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quasicrystals
Are quasicrystals really so rare in the Universe?
Quasicrystals at extreme conditions: The role of pressure in stabilizing icosahedral Al 63 Cu 24 Fe 13 at high temperature
DIFFERENCES IN QUASICRYSTALS OF SMECTITE-CATIONIC SURFACTANT COMPLEXES DUE TO HEAD GROUP STRUCTURE
SMECTITE QUASICRYSTALS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AS A FUNCTION OF CATIONIC SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION
Discovery of an Earthborn quasicrystal approximant
Icosahedrite, Al 63 Cu 24 Fe 13 , the first natural quasicrystal
The quest for forbidden crystals
Decagonite, Al 71 Ni 24 Fe 5 , a quasicrystal with decagonal symmetry from the Khatyrka CV3 carbonaceous chondrite
The three-dimensional periodic nature of crystalline structures was so strongly anchored in the minds of scientists that the numerous indications that seemed to question this model struggled to acquire the status of validity. The discovery of aperiodic crystals, a generic term including modulated, composite and quasicrystal structures, started in the 1970s with the discovery of incommensurately modulated structures and the presence of satellite reflections surrounding the main reflections in the diffraction patterns. The need to use additional integers to index such diffractograms was soon adopted and theoretical considerations showed that any crystal structure requiring more than three integers to index its diffraction pattern could be described as a periodic object in a higher dimensional space, i.e. superspace, with dimension equal to the number of required integers. The structure observed in physical space is thus a three-dimensional intersection of the structure described as periodic in superspace. Once the symmetry properties of aperiodic crystals were established, the superspace theory was soon adopted in order to describe numerous examples of incommensurate crystal structures from natural and synthetic organic and inorganic compounds even to proteins. Aperiodic crystals thus exhibit perfect atomic structures with long-range order, but without any three-dimensional translational symmetry. The discovery of modulated structures was soon followed by the discovery of composite structures consisting of structural entities with partly independent translations and finally by the discovery of quasicrystals. In recent years, the use of CCD and imaging plate systems improved considerably the sensitivity of data collection for aperiodic structures and in particular modulated structures and, therefore, there was a need for further improvement of the methods. Today, several computer programs are able to solve and refine incommensurately modulated structures using the superspace approach. In nature, it is uncommon to find minerals which have strong and sharp incommensurate satellites that could be used for a higher dimensional refinement. Here we describe several cases of aperiodic minerals (natrite, calaverite, melilite, fresnoite, pearceite–polybasite, cylindrite) including the first examples of natural and stable quasicrystalline structures (icosahedrite and decagonite) which settle beyond doubt any questions which remain about the long-term stability of quasicrystals.
Book Review
Mineralogical characterization of the Seffner fulgurite, Florida: Insights into lightning-induced petrogenesis
The unmistakable signature of an icosahedral quasicrystal consists of patte...
(a) Theoretical X-ray diffraction pattern of five fold symmetry predicted ...
Hollisterite (Al 3 Fe), kryachkoite (Al,Cu) 6 (Fe,Cu), and stolperite (AlCu): Three new minerals from the Khatyrka CV3 carbonaceous chondrite
PORE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF BULK VOLUME CHANGE FROM CRYSTALLINE INTERLAYER SWELLING IN Na + - AND Ca 2+ -SMECTITE
Conceptual microstructures for (a) Ca 2+ -smectite and (b) Na + -smectite. ...
Steinhardtite, a new body-centered-cubic allotropic form of aluminum from the Khatyrka CV3 carbonaceous chondrite
Celebrating the International Year of Mineralogy – Progress and Landmark Discoveries of the Last Decades.
The Diffuse-Ion Swarm Near Smectite Particles Suspended in 1:1 Electrolyte Solutions: Modified Gouy-Chapman Theory and Quasicrystal Formation
Abstract Despite the long history of continual investigation of the surface and colloid chemistry of smectites (van Olphen, 1977; Sposito, 1984), the structure of the electrical double layer at smectite surfaces and its influence on the rheological properties of smectite suspensions remain topics of lively controversy. One of the most contentious issues is the partitioning of adsorbed monovalent cations among the three possible surface species on the basal planes of smectite particles, such as montmorillonite (see, e.g., Low, 1981, 1987). As illustrated in Figure 1, a monovalent cation can be adsorbed on the basal planes by three different mechanisms: inner-sphere surface complexes, in which the cation desolvates and is captured by a ditrigonal cavity; outer-sphere surface complexes, in which the cation remains solvated but still is captured by a ditrigonal cavity and immobilized; and the diffuse-ion swarm, in which the cation is attracted to the basal plane, but remains fully dissociated from the smectite surface (Sposito, 1989a, Chap. 7). Clearly, the colloidal properties of smectite particles in suspension will depend sensitively on which of the three mechanisms of adsorption predominates for a given type of monovalent cation. The present chapter is intended to be a heuristic account of the relationship between smectite particle structure and a monovalent diffuse-ion swarm near particle basal planes. Experimental evidence is examined for aggregate structures (quasicrystals) in suspensions of smectites containing monovalent cations. The data then are used to interpret and apply the modified Gouy-Chapman theory of the electrical double layer (Carnie and Torrie, 1984). The