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Journal Article

Seismically Detecting Nuclear Reactor Operations Using a Power Spectral Density (PSD) Misfit Detector Available to Purchase

David L. Guenaga, Chengping Chai, Monica Maceira, Omar E. Marcillo, Aaron A. Velasco
Published: 11 May 2021
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2021) 111 (3): 1378–1391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200267
... Reactor (HFIR) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Specifically, we processed seismic data collected from a single seismoacoustic station, WACO, near the HFIR facility, and employed a power spectral density misfit detector to identify signals of interest and associate...
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View PDF for article title, Seismically Detecting Nuclear Reactor Operations Using a <span class="search-highlight">Power</span> <span class="search-highlight">Spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">Density</span> (PSD) Misfit Detector
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article

The Silencing of U.S. Campuses Following the COVID‐19 Response: Evaluating Root Mean Square Seismic Amplitudes Using Power Spectral Density Data Available to Purchase

David L. Guenaga, Omar E. Marcillo, Aaron A. Velasco, Chengping Chai, Monica Maceira
Published: 20 January 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (2A): 941–950.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200391
... States (U.S.). Seismic sensors located in the vicinity of or within U.S. campuses show that anthropogenic seismic noise remains elevated during the ordinary, nonpandemic, academic year, only subduing during periods of recess (e.g., winter break). Here, we use power spectral density (PSD) data computed...
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View PDF for article title, The Silencing of U.S. Campuses Following the COVID‐19 Response: Evaluating Root Mean Square Seismic Amplitudes Using <span class="search-highlight">Power</span> <span class="search-highlight">Spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">Density</span> Data
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article

How Processing Methodologies Can Distort and Bias Power Spectral Density Estimates of Seismic Background Noise Available to Purchase

Robert E. Anthony, Adam T. Ringler, David C. Wilson, Manochehr Bahavar, Keith D. Koper
Published: 08 April 2020
Seismological Research Letters (2020) 91 (3): 1694–1706.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190212
...Robert E. Anthony; Adam T. Ringler; David C. Wilson; Manochehr Bahavar; Keith D. Koper Abstract Power spectral density (PSD) estimates are widely used in seismological studies to characterize background noise conditions, assess instrument performance, and study quasi‐stationary signals...
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View PDF for article title, How Processing Methodologies Can Distort and Bias <span class="search-highlight">Power</span> <span class="search-highlight">Spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">Density</span> Estimates of Seismic Background Noise
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article

Power spectral density of the heterogeneous fracture compliance from scattered elastic wavefields Available to Purchase

Shohei Minato, Ranajit Ghose
Journal: Geophysics
Published: 17 February 2014
Geophysics (2014) 79 (2): D67–D79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0173.1
...Shohei Minato; Ranajit Ghose ABSTRACT Using the scattered elastic wavefield, a method to derive the power spectral density (PSD) of the heterogeneous compliance distribution, along the plane of a single fracture, is formulated. The method involves estimation of the stress field at the fracture...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Power</span> <span class="search-highlight">spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">density</span> of the heterogeneous fracture compliance from scattered elastic wavefields
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Journal Article

Generating Seismic Design Power Spectral Density Functions Available to Purchase

John T. Christian, M.EERI
Published: 01 May 1989
Earthquake Spectra (1989) 5 (2): 351–368.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585526
... spectral density function, which is a more fundamental description of the frequency content of ground motion, has found increasing use and is essential in the most popular methods of developing artificial earthquake time histories. Although in theory the response spectrum and the power spectral density...
View PDF for article title, Generating Seismic Design <span class="search-highlight">Power</span> <span class="search-highlight">Spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">Density</span> Functions
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Journal Article

Statistical characterization of strong ground motions using power spectral density function Available to Purchase

Shih-sheng Paul Lai
Published: 01 February 1982
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1982) 72 (1): 259–274.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0720010259
... approach to ground motion representation in the frequency domain in terms of the power spectral density (PSD) functions. Based on the design PSD function, the probabilistic structural response can be predicted by random vibration methodology (Lai, 1980). Therefore, within the context of overall seismic...
View PDF for article title, Statistical characterization of strong ground motions using <span class="search-highlight">power</span> <span class="search-highlight">spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">density</span> function
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Journal Article

Evolutionary power spectral density of strong-motion earthquakes Available to Purchase

S. C. Liu
Published: 01 June 1970
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1970) 60 (3): 891–900.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0600030891
...S. C. Liu Abstract This paper presents the evolutionary (time-dependent) power spectral density curves of six strong-motion earthquakes. The earthquake accelerograms are treated as piecewise-separable and the frequency-independent modulating function is estimated by applying the mean square...
View PDF for article title, Evolutionary <span class="search-highlight">power</span> <span class="search-highlight">spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">density</span> of strong-motion earthquakes
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Journal Article

Autocorrelation and power spectral density functions of the Parkfield earthquake of June 27, 1966 Available to Purchase

Shih-Chi Liu
Published: 01 August 1969
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1969) 59 (4): 1475–1493.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590041475
...Shih-Chi Liu Abstract The autocorrelation and power spectral density functions of a total of 14 strong-motion accelerograms of the Parkfield earthquake are obtained. When the ground motions are treated as random phenomena, these functions are found appropriate to be used as statistical...
View PDF for article title, Autocorrelation and <span class="search-highlight">power</span> <span class="search-highlight">spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">density</span> functions of the Parkfield earthquake of June 27, 1966
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Journal Article

Analysis of earth motions and seismic sources by power spectral density Available to Purchase

Dean V. Power
Published: 01 June 1969
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1969) 59 (3): 1071–1091.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590031071
... at the optimum depth of burst. It was found that at these depths and charge weights an increase in depth of burst resulted in an increase in peak velocities and power-spectral densities as measured at distant points (> 5 km). Power spectral density was found to be approximately proportional to the first power...
View PDF for article title, Analysis of earth motions and seismic sources by <span class="search-highlight">power</span> <span class="search-highlight">spectral</span> <span class="search-highlight">density</span>
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- a) Power spectral density (PWD) of the CO2 flux signal. b) Power spectral density (PWD) of the H2 molar fraction signal. Sampling frequency 1 hour. Arrows show the sampling frequency corresponding to 1 cycle per day (cpd).

- a) Power spectral density (PWD) of the CO 2 flux signal. b) Power spect... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 February 2021
Fig. 5 - a) Power spectral density (PWD) of the CO 2 flux signal. b) Power spectral density (PWD) of the H 2 molar fraction signal. Sampling frequency 1 hour. Arrows show the sampling frequency corresponding to 1 cycle per day (cpd).
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(a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the strain‐rate DAS data from the May 10‐ton TNT‐equivalent explosion, recorded at the same channel as in Figure 5. (b) PSD of the strain‐rate DAS data from the October 10‐ton explosion, recorded at the same channel as in panel (a). (c) PSD of the data recorded at the N5 geophone, obtained after converting velocity measurements to acceleration. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the strain‐rate DAS data from the May 1... Open Access

Published: 16 May 2025
Figure 6. (a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the strain‐rate DAS data from the May 10‐ton TNT‐equivalent explosion, recorded at the same channel as in Figure  5 . (b) PSD of the strain‐rate DAS data from the October 10‐ton explosion, recorded at the same channel as in panel (a). (c) PSD
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A power spectral density (PSD) plot of the (a–c) mean power and (d–f) sensor incoherent self‐noise at all eight temperature variation steps and a reference period for the Streckeisen STS‐2.5 in (a,d) the heat box, (b,e) the Trillium 120, and (c,f) the Trillium Compact. The colors represent different temperature changes, with dark red being the highest change and dark blue being the reference. The new low‐noise model (NLNM) and new high‐noise model (NHNM) are shown in black.

A power spectral density (PSD) plot of the (a–c) mean power and (d–f) senso... Available to Purchase

Published: 26 December 2017
Figure 5. A power spectral density (PSD) plot of the (a–c) mean power and (d–f) sensor incoherent self‐noise at all eight temperature variation steps and a reference period for the Streckeisen STS‐2.5 in (a,d) the heat box, (b,e) the Trillium 120, and (c,f) the Trillium Compact. The colors
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Power spectral density (PSD) analysis. (a) Low‐noise stations, (b) medium‐noise stations, and (c) high‐noise stations. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Power spectral density (PSD) analysis. (a) Low‐noise stations, (b) medium‐n... Available to Purchase

Published: 08 May 2025
Figure 4. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis. (a) Low‐noise stations, (b) medium‐noise stations, and (c) high‐noise stations. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
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(a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the center Chaparral sensor (C1) during the OSIRIS‐REx SRC re-entry as well as the 2 hr before and after the observed N-wave arrival. The lighter shade shows the raw PSD, and the darker curve shows the average using a decade filter. (b) The low-frequency (&lt;30 Hz) PSD from the OSIRIS‐REx re-entry compared with that observed during the Genesis (ReVelle et al., 2005) and Stardust (Revelle and Edwards, 2007) SRC re‐entries. Note that the Stardust ordinate is on the right due to unspecified units in the original work. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the center Chaparral sensor (C1) during... Open Access

Published: 25 April 2025
Figure 4. (a) Power spectral density (PSD) of the center Chaparral sensor (C1) during the OSIRIS‐REx SRC re-entry as well as the 2 hr before and after the observed N -wave arrival. The lighter shade shows the raw PSD, and the darker curve shows the average using a decade filter. (b) The low
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DAS recordings 12 cars and their corresponding power spectral density. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

DAS recordings 12 cars and their corresponding power spectral density. The ... Available to Purchase

Published: 17 April 2025
Figure A7. DAS recordings 12 cars and their corresponding power spectral density. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
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Comparison of power spectral density across multiple cars recordings. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Comparison of power spectral density across multiple cars recordings. The c... Available to Purchase

Published: 17 April 2025
Figure A8. Comparison of power spectral density across multiple cars recordings. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
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Power spectral density probability density function (PDF) plots of the four stations identified to have response issues. All four stations, (a) CAPN, (b) CHUM, (c) CUT, and (d) L20K have unrealistically low amplitudes. The International Data Center high‐ and low‐noise models are plotted as black lines. Bar in bottom of each plot shows the time ranges with data that contributed to the PDF. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Power spectral density probability density function (PDF) plots of the four... Available to Purchase

Published: 19 April 2022
Figure A2. Power spectral density probability density function (PDF) plots of the four stations identified to have response issues. All four stations, (a) CAPN, (b) CHUM, (c) CUT, and (d) L20K have unrealistically low amplitudes. The International Data Center high‐ and low‐noise models
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Power spectral density (PSD) probability density function for station L05A in southeastern Oregon from 9 June 2006 to 24 October 2007. This figure comprises 23,649 individual 1 hr spectral estimates. The Median PSD is plotted in black, and the 2.5 percentile is plotted in thin white. White boxes indicate the one‐third octave smoothing used in each of the six period bands for which we generate noise maps. For reference, the 1‐octave smoothing used by McNamara and Buland (2004) is shown as an orange box at 5 s period. Q330 standard resolution (the digitizer used in the Transportable Array [TA]) noise levels are indicated in red when connected to an STS‐2 broadband seismometer. The Peterson (1993) new low‐ and high‐noise models (NLNM/NHNM) are plotted in bold white for reference.

Power spectral density (PSD) probability density function for station L05A ... Available to Purchase

Published: 18 January 2022
Figure 1. Power spectral density (PSD) probability density function for station L05A in southeastern Oregon from 9 June 2006 to 24 October 2007. This figure comprises 23,649 individual 1 hr spectral estimates. The Median PSD is plotted in black, and the 2.5 percentile is plotted in thin white
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(a) Power spectral density probability density functions (PSD PDFs) for a synthetically generated dead channel and repeated amplitude example from the Dynamic Networks Experiment 2018 (DNE18) data set on DUG EHE from 1 January, 3 January, and 12 January 2011, and (c) raw data plots; 1 January 2011 is only shown in raw data. Individual day PSD PDFs plots are shown on the top right side. PSD PDFs plots are constructed via the McNamara and Buland (2004) method and display the distribution of power (y axis) as a function of frequency (period shown on x axis), with the new low noise model (NLNM) and the new high noise model (NHNM) for reference (dark gray lines) (Peterson, 1993). The PDF mode, that is, the highest probability power level in each period bin, is also shown in yellow for reference. Probability in percent is shown on the color scale. Within PSD PDF plots, transient noise maps to low‐level probability occurrences (cool colors), whereas ambient noise conditions at a station map as high‐probability occurrences (warm colors) (McNamara and Boaz, 2006). (b) Corresponding color‐grid plots are shown for 3 and 12 January. Color‐grid plots show the magnitude of deviation (D—in decibels [dB]) of a station’s daily PSD PDF mode from the NLNM. Warmer colors indicate noisier data, whereas cooler colors indicate quiet data.

(a) Power spectral density probability density functions (PSD PDFs) for a s... Available to Purchase

Published: 09 June 2021
Figure 4. (a) Power spectral density probability density functions (PSD PDFs) for a synthetically generated dead channel and repeated amplitude example from the Dynamic Networks Experiment 2018 (DNE18) data set on DUG EHE from 1 January, 3 January, and 12 January 2011, and (c) raw data plots; 1
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Power spectral density (PSD) of the north–south (NS), east–west (EW), and vertical (VT) components of a microtremor recording, the same as was used for Figure 3, relative to the new high noise model (NHNM) and new low noise model (NLNM) developed by Peterson (1993). The range of the HVSR resonance, between approximately 1.3 and 5 Hz, (recall Fig. 3) is indicated. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Power spectral density (PSD) of the north–south (NS), east–west (EW), and v... Available to Purchase

Published: 12 March 2025
Figure 6. Power spectral density (PSD) of the north–south (NS), east–west (EW), and vertical (VT) components of a microtremor recording, the same as was used for Figure  3 , relative to the new high noise model (NHNM) and new low noise model (NLNM) developed by Peterson (1993) . The range