Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
![First thumbnail for: Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a du...]()
![Second thumbnail for: Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a du...]()
![Third thumbnail for: Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a du...]()
![Figure 12. Summary of the preferred evolutionary scenario of this paper, suggesting a dual origin of propaliny within anomodonts. Patranomodon possesses no features associated with propaliny, and its jaw was capable of a strictly orthal movement. Ulemica and Suminia possess a lateral adductor fossa on the squamosal, a lateral dentary shelf, and a jaw joint that allows limited or extensive anteroposterior sliding, respectively. Similar features are found in Galeops and dicynodonts such as Pristerodon. However, because Otsheria appears to lack any features associated with propaliny, a dual origin of these features is equally parsimonious as a single origin with reversals in Otsheria. Patranomodon redrawn and modified from Rubidge and Hopson 1990. Ulemica skull primarily based on PIN 2793/1 and 157/1116, jaw based on PIN 157/5. Suminia skull and jaw primarily based on PIN 2212/62. Pristerodon skull and jaw modified from drawing of Crompton and Hotton (1967)]()
![Figure 6. Quadrates of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications to allow propaliny (character 41). A, Partial palatal view of the skull of the non-dicynodont anomodont Patranomodon nyaphulii (NM QR3000) showing the left quadrate. The articular surface of the quadrate consists of a “screw-shaped” surface divided into a mediolaterally elongate, but anteroposteriorly narrow lateral condyle and a mediolaterally narrower, but anteroposteriorly wide medial condyle. This morphology forces the articulating surface of the lower jaw to slide laterally as the mouth is opened, preventing a fore-aft movement of the jaw. The margins of the articulating surface have been highlighted for clarity. B, Isolated right quadrate of the non-dicynodont anomodont Ulemica invisa (PIN 156/1116) in ventral view (anterior is up, lateral is to the right). The articulating surface is divided into weakly defined lateral and medial condyles that are separated by a slight depression. The condyles are somewhat anteroposteriorly elongate, suggesting the possibility of propaliny. C, Isolated right quadrate of the non-dicynodont anomodont Ulemica invisa (PIN 157/668) in anterior view. This perspective emphasizes the groove that separates the lateral and medial condyles. D, Partial palatal view of the skull of the non-dicynodont anomodont Suminia getmanovi (PIN2212/62) with the right quadrate highlighted for clarity. The articulating surface is divided into anteroposteriorly elongate lateral and medial condyles separated by a depression, suggesting the possibility of propaliny. E, Partial palatal view of the dicynodont Delectosaurus arefjevi (PIN 4644/1) showing the left quadrate. The articulating surface is divided into well-defined, anteroposteriorly elongate lateral and medial condyles that are separated by a distinct groove. This morphology strongly suggests the possibility of propaliny. F, Isolated left quadrate of the edaphosaurid Edaphosaurus boanerges (MCZ 4309) in ventral view (anterior is up, lateral is to the right). The articulating surface consists of a saddle-shaped groove that is bordered by anteroposteriorly elongate lateral and medial condyles. This morphology suggests the possibility of propaliny and is convergent with the morphology found in the propalinal anomodonts. LC = lateral condyle, MC = medial condyle. Scale bars, 20 mm]()
![Figure 13. Preferred cladogram drawn to show the approximate stratigraphic ranges of the included OTUs. Correlations between the Late Permian assemblage zones of South Africa and subassemblages of Russia are not exact, and the approximate correlations and stratigraphic ranges shown here are the author's interpretation of data taken primarily from Rubidge 1995, Golubev 2000, and Modesto and Rybczynski 2000. The outgroups have been replaced with the higher-level clades to which they belong, and the ranges shown are the ranges of those higher level clades. Patranomodon and Otsheria are both known from single specimens, and the dots shown here are rough approximations of where these specimens were found in the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone and the Ocher Subassemblage, respectively. The range of Galeops is not well constrained. The range shown is an approximation based on the likely occurrences of the reference specimens of this analysis. The ranges of Diictodon and Pristerodon are modified slightly from those presented by Rubidge (1995) to reflect the fact that the lower part of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is largely unfossiliferous (Loock et al. 1994). If a dual origin of propaliny is assumed, then the currently known fossil record suggests that propaliny evolved earlier in Galeops + dicynodonts than in the venyukovioids]()
![Figure 11. Distribution of states for character 41 optimized onto the preferred cladogram by using parsimony. Branch shading shows the reconstructed distribution of each state, and the shading of the boxes at the end of the branches shows the character state each OTU possesses. White represents state 0, gray represents state 1, black represents state 2, and checkered represents an equivocal reconstruction. A, Optimization based on the unaltered data set used in the phylogenetic analysis. Otsheria is coded as “?” for this character and thus is shown with no box. This optimization implies that state 1 evolved in the common ancestor of the venyukovioids + (Galeops + Dicynodontia), and that state 2 is a new feature that evolved only in Ulemica. However, this optimization is largely the result of the missing data for Otsheria. B, Optimization when Otsheria is recoded as “0” for this character. It is now equally parsimonious to assume that Otsheria and the common ancestors of the venyukovioids and Galeops + dicynodonts retain the basal state (0) as it is to assume that these common ancestors possessed a derived state, with Otsheria representing a reversal. C, Optimization when Otsheria is recoded as “1”. A single origin of state 1 in the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + (Galeops + Dicynodontia) is implied, with state 2 representing a new feature that evolved only in Ulemica. D, Optimization when Otsheria is recoded as “2”. Four evolutionary scenarios are possible given this optimization. Three of the four imply that the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + (Galeops + Dicynodontia) possessed some degree of propaliny, and three of the four imply that extensive propaliny evolved independently in Suminia and the common ancestor of Galeops + Dicynodontia. See text for details]()
![Figure 3. Schematic drawing showing the four characters associated with propaliny examined in this analysis and their relationships with M. adductor mandibulae externis lateralis (AEL) in the dicynodont Pristerodon. Characters 13 and 14 consider modifications of the lateral surface and zygomatic process of the squamosal associated with the origin of the AEL from these areas. Character 36 considers the presence or absence of a lateral dentary shelf, the hypothesized insertion of the AEL. Character 41 considers whether the jaw joint allowed no, limited, or extensive anteroposterior sliding of the lower jaw. Redrawn and modified from Crompton and Hotton 1967]()
![First thumbnail for: A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible fro...]()
![Second thumbnail for: A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible fro...]()
![Third thumbnail for: A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible fro...]()
![Figure 7. Articulars of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications to allow propaliny (character 41). A, Dorsal view of the right articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Patranomodon nyaphulii (NM QR3000). The articulating surface consists of two oval-shaped depressions that have been highlighted for clarity. When articulated with the skull, the morphology of the articular and quadrate prevents a propalinal movement of the lower jaw. B, Posterodorsal view of the right articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Ulemica invisa (PIN 157/1112). The articulating surface consists of two oval-shaped facets that are separated by a rounded central ridge. The articular facets are only slightly longer than the quadrate condyles, suggesting that only a limited amount of propaliny was possible. The facets have been highlighted for clarity. C, Medial view of the right articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Ulemica invisa (PIN 157/1112). The articulating facets slope posteroventrally, suggesting that even if the articular moved fore and aft relative to the quadrate, an extensive propalinal movement of the jaw would not occur. The margins of the medial articular facet have been highlighted for clarity. D, Posterodorsal view of the left articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Suminia getmanovi (PIN 2212/62). The articulating surface consists of two elongate surfaces that are separated by a central ridge. The articulating surfaces are notably longer than the quadrate condyles, and the orientation of the surfaces suggests that an extensive propalinal movement of the lower jaw was possible. E, Dorsal view of the left articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Suminia getmanovi (PIN 2212/62), showing the extent of the articulating surfaces. F, Dorsomedial view of the right articular of the dicynodont Dicynodon lacerticeps (ATB 88). The articulating surface consists of two elongate surfaces that are separated by a central ridge. The articulating surfaces are notably longer than the quadrate condyles, and the orientation of the surfaces suggests that an extensive propalinal movement of the lower jaw was possible. G, Posterodorsal view of the articular of the edaphosaurid Edaphosaurus boanerges (MCZ 4310). The articulating surface consists of two elongate facets divided by a rounded central ridge. The facets are longer than the quadrate condyles, suggesting that a propalinal movement of the lower jaw was possible. LAS = lateral articulating surface, MAS = medial articulating surface, R = ridge, RAP = retroarticular process. Scale bars, 20 mm]()
![Figure 10. Distribution of states for character 36 optimized onto the preferred cladogram using parsimony. Branch shading shows the reconstructed distribution of each state, and the shading of the boxes at the end of the branches shows the character state each OTU possesses. White represents state 0, black represents state 1, and checkered represents an equivocal reconstruction. A, Optimization based on the unaltered data set used in the phylogenetic analysis. Otsheria is coded as “?” for this character, and thus is shown with no box. This optimization implies that state 1 evolved in the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + (Galeops + Dicynodontia) but is largely the result of the missing data for Otsheria. B, Optimization when Otsheria is recoded as “0” for this character. A single origin of state 1 in the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + (Galeops + Dicynodontia) with a reversal in Otsheria is now equally parsimonious as an independent origin in the common ancestor of Ulemica + Suminia and the common ancestor of Galeops + Dicynodontia. The latter option is consistent with a dual origin of propaliny. See text for details]()
![Figure 9. Distribution of states for characters 13 and 14 optimized onto the preferred cladogram using parsimony. Branch shading shows the reconstructed distribution of each state, and the shading of the boxes at the end of the branches shows the character state each OTU possesses. A, Optimization for character 13. White represents state 0, gray represents state 1, and black represents state 2. The preferred cladogram implies a single origin for both state 1 and state 2. B, Optimization for character 14. White represents state 0, black represents state 1, and checkered represents an equivocal reconstruction. C, D, Alternative equally parsimonious optimizations for the equivocal branch shown in B. C implies an independent origin of state 1 in the common ancestor of Ulemica + Suminia and the common ancestor of Galeops + Dicynodontia. D implies a single origin of state 1 in the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + (Galeops + Dicynodontia), with a reversal to state 0 in Otsheria. The optimization shown in C is consistent with a dual origin of propaliny. See text for details]()
![First thumbnail for: Locomotion in derived dicynodonts (Synapsida, Anom...]()
![Second thumbnail for: Locomotion in derived dicynodonts (Synapsida, Anom...]()
![Third thumbnail for: Locomotion in derived dicynodonts (Synapsida, Anom...]()
![First thumbnail for: Patterns in the Evolution of Nares Size and Second...]()
![Second thumbnail for: Patterns in the Evolution of Nares Size and Second...]()
![Third thumbnail for: Patterns in the Evolution of Nares Size and Second...]()
![First thumbnail for: Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape i...]()
![Second thumbnail for: Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape i...]()
![Third thumbnail for: Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape i...]()
1-15 OF 15 RESULTS FOR
propaliny
Results shown limited to content with bounding coordinates.
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
Journal Article
Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida) Available to Purchase
Journal: Paleobiology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 January 2004
Paleobiology (2004) 30 (2): 268–296.
... of the lower jaw. Traditionally, anomodont phylogeny has been viewed as an essentially linear sequence of taxa, each with more specializations for propaliny, culminating in the radiation of the dicynodont anomodonts. However, recent phylogenetic work has shown that similar specializations for propaliny can...
FIGURES
Image
Figure 12. Summary of the preferred evolutionary scenario of this paper, s... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 12. Summary of the preferred evolutionary scenario of this paper, suggesting a dual origin of propaliny within anomodonts. Patranomodon possesses no features associated with propaliny, and its jaw was capable of a strictly orthal movement. Ulemica and Suminia possess a lateral
Image
Figure 6. Quadrates of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications ... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 6. Quadrates of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications to allow propaliny (character 41). A, Partial palatal view of the skull of the non-dicynodont anomodont Patranomodon nyaphulii (NM QR3000) showing the left quadrate. The articular surface of the quadrate consists
Image
Figure 13. Preferred cladogram drawn to show the approximate stratigraphic... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
of propaliny is assumed, then the currently known fossil record suggests that propaliny evolved earlier in Galeops + dicynodonts than in the venyukovioids
Image
Figure 11. Distribution of states for character 41 optimized onto the pref... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
this optimization. Three of the four imply that the common ancestor of Venyukovioidea + ( Galeops + Dicynodontia) possessed some degree of propaliny, and three of the four imply that extensive propaliny evolved independently in Suminia and the common ancestor of Galeops + Dicynodontia. See text for details
Image
Figure 3. Schematic drawing showing the four characters associated with pr... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 3. Schematic drawing showing the four characters associated with propaliny examined in this analysis and their relationships with M. adductor mandibulae externis lateralis (AEL) in the dicynodont Pristerodon . Characters 13 and 14 consider modifications of the lateral surface and zygomatic
Journal Article
A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible from the late Campanian of Alberta, and insights into the diet of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) Available to Purchase
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 24 January 2014
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2014) 51 (2): 156–165.
... with an edentulous mandible, shows even more similarities between the two taxa. Both Chirostenotes and Diictodon have dorsally convex jaw articulations, with medial and lateral glenoid portions and well-developed retroarticular processes ( Fig. 3 ). Propaliny has been demonstrated in dicynodonts, based...
FIGURES
Image
Figure 7. Articulars of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 7. Articulars of anomodonts and edaphosaurids showing modifications to allow propaliny (character 41). A, Dorsal view of the right articular of the non-dicynodont anomodont Patranomodon nyaphulii (NM QR3000). The articulating surface consists of two oval-shaped depressions that have been
Image
Figure 10. Distribution of states for character 36 optimized onto the pref... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
) with a reversal in Otsheria is now equally parsimonious as an independent origin in the common ancestor of Ulemica + Suminia and the common ancestor of Galeops + Dicynodontia. The latter option is consistent with a dual origin of propaliny. See text for details
Image
Figure 9. Distribution of states for characters 13 and 14 optimized onto t... Available to Purchase
in Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 January 2004
of Venyukovioidea + ( Galeops + Dicynodontia), with a reversal to state 0 in Otsheria . The optimization shown in C is consistent with a dual origin of propaliny. See text for details
Journal Article
Locomotion in derived dicynodonts (Synapsida, Anomodontia): a functional analysis of the pelvic girdle and hind limb of Tetragonias njalilus Available to Purchase
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 17 November 2006
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2006) 43 (9): 1297–1308.
... K.D. 2004 . Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida) . Paleobiology , 30 : 268 – 296 . Angielczyk K.D. Kurkin A.A. 2003 . Phylogenetic analysis of Russian Permian dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Description of a new specimen of Ianthasaurus hardestiorum (Eupelycosauria: Edaphosauridae) and a re-evaluation of edaphosaurid phylogeny Available to Purchase
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 24 June 2010
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2010) 47 (6): 901–912.
... a direct bearing on the presumed diet of edaphosaurs, such as the arrangement of the marginal teeth and evidence of propaliny. However, the evolution of features specific to herbivory is poorly understood mainly due to the fragmentary and incomplete nature of the fossil record at the base of this clade...
Journal Article
Patterns in the Evolution of Nares Size and Secondary Palate Length in Anomodont Therapsids (Synapsida): Implications for Hypoxia as a Cause of End-Permian Tetrapod Extinctions Available to Purchase
Journal: Journal of Paleontology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 May 2008
Journal of Paleontology (2008) 82 (3): 528–542.
... for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida) : Paleobiology , 30 . 268 – 296 . Angielczyk , K. D. , 2007 , New specimens of the Tanzanian dicynodont “ Cryptocynodon ” parringtoni Von Huene, 1942 (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape in Morrison sauropods: implications for functional morphology and paleobiology Available to Purchase
Journal: Paleobiology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 January 2004
Paleobiology (2004) 30 (3): 444–470.
... of Camarasaurus suggest that this sauropod incorporated heavy shearing and moderate propalinial motions in its feeding ( Upchurch and Barrett 2000 ). As Fiorillo (1991) and Calvo (1994) discovered, more microwear was present on Camarasaurus teeth than those of Diplodocus , which suggested a diet...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Craniodental functional evolution in sauropodomorph dinosaurs Open Access
Journal: Paleobiology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 22 May 2017
Paleobiology (2017) 43 (3): 435–462.
... arrangement of the adductor muscles indicate a specialized feeding mechanism with an emphasis on propaliny, as has been previously suggested in Diplodocus (Barrett and Upchurch 1994 ; Upchurch and Barrett 2000 ; Young et al. 2012 ). The position of Tornieria as closer to the dicraeosaurids in PC2...
