Au deposits. A transition to extension at ~60 Ma recorded elsewhere in Alaska temporally corresponds to termination of gold deposit formation in southwestern Alaska. The multiple periods of gold metallogenesis in southwestern Alaska offer a wide variety of targets for exploration within discrete parts of the region.
The restricted Gemuk Group: A Triassic to Lower Cretaceous succession in southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
New data from an Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous deep marine succession—the herein reinstated and restricted Gemuk Group—provide a vital piece of the puzzle for unraveling southwestern Alaska's tectonic history. First defined by Cady et al. in 1955 , the Gemuk Group soon became a regional catchall unit that ended up as part of at least four different terranes. In this paper we provide the first new data in nearly half a century from the Gemuk Group in the original type area in Taylor Mountains quadrangle and from contiguous rocks to the north in Sleetmute quadrangle. Discontinuous exposure, hints of complex structure, the reconnaissance level of our mapping, and spotty age constraints together permit definition of only a rough stratigraphy. The restricted Gemuk Group is at least 2250 m thick, and could easily be at least twice as thick. The age range of the restricted Gemuk Group is tightened on the basis of ten radiolarian ages, two new bivalve ages, one conodont age, two U-Pb zircon ages on tuff, and U-Pb ages of 110 detrital zircons from two sandstones. The Triassic part of the restricted Gemuk Group, which consists of intermediate pillow lavas interbedded with siltstone, chert, and rare limestone, produced radiolarians, bivalves, and conodonts of Carnian and Norian ages. The Jurassic part appears to be mostly siltstone and chert, and yielded radiolarians of Hettangian-Sinemurian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian, and Oxfordian ages. Two tuffs near the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary record nearby arc volcanism: one at 146 Ma is interbedded with red and green siltstone, and a second at ca. 137 Ma is interbedded with graywacke turbidites. Graywacke appears to be the dominant rock type in the Lower Cretaceous part of the restricted Gemuk Group. Detrital zircon analyses were performed on two sandstone samples using SHRIMP. One sandstone yielded a dominant age cluster of 133–180 Ma; the oldest grain is only 316 Ma. The second sample is dominated by zircons of 130–154 Ma; the oldest grain is 292 Ma. The youngest zircons are probably not much older than the sandstone itself. Point counts of restricted Gemuk Group sandstones yield average ratios of 24/29/47 for Q/F/L, 15/83/2 for Ls/Lv/Lm, and 41/48/11 for Qm/P/K. In the field, sandstones of the restricted Gemuk Group are not easily distinguished from sandstones of the overlying Upper Cretaceous turbidite-dominated Kuskokwim Group. Petrographically, however, the restricted Gemuk Group has modal K-feldspar, whereas the Kuskokwim Group generally does not (average Qm/P/K of 64/36/0). Some K-feldspar-bearing graywacke that was previously mapped as Kuskokwim Group ( Cady et al., 1955 ) is here reassigned to the restricted Gemuk Group. Major- and trace-element geochemistry of shales from the restricted Gemuk Group and the Kuskokwim Group show distinct differences. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) is distinctly higherforshales of the Kuskokwim Group than forthose of the restricted Gemuk Group, suggesting more intense weathering during deposition of the Kuskokwim Group. The restricted Gemuk Group represents an estimated 90–100 m.y. of deep-water sedimentation, first accompanied by submarine volcanism and later by nearby explosive arc activity. Two hypotheses are presented for the tectonic setting. One model that needs additional testing is that the restricted Gemuk Group consists of imbricated oceanic plate stratigraphy. Based on available information, our preferred model is that it was deposited in a back-arc, intra-arc, or forearc basin that was subsequently deformed. The terrane affinity of the restricted Gemuk Group is uncertain. The rocks of this area were formerly assigned to the Hagemeister subterrane of the Togiak terrane—a Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous arc—but our data show this to be a poor match. None of the other possibilities (e.g., Nukluk and Tikchik subterranes of the Goodnews terrane) is viable; hence, the terrane subdivision and distribution in southwestern Alaska may need to be revisited. The geologic history revealed by our study of the restricted Gemuk Group gives us a solid toehold in unraveling the Mesozoic paleogeography of this part of the northern Cordillera.
40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and tectonic setting of three episodes of Cretaceous-Eocene calc-alkaline magmatism in the Lake Clark Region, southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Cretaceous through Paleogene dominantly calc-alkaline magmatism in the Lake Clark region, southwestern Alaska, can be divided into three main periods of activity based on previous work and new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb geochronology. These episodes follow a protracted history of arc magmatism related to the Talkeetna arc. The first episode is Albian based on new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates from hornblende in dikes cutting the Tlikakila complex of 101–97 Ma. These rocks have relatively flat REE patterns and Th/Nb values lower than typical arc rocks but higher than average mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). These data are consistent with rift-related magmatism in a region that had previously experienced arc magmatism. The second episode is represented by a granodiorite with a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 64.5 ± 0.9 Ma and is similar to widespread 70–60 Ma volcanic rocks to the west of the study area. These calc-alkaline rocks are enriched in the light REE and have high Th/Nb values. They were generated during northward subduction of the Kula plate beneath Alaska. The Eocene episode is also calc-alkaline with enriched light rare earth element (REE) and high Th/Nb values. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar equilibria in 100 Ma dikes were reset at 44–42 Ma, and biotite from a rhyolite indicates an eruptive age of 43.0 ± 0.2 Ma. These 43 Ma rocks formed during initiation of Aleutian magmatism on the continent in response to north or northwest subduction of the Pacific plate and may be related to a change in the direction or velocity of subduction at this time.
The Late Cretaceous Donlin Creek Gold Deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on Epizonal Ore Formation Available to Purchase
Glacier readvance during the late glacial (Younger Dryas?) in the Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Mercury in vegetation and soils at abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA Available to Purchase
Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic Strike-Slip Tectonics of Southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Precious Metals Associated with Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Abstract Placer gold and precious metal-bearing lode deposits of southwestern Alaska lie within a region 550 by 350 km, herein referred to as the Kuskokwim mineral belt. This mineral belt has yielded 100,240 kg (3.22 Moz) of gold, 12,813 kg (412,000 oz) of silver, 1,377,412 kg (39,960 flasks) of mercury, and modest amounts of antimony and tungsten derived primalily from Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary igneous complexes of four major types: (1) alkali-calcic, comagmatic volcuuic-plutonic complexes and isolated plutons, (2) calc-alkaline, meta-aluminous reduced plutons, (3) peraluminous alaskite or granitc-porphyry sills and dike swarms, and (4) andesite-rhyolite subaerial volcanic rocks. About 80 perceut of the 77 to 52 Ma intrusive and volcanic rocks intrude or overlie the middle to Upper Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group sedimeutmy and volcanic rocks, as well as the Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks of the Nixon Fork, lnnoko, Goodnews, and Ruby preaccretionury terranes. The major precious metal-bearing deposit types related to Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary igneous complexes of the Kuskokwim mineral belt are subdivided as follows: (1) plutonic-hosted copper-gold polymetallic stockwork, skarn, and vein deposits, (2) peraluminous granite-porphyry-hosted gold polymetallic deposits, (3) plutonic-related, boron-enriched silver-tin polymetallic breccia pipes and replacement deposits, (4) gold and silver mineralization in epithermal systems, and (5) gold polymetallic heavy mineral placer deposits. Ten deposits genetically related to Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary intrusions contain minimum, inferred reserves amounting to 162,572 kg (5.23 Moz) of gold, 201,015 kg (6.46 Moz) of silver, 12,160 metric tons (t) of tin, and 28,088 t of copper. The lodes occur in veins, stockworks, breccia pipes, and replacement deposits that formed in epithermal to Mesothernal temperature-pressure conditions. Fluid inclusion, isotopic age, mineral assemblage, alteration assemblage, and structural data indicate that many of the mineral deposits associated with Late Cretaceousearly Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks represent geologically and spatially related, vertically zoned hydrothermal systems uow exposed at several erosional levels. Polymetallic gold deposits of the Kuskokwim mineral belt are probably related to 77 to 52 Ma plutonism and volcanism associated with a period of rapid, north-directed subduction of the Kula plate. The geologic interpretation suggests that igneous complexes of the Kuskokwim mineral belt formed in an intracontinental back-are setting during a period of extensional, wrench fault tectonics. The Kuskokwim mineral belt has many geologic and metallogenic features similar to other precious metalbearing systems associated with arc-related igneous rocks such as the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Rocky Mountain alkalic province, the Jurassic Mount Milligan district of central British Columbia, the Andean orogen of South America, and the Okhotsk-Chukotka belt of northeast Asia.
Epithermal Mercury-Antimony and Gold-Bearing Vein Lodes of Southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Abstract Epithermal mineral deposits and occurrences of southwestern Alaska consist of Hg-Sb and gold- and sulfidebearing vein lodes. Numerous Hg-Sb lodes are located throughout a region measuring several tens of thousands of square kilometers in and surrounding the Kuskokwim River basin in southwestern Alaska. The Hg-Sb lodes are hosted in sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group. The Triassic to Cretaceous Gemuk Group, and the Paleozoic Holitna Group, as well as in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary maflc to felsie intrusive rocks. Mineralized Hg-Sb vein and vein breccia lodes are found in the sedimentary or igneous rocks or at their contacts. The mineralogy of the Hg-Sb lodes is dominated by cinnabar and stibnite, with subordinate realgar, orpiment, native mercury, pyrite, gold, and hematite, as well as solid and liquid hydrocarbons; quarlz, carbonate, limonite, dickite, and sericite are alteration gangue minerals. The largest mercury mine in Alaska, Red Devil, produced about 36,000 flasks of mercury, bul the Hg-Sh lodes of southwestern Alaska gencntally consist of small, discontinuous veins that rerely exceed a few meters in width and a few tens of meters in strike length. The Hg-Sb lodes generally contain about 1 to 5 percent Hg and less that 1 percent Sb and As but are generally poor in base metals and precious metals. Anomalous concentrations of gold in some lodes, however, suggest that gold deposits may be present in higher temperature environments below some of the Hg-Sb lodes. The formation of the Hg-Sb lodes is closely correlated with igneous activity of a Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary magmatic are in southwestern Alaska. Geologic and geochemical characteristics of the Hg-Sb lodes suggest that are fluids were generated in local sedimentary rocks as they were intnuled by magmas. These intrusions provided the heat to initiate dehydration reactions and expel fluids from hrdrous minerals and formational waters in the sedimentary rocks, causing thermal convection and hydrothermal fluid flow along fractures and faults. Isotopic data from sulfide and alteration minerals of the Hg-Sb lodes indicate multiple sources for the ore fluids; most fluids appear to have originattd in local sedimentary rocks. Hydrothermal fluids with isotopically heavy oxygen but isotopically light hydrogen and sulfur compositions indicate derivation of these species from sedimentary rocks. Isotopically shifted, evolved meteoric water was a primary component in ore fluids from a few Hg-Sb lodes. Geochemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion data also indicate that Hg. CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 , and local hydrocarbons were derived from breakdown of organic matter in Sedimentary rocks when they were heated by intrusions. Radiometric 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of 70 ± 3 Ma from hydrothermal sericites in the Hg-Sb lodes indicate a temporal association of igneous activity and minemlization, which is consistent with the geologic characteristics. Most epithermal gold-bearing vein lodes on the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands are located in Eocene to Pleistocene volcanic-are rocks, commonly andesite and dacite. These vein and vein breccia lodes, such as the Alaska-Apollo and Shumagin deposits on Unga Island, tend to be aligned along regional, northcast-striking, steeply dipping faults and fractures. The Alaska-Apollo mine produced about 500,000 metric tons (t) of are that yielded an estimated 3,500 kg (130,000 oz) of gold from veins that were as much as 12 m wide and extended for 1,500 m laterally and 420 m vertically, Ore minerals include gold, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, and native copper; gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, calcite, and chlorite and locally, barite, clay, rhodonite, and adularia. Ores gcnemlly have Au-Ag-Te-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cu geochemical signatures, wilh wide As-Hg aureoles around some veins. Geologic and mineralogical characteristics of these lodes are similar to adularia-sericitc volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. The gold-bearing vein lodes may be related to are porphyry systems, but more data are required to verify this association.
Silurian trilobites from Southwestern Alaska Free
Geology of southwestern Alaska Available to Purchase
Abstract Southwest Alaska lies between the Yukon-Koyukuk province to the north, and the Alaska Peninsula to the south (Wahrhaftig, this volume). It includes the southwestern Alaska Range, the Kuskokwim Mountains, the Ahklun Mountains, the Bristol Bay Lowland, and the Minchumina and Holitna basins. It is an area of approximately 175,000 km 2 , and, with the exception of the rugged southwestern Alaska Range and Ahklun Mountains, consists mostly of low rolling hills. The oldest rocks in the region are metamorphic rocks with Early Proterozoic protolith ages that occur as isolated exposures in the central Kuskokwim Mountains, and in fault contact with Mesozoic accretionary rocks of the Bristol Bay region. Precambrian metamorphic rocks also occur in the northern Kuskokwim Mountains and serve as depositional basement for Paleozoic shelf deposits. A nearly continuous sequence of Paleozoic continental margin rocks underlies much of the southwestern Alaska Range and northern Kuskokwim Mountains. The most extensive unit in southwest Alaska is the predominantly Upper Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group, which, in large part, rests unconformably on older rocks of the region. Volcanic rocks of Mesozoic age are common in the Bristol Bay region, and volcanic and plutonic rocks of latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary age are common throughout southwest Alaska. Two major northeast-trending faults are known to traverse southwest Alaska, the Denali-Farewell fault system to the south, and the Iditarod-Nixon Fork fault to the north. Latest Cretaceous and Tertiary right-lateral offsets of less than 150 km characterize both faults. The Susulatna lineament (or Poorman fault), north of the Iditarod-Nixon Fork