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scandium ores

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Journal Article

The Economic Geology of Scandium, the Runt of the Rare Earth Element Litter

A. E. Williams-Jones, O. V. Vasyukova
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 June 2018
Economic Geology (2018) 113 (4): 973–988.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4579
... to that of iron and magnesium and consequently concentrates easily in major ferromagnesian rock-forming minerals, notably clinopyroxene. Unlike the other REEs, it is therefore a compatible element. In many scandium deposits, clinopyroxene is the main ore mineral, although in some deposits scandium is hosted...
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Results of the thermodynamic modeling of the reaction, at 400°C, 1.0 kbar, ...

Results of the thermodynamic modeling of the reaction, at 400°C, 1.0 kbar, ...

Published: 01 December 2023
Fig. 8. Results of the thermodynamic modeling of the reaction, at 400°C, 1.0 kbar, and an initial pH of 3, of a scandium ore fluid containing 2 m NaCl, 13 m CO 2 , and 0.80 ppm Sc, with a rock containing 90 wt % calcite and 10 wt % hydroxyapatite. A) the mol of the different minerals present
Journal Article

Scandium content of ore and skarn minerals at Franklin, New Jersey

Clifford Frondel
Published: 01 June 1970
American Mineralogist (1970) 55 (5-6): 1051–1054.
... in different specimens vary widely, indicating non-equilibrium conditions. Volumetrically, the great bulk of the scandium in the deposit is present in substitution for Fe 3 in the franklinite of the normal ore and in the andradite of the skarns. 1 Mineralogical Contribution No. 473. Copyright ©...
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THE ROLE OF SCANDIUM CHLORIDE AND HYDROXIDE COMPLEXES IN THE FORMATION OF SCANDIUM DEPOSITS: INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING

Jiaxin Wang, A. E. Williams-Jones, A. Timofeev, Xueni Zhang, Jiajun Liu, Shunda Yuan
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 December 2023
Economic Geology (2023) 118 (8): 1995–2004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5026
...Fig. 8. Results of the thermodynamic modeling of the reaction, at 400°C, 1.0 kbar, and an initial pH of 3, of a scandium ore fluid containing 2 m NaCl, 13 m CO 2 , and 0.80 ppm Sc, with a rock containing 90 wt % calcite and 10 wt % hydroxyapatite. A) the mol of the different minerals present...
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First-principles modeling of X-ray absorption spectra enlightens the processes of scandium sequestration by iron oxides

Mathieu Chassé, Marc Blanchard, Delphine Cabaret, Amélie Juhin, Delphine Vantelon, Georges Calas
Published: 01 July 2020
American Mineralogist (2020) 105 (7): 1099–1103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7308
... mechanism of sequestration in these geochemical conditions. This speciation explains efficient scandium recovery through mild metal-lurgical treatments of supergene lateritic ores. The specificities of scandium sorption mechanisms are related to the preservation of adsorbed scandium in million-years old...
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Scandium Geochemistry of the Oka Carbonatite Complex, Oka, Quebec

G. Nelson Eby
Published: 01 October 1973
American Mineralogist (1973) 58 (9-10): 819–825.
... < sövites < alnöites. The ore minerals (niocalite, perovskite, and pyrochlore) and apatite are the principal carriers of scandium; ferromagnesian minerals contain less scandium and show the order of scandium uptake: biotite < pyroxene < garnet. The scandium content of the calcites is quite variable...
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SCANDIUM MINERALOGY: PRETULITE WITH SCANDIAN ZIRCON AND XENOTIME-(Y) WITHIN AN APATITE-RICH OOLITIC IRONSTONE FROM SAINT-AUBIN-DES-CHÂTEAUX, ARMORICAN MASSIF, FRANCE

Yves Moëlo, Yves Lulzac, Olivier Rouer, Pierre Palvadeau, Éric Gloaguen, Philippe Léone
Published: 01 December 2002
The Canadian Mineralogist (2002) 40 (6): 1657–1673.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.6.1657
... and pretulite. Xenotime-(Y), also epitactic on zircon, shows distinct stages of crystallization, with a decrease in Y together with an enrichment in the lighter REE and Sc (up to 0.7 wt.% Sc 2 O 3 ). The scandium minerals at Saint-Aubin reflect the evolution of the iron ore, from sedimentation to diagenesis...
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Critical raw materials associated with the lateritic bauxite and red mud in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Andy Yahya Al Hakim, Dedi Sunjaya, Arie Naftali Hawu Hede, Teti Indriati, Taufiq Hidayat
Published: 20 September 2023
Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis (2023) 23 (3): geochem2022-064.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-064
... . Beland , C.M.J. and Williams-Jones , A.E. 2022 . The genesis of a potential scandium ore deposit at Crater Lake, Canada . Chemical Geology , 615 , 121223 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121223 Borst , A.M. , Smith , M.P. et al. 2020 . Adsorption of rare earth...
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Compound criticality of bauxite production: implications for sustainability and trade neo-colonialism

C. Malam, K. R. Moore, P. Diallo
Journal: Geoenergy
Published: 22 July 2024
Geoenergy (2024) 2 (1): geoenergy2023-054.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/geoenergy2023-054
...) Gallium is a by-product CRM, extracted during alumina refining. (3) Multiple other CRM by-products could be extracted during alumina refining: scandium, lithium, cobalt, titanium and REE. (4) Production is profoundly influenced by price inelasticity (for by-products), regime instability of bauxite...
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Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare-Earth Elements in Ferruginous Deposits and Bottom Sediments of the Laptev Sea

O.N. Kolesnik, A.N. Kolesnik, A.S. Astakhov
Published: 01 December 2023
Russ. Geol. Geophys. (2023) 64 (12): 1430–1442.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/RGG20234491
... an = 0.94). The non-ore substance comes from terrigenous sediments and has an (alumino)silicate composition. It controls the scandium content and is the source of REE mineral grains, among which monazite-(Ce) prevails. The sediments demonstrate a common similarity in REE patterns to shales and suspended...
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Rare Earth Deposits of the Murmansk Region, Russia—A Review

A. O. Kalashnikov, N. G. Konopleva, Ya. A. Pakhomovsky, G. Yu. Ivanyuk
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 November 2016
Economic Geology (2016) 111 (7): 1529–1559.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.7.1529
... in the region total 22.4, and 36.2 million tonnes, respectively. The most important resources occur in (1) the currently mined Khibiny titanite-apatite deposits, and (2) the Lovozero loparite-eudialyte deposit. The Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit is a potentially important resource of scandium...
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Book Chapter

Resource Potential for Commodities in Addition to Uranium in Sandstone-Hosted Deposits

Author(s)
George N. Breit
Book: Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits
Series: Reviews in Economic Geology
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Published: 01 January 2016
DOI: 10.5382/Rev.18.13
EISBN: 9781629490922
... Abstract Sandstone-hosted deposits mined primarily for their uranium content also have been a source of vanadium and modest amounts of copper. Processing of these ores has also recovered small amounts of molybdenum, rhenium, rare earth elements, scandium, and selenium. These deposits share...
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Abstract Sandstone-hosted deposits mined primarily for their uranium content also have been a source of vanadium and modest amounts of copper. Processing of these ores has also recovered small amounts of molybdenum, rhenium, rare earth elements, scandium, and selenium. These deposits share a generally common origin, but variations in the source of metals, composition of ore-forming solutions, and geologic history result in complex variability in deposit composition. This heterogeneity is evident regionally within the same host rock, as well as within districts. Future recovery of elements associated with uranium in these deposits will be strongly dependent on mining and ore-processing methods.

Journal Article

Scandian actinolite from Jordanów Śląski, Lower Silesia, Poland: Compositional evolution, crystal structure, and genetic implications

Adam Pieczka, Marcin Stachowicz, Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz, Bożena Gołębiowska, Mateusz Sęk, Krzysztof Nejbert, Jakub Kotowski, Beata Marciniak-Maliszewska, Adam Szuszkiewicz, Eligiusz Szełęg, Katarzyna M. Stadnicka, Krzysztof Woźniak
Published: 02 January 2024
American Mineralogist (2024) 109 (1): 174–183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8786
..., M. , Krátký , O. , Šešulka , V. , and Škoda , R. ( 2021 ) Scandium distribution in the world-class Li-Sn-W Cínovec greisen-type deposit: Result of a complex magmatic to hydrothermal evolution, implications for scandium valorization . Ore Geology Reviews , 139 , 104433 , https...
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Σ Ce -Σ Y -Σ Sc diagrams for rocks, metasomatites, and <span class="search-highlight">ores</span> of the Dukat g...

Σ Ce -Σ Y -Σ Sc diagrams for rocks, metasomatites, and ores of the Dukat g...

Published: 01 June 2005
, and basalt, 5 — ores. Σ Ce , Σ Y , Σ Sc — total contents of elements of the cerium (La, Ce, Pr, Nd), yttrium (Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho), and scandium (Er, Yb, Lu) groups. a – d — For explanations, see the text.
Journal Article

Book reviews

Eugene N. Cameron, Carleton A. Chapman, R. B. Snow, W. D. Keller, E. W. Heinrich, A. J. Eardley
Published: 01 June 1963
American Mineralogist (1963) 48 (5-6): 713–722.
...Eugene N. Cameron; Carleton A. Chapman; R. B. Snow; W. D. Keller; E. W. Heinrich; A. J. Eardley Abstract THE SUDBURY ORES: THEIR MINERALOGY AND ORIGIN. J. E. Hawley. Mineralogical Association of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1962. 207 pp., $5.00. PETROLOGY. Walter T. Huang. McGraw...
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Trace element minerals from carbonatite-related fluids, The Aird, Scotland

E.A. Heptinstall, J. Parnell, A. J. Boyce, J.W. Still
Published: 07 July 2023
Scottish Journal of Geology (2023) 59 (1-2): sjg2021-015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2021-015
...-related REE deposits: an overview . Minerals , 10 , 965 , https://doi.org/10.3390/min10110965 Wang , Z. , Li , M.Y.H. , Liu , Z.R. and Zhou , M. 2021 . Scandium: ore deposits, the pivotal role of magmatic enrichment and future exploration . Ore Geology Reviews , 128...
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Importance of Ca-rich fluids for the formation of secondary Sc-minerals. An example from a metaluminous pegmatite Kožichovice II, Czech Republic

Jakub Výravský, Radek Škoda, Milan Novák
Published: 01 December 2024
Mineralogical Magazine (2024) 88 (6): 787–803.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2024.85
... ) The behaviour of scandium during fractional crystallization and implications for ore formation . Ph.D. thesis, University of Maryland , College Park , https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/26583?show=full Glassley W.E...
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Journal Article

A natural scandian garnet

Irina O. Galuskina, Evgeny V. Galuskin, Piotr Dzierżanowski, Thomas Armbruster, Marcin Kozanecki
Published: 01 October 2005
American Mineralogist (2005) 90 (10): 1688–1692.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1981
.... The Raman spectra of the scandian garnet were recorded using a Raman microprobe T-64000 (Jobin-Yvone) with a 514.5 nm Ar ion laser. The absence of hydroxyl groups was confirmed by Raman microprobe and FTIR (BioRad, KBr) investigations. There are no scandium ore deposits and only 10 scandium minerals...
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The Geology, Geochemistry, and Mineralogy of the Moa Bay Ni Laterite Mining District, Cuba

Diego Domínguez-Carretero, Joaquín A. Proenza, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Thomas Aiglsperger, Esperança Tauler, Arturo Rojas-Purón, Nathalia Duque, José-María González-Jiménez, Antonio Garcia-Casco, Salvador Galí
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 November 2024
Economic Geology (2024) 119 (7): 1685–1706.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5101
... mineral resources of 198.54 million metric tonnes (Mt) at 1.07 % Ni and 0.12 % Co. Laterite profiles from this district are characterized by their oxide-dominated ore zones. Laterite profiles from the Yagrumaje Norte, Punta Gorda, and Yamanigüey deposits contain average Ni and Co concentrations...
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The origin of the hydrous scandium phosphate, kolbeckite, from the Hagendorf-Pleystein pegmatite province, Germany

H. G. Dill, B. Weber, M. Füssl, F. Melcher
Published: 01 June 2006
Mineralogical Magazine (2006) 70 (3): 281–290.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461067030331
...H. G. Dill; B. Weber; M. Füssl; F. Melcher Abstract The rare hydrous scandium phosphate, kolbeckite, [Sc(PO 4 ).2H 2 O], has been recognized for the first time from the Hagendorf-Pleystein pegmatite province. The mineral was formed by the alteration of quartz-rich relict cores of pegmatites...
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