Figure 7. Monthly snow depth and normalized sensitivity. Average snow depth values are obtained from 54 snow stations in Alaska and the Yukon territory within close proximity (<60 km) of TA stations. The median of these values is shown in blue.

Fig. 8. The (a) snow water equivalent (SWE), (b) snow depth, (c) frost depth, (d) soil water flux at the 5–20 cm soil depth, (e) soil water content at the 5-cm depth, and (f) daily mean soil temperature at the 2-cm depth with air temperature as a reference for the site that has been ungrazed

Fig. 6. March 2006 snow depth and vegetation height measured along the snow courses at all sites (BF1–LS7; N = 103). Least-squares regression lines are plotted for the forest site (□) ( y = 0.07 x  + 87.128; r 2 = 0.01; P = 0.712) and sites north of the forest (●) ( y = 0.31 x  + 41.677

Fig. 6. Daily snow depth and soil water equivalent (SWE) measured at upper met snow pillow for (a) Water Year (WY) 2008, (b) WY 2009, and (c) snow density based on dividing daily SWE by depth.

Fig. 7. Measured vs. calculated snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) for 57 points across the subcatchment on 10 Feb. 2004 of the validation period. Points are on the northeast-facing slope (NE), southeast-facing slope (SE), and southwest-facing slope (SW).

Fig. 9. Relationship between thaw depth (cm) and snow depth (cm) (a) at the soil monitoring stations (C1, C2, A1, and A2) in summer 2007 and 2008, (b) across the entire experimental catchment areas based on end of winter snow surveys and manual probe measurements on 25 July 2008; (c) the same

Figure 9. (a) Comparison between dominant periodic eigenvectors snow depth and rainfall (annual signals) and GNSS and HYDL vertical displacements (combined annual and semiannual signals). The major and minor subsidence shown by GNSS and HDYL correspond with the peak of snow load and rainfall

Fig. 8. Snow depth and soil temperature at the three profile measurement sites: (A) west facing (WF) in the low sagebrush landscape unit (LU), (B) north facing (NF) in the mountain sagebrush LU, and (C) drifted north facing (DNF) in the aspen LU. Note differences in the y axes due to very

Fig. 3. Nine-year average (2003–2011) of snow depth for both the upper and lower meteorological stations as well as the average snow water equivalent measured at the upper meteorological station.

Fig. 4. Daily mean air temperature and snow depth at Fish Island, outer Mackenzie Delta area, 2008–2009 ( AANDC 2011 ).

Fig. 6. Spatial variation of ( a , b ) late-winter snow depth (2008) and ( c , d ) active-layer depth (2007) at the local scale in upland and alluvial terrain ( a , c ), and at the regional scale with increasing northerliness ( b , d ). Sites were not plotted against latitude because some

Fig. 11. Snow depth at Inuvik and freeze back of the active layer at end members of the tree line transect (DST2, black; ST6, grey) for ( a ) 2004 and ( b ) 2005. Temperatures were recorded at a depth of 100 cm below the ground surface and represent the mean of four daily measurements.

Fig. 12. Surface offset ( T s  – T a ) in relation to late-winter snow depth from all data available at all sites between 2005 and 2010. Circles (○) represent sites BF1–ST4, and solid squares (▪) represent sites ST5–ST6. The least-squares regression line for all the data is SO = 0.05 z

Fig. 5. Relation between snow depth-days (SDD) and n f for individual years at the study sites, grouped based on the range of mean annual air temperatures, in comparison with expected results derived from Riseborough and Smith (1998) . Average snow thicknesses were converted to SDD by D

Fig. 5. Difference in snow depth: (a) mean and standard deviation of depths in the open (five sensors) minus those at the drip edge (11 sensors) or under the canopy (11 sensors); (b) differences at upper minus lower elevation nodes, separated by open, drip edge and under canopy; and (c) depths

Fig. 10. Statistical distributions of snow depth and 30-cm volumetric water content (VWC) values from 27 instrument nodes.

Fig. 5. Measured and calculated snow depth, profile-average soil water content, and profile-average soil temperature for Pit 100 on the northeast-facing slope of the subcatchment for the validation period.

F ig . 3. Simulated and observed snow depth (in mm of equivalent water).

Figure 7. Average late-summertime snow depth (cm, water equivalent) over land for five simulations with a range of geographies, CO 2 levels, and orbital configurations: Sakmarian, 1×CO 2 ; Sakmarian, 4×CO 2 ; Wordian, 4×CO 2 and cold summer orbit ( CSO ); Wordian, 4×CO 2 ; Wordian, 4×CO 2

Figure 7. Processed image from line 34, showing the snow depths measured by the snow cores (A2–A10) along the transect (blue lines).