...-relict parallel-patterned drainage network. In places a younger pattern, comprising a series of deeply incised canyons, or quebradas, crosscuts the older parallel-patterned network. These canyons show strong evidence of a groundwater-sapping origin. We hypothesize that the initiation of the canyon...

... with formation by precipitation-recharged ground-water sapping within a layered, permeable substrate. Formation of Samara and Parana-Loire Valles, the Uzboi-Holden-Ladon-Margaritifer system, associated depositional sinks, and initial collapse of Margaritifer Chaos occurred from the late Noachian (N5 of 300...

... by ground-water sapping at the limestone-shale interfaces, removal of slump blocks by weathering and fluvial erosion, and consequent scarp retreat. Spring-derived tufa deposits found near the limestone escarpments provide additional evidence for possible ground-water sapping during previous wet periods...

..., may have focused the corrosive force of submarine spring sapping at the head of the lower canyon to produce the canyon's present shape. Geological Society of America 1990 ...

...JULIE E. LAITY; MICHAEL C. MALIN Abstract Ground-water sapping is an erosional process that produces landforms with unique characteristics. Sapped drainage systems differ in morphology, pattern, network spatial evolution, rate of erosion, and degree of structural control from their fluvial...

...James M. Robb Abstract Undersea discharge of ground water during periods of lower sea level may have eroded valleys on part of the lower continental slope, offshore New Jersey. Steep-headed basins, cliffed and terraced walls, and irregular courses of these valleys may have been produced by sapping...

...Charles G. Higgins Abstract During falling tides the foreshores of many beaches develop steep-headed incised drainageways that resemble and may be analogous to some larger scale drainage systems of both Earth and Mars. The beach systems are formed entirely by groundwater outflow and sapping where...

... the rim, and the inward-sloping surface of the old upland (capped by Cretaceous outliers) sags toward the incised streams because of ground-water sapping. The author prefers the second explanation. An unlikely third possibility is that streams flow in synclines folded after development of the upland...