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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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elements, isotopes
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Cl-36 (4)
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iodine
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hydrogen
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isotope ratios (193)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
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Be-10/Be-9 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (98)
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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D/H (22)
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deuterium (6)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (8)
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N-15/N-14 (4)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (10)
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Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (86)
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Os-188/Os-187 (5)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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S-33/S-32 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (35)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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Lu/Hf (3)
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alkali metals
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aluminum
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nitrogen
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helium
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neon
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Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
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oxygen
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (86)
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selenium (2)
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Primates
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Reptilia
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Saurischia
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Pterosauria
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Testudinata (1)
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Insecta
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Cephalopoda
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Siwalik System (1)
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-
-
Paleogene
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Avon Park Formation (1)
-
Crescent Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
Wasatchian (1)
-
Willwood Formation (2)
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (1)
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
Santee Limestone (1)
-
-
Subathu Formation (2)
-
upper Eocene (4)
-
-
Huber Formation (1)
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
middle Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
Clayton Formation (1)
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (10)
-
Puercan (1)
-
-
Midway Group (1)
-
Porters Creek Formation (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Renova Formation (2)
-
Wasatch Formation (2)
-
White River Group (2)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Pirabas Formation (1)
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
Tulare Formation (1)
-
upper Cenozoic (2)
-
Yakataga Formation (3)
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (25)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (3)
-
Graneros Shale (1)
-
Kuskokwim Group (2)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (2)
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (3)
-
-
Aptian (6)
-
Barremian (2)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Blackleaf Formation (2)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (6)
-
Cloverly Formation (4)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Kiowa Formation (1)
-
Lakota Formation (2)
-
Mannville Group (3)
-
McMurray Formation (6)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Wealden (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (4)
-
Middle Cretaceous
-
Winton Formation (2)
-
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Santana Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Bagh Beds (1)
-
Bearpaw Formation (6)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (11)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (25)
-
lower Campanian (2)
-
upper Campanian (13)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (3)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Djadokhta Formation (1)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (2)
-
Fort Hays Limestone Member (1)
-
Frontier Formation (3)
-
Fruitland Formation (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (4)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (5)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (9)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (19)
-
Javelina Formation (4)
-
Judith River Formation (13)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (3)
-
Kirtland Shale (2)
-
K-T boundary (10)
-
La Luna Formation (2)
-
Lameta Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (3)
-
Laramie Formation (1)
-
Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (7)
-
upper Maestrichtian (9)
-
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (5)
-
Milk River Formation (3)
-
Mooreville Chalk (1)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Neuquen Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (5)
-
Oldman Formation (13)
-
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (1)
-
Pierre Shale (2)
-
Prince Creek Formation (6)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (5)
-
Santonian (11)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
-
Selma Group (1)
-
Senonian (31)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (2)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tropic Shale (2)
-
Tununk Member (2)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
middle Turonian (2)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (11)
-
Wahweap Formation (2)
-
Williams Fork Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
Whitemud Formation (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (2)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
East Berlin Formation (1)
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (5)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (3)
-
Bathonian (3)
-
Callovian (2)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
-
Solnhofen Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Brushy Basin Member (3)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (4)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (3)
-
Morrison Formation (18)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (4)
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (6)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (2)
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (3)
-
Newark Supergroup (3)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (8)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (4)
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Norian (3)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (1)
-
-
Stormberg Series (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (3)
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (3)
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (4)
-
MIS 6 (2)
-
MIS 7 (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Bedford Shale (1)
-
Berea Sandstone (7)
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Shady Dolomite (1)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian (2)
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Semri Series (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
Copper Ridge Dolomite (3)
-
Eau Claire Formation (9)
-
Franconia Formation (1)
-
Furongian (3)
-
Galesville Sandstone (1)
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (20)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Bartlesville Sand (1)
-
Jackfork Group (2)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (4)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Borden Group (10)
-
Harrodsburg Limestone (4)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (3)
-
Fort Payne Formation (13)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Lake Valley Formation (6)
-
Lodgepole Formation (5)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (6)
-
Keokuk Limestone (4)
-
-
Pocono Formation (2)
-
Tournaisian (10)
-
-
Madison Group (4)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (2)
-
Price Formation (2)
-
Ramp Creek Formation (2)
-
Redwall Limestone (1)
-
Sunbury Shale (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Aux Vases Sandstone (2)
-
Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
Renault Formation (1)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (3)
-
Greenbrier Limestone (3)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (2)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (5)
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (6)
-
Salem Limestone (11)
-
Warsaw Formation (2)
-
-
Parkwood Formation (1)
-
Pennington Formation (1)
-
Pitkin Limestone (1)
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Valmeyeran (5)
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (6)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (3)
-
Joggins Formation (6)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Crab Orchard Mountains Group (1)
-
Gizzard Group (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Mansfield Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (5)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Carbondale Formation (4)
-
Desmoinesian (4)
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (8)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (3)
-
Monongahela Group (2)
-
Pottsville Group (4)
-
Saginaw Formation (1)
-
Sharon Conglomerate (1)
-
Springfield Coal Member (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (4)
-
Kasimovian (3)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
Lansing Group (2)
-
Plattsburg Limestone (1)
-
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (2)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
Plattsmouth Limestone Member (1)
-
Shawnee Group (3)
-
Tonganoxie Sandstone (1)
-
Wabaunsee Group (1)
-
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Springer Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (7)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Catskill Formation (2)
-
Chattanooga Shale (7)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (3)
-
Hunsruck Shale (1)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (10)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (7)
-
Pragian (2)
-
York River Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Boyle Dolomite (1)
-
Delaware Limestone (1)
-
Detroit River Group (1)
-
Dundee Limestone (2)
-
Eifelian (11)
-
Givetian
-
Horn Plateau Formation (1)
-
upper Givetian (1)
-
-
Hamilton Group (5)
-
Jeffersonville Limestone (3)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (12)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (7)
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
Sylvania Formation (1)
-
Tioga Bentonite (2)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (2)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (2)
-
Swan Hills Formation (2)
-
Thirtyone Formation (2)
-
Traverse Group (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Chemung Formation (2)
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (2)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
lower Frasnian (1)
-
-
Hampshire Formation (2)
-
Huron Member (2)
-
Jefferson Group (2)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Ohio Shale (5)
-
Olentangy Shale (1)
-
Sonyea Group (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (2)
-
Zlichovian (1)
-
-
Dunkard Group (3)
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (5)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Knox Group (12)
-
Lisburne Group (3)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (2)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (5)
-
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (12)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Clays Ferry Formation (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (3)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (3)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Prairie du Chien Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (6)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (6)
-
Bromide Formation (3)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (10)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (3)
-
Glenwood Shale (1)
-
Llandeilian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (3)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (7)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (2)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (12)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (4)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (6)
-
-
Edenian (2)
-
Fairview Formation (11)
-
Hirnantian (11)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (24)
-
Kope Formation (16)
-
Maquoketa Formation (7)
-
Mohawkian (3)
-
Queenston Shale (2)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (7)
-
Trentonian (8)
-
Whitewater Formation (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (9)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
Womble Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (3)
-
Ecca Group (3)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
Roadian (1)
-
-
Illawarra Coal Measures (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (2)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
Wichita Group (1)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (8)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Bainbridge Formation (1)
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Henryhouse Formation (1)
-
Lockport Formation (5)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (6)
-
Grimsby Sandstone (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (6)
-
Rhuddanian (4)
-
Telychian (3)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Tuscarora Formation (2)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (3)
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (2)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (1)
-
Guelph Formation (3)
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
Rochester Formation (3)
-
Waldron Shale (2)
-
-
Niagaran (17)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow
-
Ludfordian (2)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
Salina Group (7)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
Talladega Group (2)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (7)
-
Arkansas Novaculite (1)
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (11)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
Central Rand Group (3)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Minas Supergroup (1)
-
Missi Group (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (2)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Prince Albert Group (1)
-
Sokoman Formation (1)
-
Spuhler Peak Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Freda Sandstone (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Stenian (2)
-
Wallace Formation (1)
-
-
Negaunee Iron Formation (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (1)
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (9)
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (4)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (3)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Rooiberg Group (1)
-
Thomson Formation (1)
-
Virginia Formation (1)
-
Wollaston Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Vindhyan (2)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (2)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (3)
-
picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (2)
-
diabase (4)
-
diorites
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
troctolite (2)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (1)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (4)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (2)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (4)
-
syenites (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
mugearite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (9)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
dacites (3)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (3)
-
-
komatiite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
green tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (2)
-
ignimbrite (5)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
tuff (14)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (10)
-
trachyandesites (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
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Primary terms
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industrial minerals (1)
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Expedition 317
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Invertebrata
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Insecta
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Mesozoic
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upper Albian (3)
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Wealden (1)
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Mancos Shale (4)
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Middle Cretaceous
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Winton Formation (2)
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Natih Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Almond Formation (1)
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lower Campanian (2)
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upper Campanian (13)
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Cardium Formation (1)
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Carlile Shale (3)
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Hell Creek Formation (9)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (19)
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Kaiparowits Formation (3)
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Maestrichtian
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upper Maestrichtian (9)
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Turonian
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middle Turonian (2)
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Two Medicine Formation (11)
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Williams Fork Formation (2)
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Viking Formation (1)
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Jurassic
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Clarens Formation (2)
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Lower Jurassic
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East Berlin Formation (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Norphlet Formation (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Arab Formation (1)
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Tithonian (6)
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Kayenta Formation (2)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Stormberg Series (1)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (3)
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aluminum
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Uinta Mountains (2)
-
Wasatch Range (1)
-
Wet Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Saint Elias Mountains (4)
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (2)
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
-
Sweetgrass Arch (2)
-
Tanana River (1)
-
Transcontinental Arch (2)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (10)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (17)
-
-
Western Overthrust Belt (2)
-
Williston Basin (8)
-
Yakutat Terrane (7)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (3)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
nuclear facilities (1)
-
ocean basins (2)
-
ocean circulation (3)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 150
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ODP Site 902 (1)
-
ODP Site 903 (1)
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ODP Site 904 (1)
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ODP Site 905 (1)
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ODP Site 906 (1)
-
-
Leg 177
-
ODP Site 1089 (1)
-
ODP Site 1094 (1)
-
-
Leg 184
-
ODP Site 1143 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (5)
-
ocean waves (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
Micronesia
-
Caroline Islands (1)
-
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
oceanography (1)
-
oil and gas fields (79)
-
orogeny (32)
-
oxygen
-
O-17/O-16 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (86)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Cocos Ridge (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of California (2)
-
Monterey Canyon (1)
-
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of California (2)
-
Monterey Canyon (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Malay Basin (1)
-
Yinggehai Basin (1)
-
Zhujiangkou Basin (1)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Cook Strait (1)
-
Java Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Indonesian Seas
-
Java Sea (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Malay Basin (1)
-
Yinggehai Basin (1)
-
Zhujiangkou Basin (1)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Cook Strait (1)
-
Java Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
paleobotany (1)
-
paleoclimatology (109)
-
paleoecology (252)
-
paleogeography (154)
-
paleomagnetism (24)
-
paleontology (42)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Bedford Shale (1)
-
Berea Sandstone (7)
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Shady Dolomite (1)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian (2)
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Semri Series (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
Copper Ridge Dolomite (3)
-
Eau Claire Formation (9)
-
Franconia Formation (1)
-
Furongian (3)
-
Galesville Sandstone (1)
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (20)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Bartlesville Sand (1)
-
Jackfork Group (2)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (4)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Borden Group (10)
-
Harrodsburg Limestone (4)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (3)
-
Fort Payne Formation (13)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Lake Valley Formation (6)
-
Lodgepole Formation (5)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (6)
-
Keokuk Limestone (4)
-
-
Pocono Formation (2)
-
Tournaisian (10)
-
-
Madison Group (4)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (2)
-
Price Formation (2)
-
Ramp Creek Formation (2)
-
Redwall Limestone (1)
-
Sunbury Shale (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Aux Vases Sandstone (2)
-
Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
Renault Formation (1)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (3)
-
Greenbrier Limestone (3)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (2)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (5)
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (6)
-
Salem Limestone (11)
-
Warsaw Formation (2)
-
-
Parkwood Formation (1)
-
Pennington Formation (1)
-
Pitkin Limestone (1)
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Valmeyeran (5)
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (6)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (3)
-
Joggins Formation (6)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Crab Orchard Mountains Group (1)
-
Gizzard Group (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Mansfield Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (5)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Carbondale Formation (4)
-
Desmoinesian (4)
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (8)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (3)
-
Monongahela Group (2)
-
Pottsville Group (4)
-
Saginaw Formation (1)
-
Sharon Conglomerate (1)
-
Springfield Coal Member (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (4)
-
Kasimovian (3)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
Lansing Group (2)
-
Plattsburg Limestone (1)
-
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (2)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
Plattsmouth Limestone Member (1)
-
Shawnee Group (3)
-
Tonganoxie Sandstone (1)
-
Wabaunsee Group (1)
-
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Springer Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (7)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Catskill Formation (2)
-
Chattanooga Shale (7)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (3)
-
Hunsruck Shale (1)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (10)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (7)
-
Pragian (2)
-
York River Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Boyle Dolomite (1)
-
Delaware Limestone (1)
-
Detroit River Group (1)
-
Dundee Limestone (2)
-
Eifelian (11)
-
Givetian
-
Horn Plateau Formation (1)
-
upper Givetian (1)
-
-
Hamilton Group (5)
-
Jeffersonville Limestone (3)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (12)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (7)
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
Sylvania Formation (1)
-
Tioga Bentonite (2)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (2)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (2)
-
Swan Hills Formation (2)
-
Thirtyone Formation (2)
-
Traverse Group (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Chemung Formation (2)
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (2)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
lower Frasnian (1)
-
-
Hampshire Formation (2)
-
Huron Member (2)
-
Jefferson Group (2)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Ohio Shale (5)
-
Olentangy Shale (1)
-
Sonyea Group (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (2)
-
Zlichovian (1)
-
-
Dunkard Group (3)
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (5)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Knox Group (12)
-
Lisburne Group (3)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (2)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (5)
-
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (12)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Clays Ferry Formation (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (3)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (3)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Prairie du Chien Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (6)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (6)
-
Bromide Formation (3)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (10)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (3)
-
Glenwood Shale (1)
-
Llandeilian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (3)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (7)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (2)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (12)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (4)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (6)
-
-
Edenian (2)
-
Fairview Formation (11)
-
Hirnantian (11)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (24)
-
Kope Formation (16)
-
Maquoketa Formation (7)
-
Mohawkian (3)
-
Queenston Shale (2)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (7)
-
Trentonian (8)
-
Whitewater Formation (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (9)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
Womble Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (3)
-
Ecca Group (3)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
Roadian (1)
-
-
Illawarra Coal Measures (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (2)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
Wichita Group (1)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (8)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Bainbridge Formation (1)
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Henryhouse Formation (1)
-
Lockport Formation (5)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (6)
-
Grimsby Sandstone (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (6)
-
Rhuddanian (4)
-
Telychian (3)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Tuscarora Formation (2)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (3)
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (2)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (1)
-
Guelph Formation (3)
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
Rochester Formation (3)
-
Waldron Shale (2)
-
-
Niagaran (17)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow
-
Ludfordian (2)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
Salina Group (7)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
Talladega Group (2)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (7)
-
Arkansas Novaculite (1)
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (21)
-
Chitinozoa (11)
-
Dinoflagellata (5)
-
miospores
-
Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (22)
-
-
-
paragenesis (21)
-
permafrost (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (10)
-
shale gas (9)
-
-
shale oil (2)
-
-
petrology (36)
-
Phanerozoic (11)
-
phase equilibria (7)
-
phosphate deposits (2)
-
placers (3)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (4)
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (4)
-
nannofossils (4)
-
Rhodophyta (1)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (7)
-
Psilopsida (1)
-
Sphenopsida
-
Equisetales (2)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Acer (1)
-
Betula (1)
-
Compositae (1)
-
Dryas (1)
-
Hamamelididae (1)
-
Quercus (1)
-
Rosidae (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae (1)
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Araucariaceae
-
Araucaria (1)
-
-
Pinaceae
-
Pinus (1)
-
-
Taxodiaceae
-
Metasequoia (1)
-
-
-
Cordaitales
-
Cordaites (1)
-
-
Cycadales (3)
-
Dadoxylon (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Pteridospermae (7)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (60)
-
pollution (28)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
Central Rand Group (3)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Minas Supergroup (1)
-
Missi Group (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (2)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Prince Albert Group (1)
-
Sokoman Formation (1)
-
Spuhler Peak Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Freda Sandstone (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Stenian (2)
-
Wallace Formation (1)
-
-
Negaunee Iron Formation (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (1)
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (9)
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (4)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (3)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Rooiberg Group (1)
-
Thomson Formation (1)
-
Virginia Formation (1)
-
Wollaston Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (3)
-
-
Pterobranchia (3)
-
reclamation (2)
-
reefs (44)
-
remote sensing (24)
-
reservoirs (3)
-
rock mechanics (13)
-
salt deposits (1)
-
sea water (8)
-
sea-level changes (86)
-
sedimentary petrology (64)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
bauxite (1)
-
bone beds (24)
-
carbonate rocks
-
beachrock (1)
-
boundstone (4)
-
chalk (2)
-
dolostone (25)
-
grainstone (11)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (2)
-
calcilutite (1)
-
micrite (4)
-
microbialite (5)
-
-
packstone (12)
-
travertine (2)
-
wackestone (9)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (12)
-
evaporites
-
salt (4)
-
-
flint (1)
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (4)
-
-
phosphate rocks (5)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (1)
-
-
argillite (1)
-
arkose (2)
-
bentonite (12)
-
black shale (42)
-
claystone (6)
-
conglomerate (19)
-
diamictite (4)
-
eolianite (2)
-
marl (6)
-
mudstone (68)
-
novaculite (1)
-
porcellanite (2)
-
red beds (10)
-
sandstone (134)
-
shale (70)
-
siltstone (26)
-
tillite (4)
-
tonstein (1)
-
-
coal
-
anthracite (1)
-
lignite (2)
-
-
gas shale (3)
-
oil sands (2)
-
oil shale
-
kukersite (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
flute casts (1)
-
frost features (1)
-
ripple marks (5)
-
sand ridges (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
algal structures
-
algal mats (1)
-
algal mounds (1)
-
-
bioherms
-
mud mounds (4)
-
-
bioturbation (16)
-
carbonate banks (1)
-
lebensspuren (10)
-
microbial mats (2)
-
stromatactis (2)
-
stromatolites (6)
-
thrombolites (1)
-
-
current markings (1)
-
graded bedding (2)
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (11)
-
cross-bedding (11)
-
cross-laminations (1)
-
cross-stratification (3)
-
cyclothems
-
megacyclothems (1)
-
-
hummocky cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (11)
-
rhythmic bedding (4)
-
rhythmite (8)
-
ripple drift-cross laminations (1)
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sand bodies (2)
-
varves (1)
-
-
rhizoliths (1)
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (15)
-
geodes (1)
-
microstylolites (1)
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septaria (1)
-
stylolites (9)
-
-
seismites (4)
-
soft sediment deformation
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clastic dikes (6)
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convoluted beds (2)
-
olistoliths (2)
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sandstone dikes (2)
-
slump structures (2)
-
-
turbidity current structures (1)
-
-
sedimentation (125)
-
sediments
-
carbonate sediments (4)
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (17)
-
boulders (5)
-
clay (11)
-
cobbles (1)
-
colluvium (2)
-
diamicton (5)
-
drift (4)
-
dust (2)
-
gravel (7)
-
kaolin (2)
-
loess (15)
-
mud (3)
-
outwash (9)
-
overbank sediments (2)
-
pebbles (1)
-
quartz sand (1)
-
residuum (1)
-
sand (12)
-
silt (7)
-
till (26)
-
-
marine sediments (17)
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
south-central Indiana
The Indiana building-limestone district, south-central Indiana Available to Purchase
Abstract The best public access to quarries from which the noted Indiana Limestone (trade name) is produced is at a park and demonstration center in the NE¼NW00BC;Sec.33, T.6N., R.1W., Lawrence County, Indiana (Oolitic 7½-minute Quadrangle), and lies 1 mi (1.6 km) north of Oolitic, which is, in turn, some 3 mi (4.8 km) north of Bedford, the county seat of Lawrence County (Fig. 1). The site may be reached by passenger car or bus. Visitors approaching from the south by 4-lane Indiana 37 should pass the turnout to the north part of Oolitic and proceed 2.3 mi (3.7 km) to Trogden Lane, turning right (east) there and passing through Needmore to the old 2-lane route of Indiana 37(1.2 mi [1.9 km]). Turn right (southeast) and proceed half a mile (0.8 km) to the entry for the Indiana Limestone Tourist Park and Demonstration Center. Visitors approaching from the north by Indiana 37 (4-lane)will pass a stoplight intersection with Indiana 45 at the southwest edge of Bloomington and proceed 7.7 mi (12.3 km) to the place where the road descends from the upland in a deep bedrock cut through the lower part of the Salem Limestone, the entire Harrodsburg Limestone and Ramp Creek Formation, and the upper few feet of the Borden Group (Middle Mississippian). The highway crosses Clear Creek about 0.3 mi (0.5 km) south of the cut, and 2.2 mi (3.7 km) south of the bridge the new highway intersects old Indiana 37 at a blinker light. Turn left
Karst geology and hydrogeology of the Mitchell Plateau of south-central Indiana Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The Mitchell Plateau of south-central Indiana is one of the iconic karst landscapes of the United States. The sinkhole-dimpled forests, fields, and farms; the extensive cave systems; and the deep windows into the groundwater system have fostered curiosity, exploration, and publication since the mid-1800s. This paper is designed to complement a field excursion to the classic features of this landscape. Included are literature reviews focused on three karst basins of the Mitchell Plateau: Mill Creek–Mosquito Creek, Bluespring Caverns, and Lost River. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and geochemical data are synthesized in the modern context of our understanding of epigenetic karst. Revealed are three styles of karst basin: (1) small, shallow karst aquifers strongly controlled by meteoric recharge and epikarst percolation; (2) intermediate-size karst aquifers with significant base flow and surface-water–groundwater interaction; and (3) regional aquifer systems with outcrop belt recharge, downdip transport into confinement with long water-rock interaction times, and artesian flow or entrainment of mineralized waters through fractures into springs or surface waters. Quaternary glaciation has greatly influenced the vertical position of base level through river incision and sediment aggradation; conduit development is controlled by proximity to the major rivers and the stratigraphic position of conduits.
Possible Earthquakes Recorded in Stalagmites from a Cave in South‐Central Indiana Available to Purchase
Paleoliquefaction evidence for a strong Holocene earthquake in south-central Indiana Available to Purchase
Mississippian brachiopod biostratigraphy and the Osagean-Meramecian boundary in south-central Indiana Free
Neap-spring tidal cyclicity in laminated carbonate channel-fill deposits and its implications; Salem Limestone (Mississippian), south-central Indiana, U.S.A. Available to Purchase
Porosity Evolution in Salem Limestone (Mississippian) of South-Central Indiana: ABSTRACT Free
Preservational control of trace-fossil assemblages; Middle Mississippian carbonates of south-central Indiana Free
Trace Fossils of Middle Mississippian Carbonates, South-Central Indiana: ABSTRACT Free
Stratigraphy and origin of surficial deposits in sinkholes in south-central Indiana Available to Purchase
A Significant Pleistocene Exposure in South-Central Indiana Available to Purchase
Depositional Environments of Salem Limestone (Mississippian) of South-Central Indiana: ABSTRACT Free
Crossroads of geology in New Harmony, with a guide to historically significant Mississippian and Pennsylvanian exposures in south central and southwestern Indiana Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The historic town of New Harmony is located along the Wabash River in Posey County, Indiana, and served as a focal point for natural scientists, especially geologists, in the early nineteenth century. Notable geologists that lived and worked in New Harmony during this time include Edward Travers Cox, William Maclure, Fielding Bradford Meek, Joseph Granville Norwood, David Dale Owen, Richard Dale Owen, Benjamin Franklin Shumard, Gerard Troost, and Amos Henry Worthen. Other natural scientists who worked in New Harmony include Charles Alexandre Lesueur and Thomas Say, and the town was also visited by James Hall, Leo Lesquereux, Sir Charles Lyell, and Alexander Philipp Maximilian, Prince of Wied. The purpose of this field-trip guide is to highlight the scientific and geologic enterprise that operated in nineteenth-century New Harmony, Indiana. There will be a tour of historic buildings including laboratories used by David Dale Owen, such as the Rapp-Owen Granary and his fourth laboratory, which was constructed in 1859. Furthermore, field-trip participants will visit a new geology exhibit at the Working Men’s Institute, an organization established by William Maclure in 1838. The field excursion will also visit historically significant localities, including Mississippian and Pennsylvanian exposures, the type section of the West Franklin Limestone, and a Pennsylvanian paleobotanical site that yielded extensive collections of plant fossils in the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, this field trip will provide an opportunity to discuss the importance of art to geological studies in the early nineteenth century. Specifically, hand-colored geologic maps, cross sections, and renderings of fossils were included with many of the scientific reports of historic New Harmony, and are reflected by the superb artwork of Charles Alexandre Lesueur, David Dale Owen, and Thomas Say. Access to view their original scientific artwork is possible only through special arrangement with the Working Men’s Institute.
Evolution of Lower Pennsylvanian Estuarine Facies within Two Adjacent Paleovalleys, Illinois Basin, Indiana Available to Purchase
Abstract The lower Pennsylvanian strata in Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky rests unconformably on Mississippian to Devonian deposits within the midcontinent Illinois Basin. These deposits fill a complex drainage network of sub-Pennsylvanian paleovalleys with as much as 140 m of shale, sandstone, coal, and mudstone. Paleovalley widths are variable ranging from a kilometer to several kilometers wide and trend roughly northeast to southwest. Timing of valley incision is difficult to constrain and may have been diachronous. Filling of the southern reaches of the drainage system commenced during earliest Pennsylvanian while incision may have continued in the more northern (upland) reaches in Indiana. The paleovalleys progressively filled from south to north during an overall transgressive sea-level rise. During sea-level rise, these valleys became the sites for estuarine deposition. Two relatively small paleovalleys (1 to 1.5 km wide) have been studied in detail in south-central Indiana. Lithofacies can be mapped down the valleys for several kilometers by using subsurface and outcrop data. Within these valleys, conglomerate and conglomeratic sand-dominated inner (upper) estuarine, mud-dominated estuarine central basin, and sand-dominated outer (lower) estuarine deposits can be identified. Central basin sediments overlie fluvial deposits. Direct evidence of tidal influence within the central basin deposits can be recognized by the presence of intertidal rhythmites that exhibit well developed neap-spring cycles. Outer estuarine deposits overlie the central basin deposits and accumulated during the final stages of valley-filling.
Petrology of the Jeffersonville Limestone (Middle Devonian) of Southeastern Indiana Available to Purchase
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Estimates Incorporating Site Effects—An Example from Indiana, U.S.A Available to Purchase
MIOSPORE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE BORDEN DELTA (LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN; OSAGEAN) IN KENTUCKY AND INDIANA, U.S.A. Available to Purchase
Salem Limestone (Valmeyeran, Mississippian)—A high-energy carbonate shoal model Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The Salem Limestone (Valmeyeran, Mississippian) is a preeminent dimensional limestone quarried in a two-county area of south-central Indiana for nearly 200 years. Advances in quarry technology in the past 30 years produce nearly smooth-sawn quarry walls that show the exquisite depositional details of the Salem carbonate shoal. The Salem shoal is part of a large-scale shoaling sequence that produced a carbonate platform during the middle Mississippian that began at the end of Borden Group (Mississippian) delta deposition and culminated with the deposition of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian). The Salem was deposited as a high-energy, but subtidal shoal above fair-weather wave base. Four environments are recognizable within the shoal: active shoal, open lagoon, intrashoal channel, and intershoal channel. A shoal crest environment may also be present as a fifth environment. A hierarchy of bounding surfaces can be defined using the sawed quarry exposures. First-order surfaces are foreset laminae and appear as inclined or horizontal stratification. Second-order surfaces are the contacts between similar bedforms, and third-order surfaces truncate first- and second-order surfaces, representing breaks in sedimentation. Combined they define mesoforms within the shoal complex. Fourth-order surfaces, similar to third-order surfaces, represent a change from a shoal to lagoonal setting. Evidence of hard-ground development occurs along third-order surfaces, associated with encrusting bryozoan holdfasts, corals, and columnar subtidal stromatolites. Tracing surfaces on the quarry walls is vital to reconstructing the internal architecture of the shoal and the processes that operated within it. We will examine this shoal architecture by visiting quarries and an outcrop, and we will visit a mill where quarried stone blocks are fabricated into panels and shapes for buildings.
Geological Heterogeneities and Reservoir Model Based on Facies Architecture of Middle Mississippian Salem Grainstone Shoal, Illinois Basin Available to Purchase
Abstract Internal architecture, three scales of reservoir heterogeneity, and porosity-permeability compartments can be reconstructed for Middle Mississippian Salem Limestone reservoirs of the Illinois Basin by integrating bedform architecture, depositional fabrics, and trends of porosity development. In sawed quarry walls of south-central Indiana, excellent exposures of the Salem Limestone allow detailed mapping of a wide range of bedforms representative of an extremely dynamic hydrographic regime similar to that of the shoreface zones of siliciclastic shelves. Echinoderm- and bryozoa-rich grainstones and fossiliferous oolitic grainstones are the predominant depositional facies and were deposited as subtidal shoals in an upper shore-face setting. Vertical and spatial relationships of facies and bedforms reveal hierarchies of depositional units and bounding surfaces that have been used to reconstruct four architectural packages (AP’s) of the scale of mesoforms. AP-I is a channelized mesoform that defines a NNE-SSW intrashoal channel. AP-II is a large storm-deposited sandwave complex that filled the channel. AP-III is a dark-gray grainstone/packstone that grades laterally into packstones and was deposited in a relatively low energy setting. AP-IV consists of oscillatory trough cross-stratified megaripples of oolitic grainstones. Numerous stylolites occur and add to the mesoscale heterogeneity. Together, microfacies, bedforms, and bounding surfaces compartmentalize porosity and permeability and lead to micro- and mesoscale heterogeneities within the mesoform scale architectural packages. Lessons learned from such outcrop models can be applied to the producing Salem reservoirs in the subsurface. Here, in the distal parts of the inner ramp, the shoal complex is even more compartmentalized because each AP is represented by a “complete” suite of upward-shallowing facies: a basal outer shelf sponge-spicular wackestone, a main shoal grainstone, and an overlying restricted marine lagoonal wackestone. When integrated with mercury-injection capillary-pressure and production data, these packages and respective scales of reservoir heterogeneity help delineate flow units for reservoir characterization and simulation purposes and determine how the reservoir facies will drain during primary and secondary recovery. The results can also be used to reduce uncertainty (geologic risk) during the pre-drill economic assessment, field appraisal, and development phases.