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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
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Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (2)
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Congo (1)
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Gabon (1)
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Congo Craton (5)
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East Africa
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Kenya (2)
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Somali Republic (1)
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Tanzania
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Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Tanganyika (2)
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East African Rift (3)
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Kalahari Desert (2)
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Madagascar (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Bechar Algeria
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Ougarta Algeria (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (8)
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High Atlas (1)
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Middle Atlas (1)
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (2)
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Ghadames Basin (1)
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Libya (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (8)
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High Atlas (1)
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Rif
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Beni Bouchera (2)
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Tunisia (2)
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Nubian Shield (6)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Botswana (2)
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Gariep Belt (1)
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Kalahari Craton (4)
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Namaqualand (2)
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Namibia
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Kaoko Belt (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (3)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Limpopo South Africa (1)
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Merensky Reef (2)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
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Witwatersrand (2)
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West Africa
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Victoria Land
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Mino Belt (1)
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Korea
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South Korea
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Malay Peninsula
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West Malaysia
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Malaysia
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Mongolia
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (4)
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Sea of Marmara (1)
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Zagros (3)
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Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
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Sayan
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Eastern Sayan (4)
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Siberia (20)
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Tomsk Russian Federation (1)
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Tyumen Russian Federation
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Uzbekistan (2)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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North Atlantic
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Atlantic region (16)
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Therapsida (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
Cloudina (9)
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cyanobacteria
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Renalcis (1)
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-
eukaryotes (4)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina
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Dendroidea (1)
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Graptoloidea
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Didymograptina
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Isograptus (1)
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-
-
-
Hemichordata (12)
-
ichnofossils
-
Arenicolites (2)
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Chondrites ichnofossils (5)
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Cruziana (7)
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Diplocraterion (1)
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Glossifungites (1)
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Nereites (4)
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Ophiomorpha (4)
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Palaeophycus (4)
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Planolites (5)
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Rhizocorallium (1)
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Rusophycus (3)
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Skolithos (6)
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Teichichnus (1)
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Thalassinoides (6)
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Zoophycos (5)
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-
Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (8)
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Malacostraca (1)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida (1)
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-
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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-
Lepidoptera (1)
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Trichoptera (1)
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-
-
-
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Myriapoda (1)
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-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (10)
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Corynexochida (4)
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Ptychopariida
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Asaphidae (1)
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Olenidae (3)
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Redlichiida (5)
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-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Rhynchonellida (2)
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Strophomenida (2)
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-
Inarticulata
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Lingula (5)
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-
-
Bryozoa (9)
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Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Actiniaria (1)
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Rugosa (1)
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Scleractinia (1)
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Tabulata (1)
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-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (1)
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-
-
Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (4)
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-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (3)
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-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
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Rudistae (1)
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-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
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Inocerami
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Inoceramidae (1)
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-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (3)
-
-
Coleoidea (1)
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Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (12)
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Hyolithes (7)
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-
Porifera
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Demospongea (3)
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Hexactinellida (1)
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Stromatoporoidea (3)
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-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Rotaliina
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Cassidulinacea
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Anomalinidae
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Cibicidoides
-
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (1)
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-
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
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Globigerina (1)
-
-
Heterohelicidae (1)
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Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (2)
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-
-
Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (1)
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Elphidium (1)
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Nummulitidae (1)
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-
-
Textulariina (1)
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-
Radiolaria (4)
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-
Vermes
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Annelida (3)
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Chaetognatha (1)
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Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
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-
Priapulida (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
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-
-
Metazoa (17)
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microfossils
-
Charophyta (1)
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Chitinozoa (14)
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Conodonta
-
Hindeodus (1)
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Ozarkodina (1)
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Panderodus (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (7)
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scolecodonts (1)
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-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs
-
Baltisphaeridium (1)
-
-
Chitinozoa (14)
-
Dinoflagellata (17)
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miospores
-
pollen (16)
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-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (1)
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Chlorophyceae
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Codiaceae
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Halimeda (1)
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-
Dasycladaceae (1)
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-
-
nannofossils (4)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae
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Lithothamnium (1)
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-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
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-
-
Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (5)
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Sphenopsida (4)
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-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Carya (1)
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Quercus (1)
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Ulmus (1)
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-
-
Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales
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Picea (1)
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Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
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Pinus (1)
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-
-
Cordaitales (4)
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Cycadales (1)
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Ginkgoales (1)
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Pteridospermae (2)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
Pterobranchia (9)
-
tracks (4)
-
trails (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (2)
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Ar/Ar (72)
-
exposure age (3)
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fission-track dating (8)
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K/Ar (10)
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Lu/Hf (20)
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Nd/Nd (3)
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paleomagnetism (57)
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Pb/Pb (14)
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Pb/Th (1)
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Rb/Sr (19)
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Re/Os (12)
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Sm/Nd (29)
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Sr/Sr (2)
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tephrochronology (2)
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Th/U (2)
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thermochronology (9)
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U/Pb (376)
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U/Th/Pb (16)
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uranium disequilibrium (1)
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-
geologic age
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Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
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Holocene
-
middle Holocene (1)
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upper Holocene (9)
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-
Pleistocene
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Lake Agassiz (1)
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Lake Lahontan (1)
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middle Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Barents ice sheet (1)
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Devensian (1)
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Sangamonian (1)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Allerod (1)
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Bolling (1)
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Younger Dryas (5)
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-
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Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan
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Fraser Glaciation (1)
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-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
-
-
Siwalik System (2)
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Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Burdigalian (1)
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middle Miocene
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Langhian (1)
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Serravallian (1)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian
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Messinian Salinity Crisis (2)
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Pannonian (1)
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Tortonian (2)
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-
-
Pliocene
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Cimmerian (1)
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lower Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
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-
Paleogene
-
Dongying Formation (1)
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Eocene
-
Chuckanut Formation (1)
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Crescent Formation (1)
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lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
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-
middle Eocene
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Bartonian (1)
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-
upper Eocene (3)
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-
Hanna Formation (1)
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lower Paleogene (1)
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Oligocene
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
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lower Oligocene (2)
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upper Oligocene (4)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
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Danian (3)
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-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
Sespe Formation (1)
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White River Group (1)
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Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (2)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (3)
-
Wildcat Group (1)
-
-
Dalradian (26)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (13)
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Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Bahariya Formation (1)
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Blairmore Group (1)
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Colorado Group (2)
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Comanchean
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (2)
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Albian
-
lower Albian (1)
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upper Albian (2)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (3)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Bluesky Formation (2)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (3)
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Mannville Group (1)
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McMurray Formation (2)
-
Missisauga Formation (1)
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Mowry Shale (2)
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Muddy Sandstone (1)
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Neocomian (1)
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Pearsall Formation (1)
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Spirit River Formation (2)
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Valanginian (3)
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Wealden (1)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
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Mancos Shale (3)
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Middle Cretaceous (4)
-
Natih Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
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Belle Fourche Shale (4)
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Belly River Formation (1)
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Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
-
-
Cardium Formation (5)
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Carlile Shale (2)
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Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
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lower Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Cody Shale (1)
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Coniacian (1)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (3)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
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Frontier Formation (5)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
Lance Formation (1)
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Lewis Shale (1)
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Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (4)
-
Milk River Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (3)
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Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
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Prince Creek Formation (1)
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Santonian (4)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
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Senonian (4)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
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Star Point Sandstone (1)
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Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
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Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
-
Wall Creek Member (2)
-
Williams Fork Formation (2)
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-
Viking Formation (6)
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Yacoraite Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
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Glen Canyon Group (1)
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Bonanza Group (1)
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Coast Range Ophiolite (1)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
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Lower Jurassic
-
Carixian (1)
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Domerian (1)
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Hettangian (2)
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Laberge Group (1)
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lower Liassic (3)
-
middle Liassic (3)
-
Nordegg Member (2)
-
Pliensbachian (4)
-
Sinemurian (3)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
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Bajocian (5)
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Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (2)
-
-
San Rafael Group (1)
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Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
Galice Formation (1)
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Josephine Ophiolite (1)
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Kimmeridgian
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lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Tithonian (8)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
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lower Mesozoic (3)
-
Navajo Sandstone (2)
-
Newark Supergroup (2)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Liard Formation (2)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Dinwoody Formation (1)
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Griesbachian (1)
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Induan (3)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (3)
-
Ladinian (4)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Montney Formation (3)
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Nicola Group (1)
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Sherwood Sandstone (1)
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Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Karmutsen Group (1)
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Keuper (2)
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Norian (2)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Stuhini Group (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
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MIS 3 (1)
-
Moldanubian (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (4)
-
Bowers Supergroup (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (4)
-
Carrara Formation (3)
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (2)
-
Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (2)
-
-
Tommotian (7)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
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Flathead Sandstone (2)
-
Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Pioche Shale (2)
-
Tapeats Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
Dresbachian (2)
-
Furongian
-
Jiangshanian (3)
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Paibian (3)
-
-
Goldenville Formation (4)
-
Orr Formation (2)
-
Pilgrim Formation (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (6)
-
Steptoean (14)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Cape Elizabeth Formation (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Amsden Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Mabou Group (5)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
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Osagian (1)
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Tournaisian (4)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (5)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Meramecian (1)
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (7)
-
-
Namurian (3)
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Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
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Cumberland Group (4)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
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Atokan (1)
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Desmoinesian (1)
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Moscovian (1)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
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Morien Group (3)
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Pottsville Group (3)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Virgilian
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Shawnee Group (1)
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-
-
-
Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (2)
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Westphalian (5)
-
-
-
Casco Bay Group (1)
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Cow Head Group (11)
-
Deadwood Formation (4)
-
Devonian
-
Fisset Brook Formation (1)
-
Gile Mountain Formation (1)
-
Levis Shale (2)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (7)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (3)
-
Givetian (3)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (8)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (2)
-
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Jefferson Group (2)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Endicott Group (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (2)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (6)
-
Knox Group (3)
-
Leinster Granite (2)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
Matapedia Group (2)
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
Oquirrh Formation (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (2)
-
Antelope Valley Limestone (1)
-
Betts Cove Ophiolite (1)
-
Buchans Group (2)
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Gualcamayo Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian
-
Ballantrae Complex (4)
-
-
Beekmantown Group (4)
-
El Paso Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (5)
-
Floian (6)
-
Ibexian (6)
-
Manx Group (2)
-
Saint George Group (5)
-
Tremadocian
-
Halifax Formation (3)
-
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Ammonoosuc Volcanics (2)
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Champlainian (1)
-
Chazy Group (2)
-
Chazyan (3)
-
Cloridorme Formation (3)
-
Dapingian (6)
-
Darriwilian (19)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (3)
-
Llandeilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (3)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (4)
-
Normanskill Formation (2)
-
Table Head Group (4)
-
Whiterockian (6)
-
-
Miramichi Group (1)
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Skiddaw Slates (1)
-
Tetagouche Group (2)
-
Trenton Group (4)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (8)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (3)
-
Caradocian (11)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (2)
-
Richmondian (2)
-
-
Edenian (1)
-
Hirnantian (8)
-
Katian (7)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Mohawkian (3)
-
Red River Formation (2)
-
Sandbian (6)
-
Trentonian (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
Wild Bight Group (1)
-
Womble Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Irati Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian (1)
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (6)
-
Shawangunk Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (5)
-
-
Middle Silurian (4)
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Perry Mountain Formation (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Pictou Group (3)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
Waits River Formation (1)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (22)
-
Precambrian
-
Animikie Group (1)
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean (20)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
Yellowknife Group (1)
-
-
Baltimore Gneiss (1)
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (3)
-
Laramie anorthosite complex (1)
-
Levack Gneiss (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Purcell System (3)
-
Sokoman Formation (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Stirling Quartzite (2)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Damara System (3)
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
-
Lewisian (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Aldridge Formation (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Bonner Formation (1)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Helena Formation (1)
-
Laxfordian (1)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Roper Group (2)
-
-
Miette Group (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Blaini Formation (1)
-
Brioverian (1)
-
Cryogenian (7)
-
Dengying Formation (9)
-
Doushantuo Formation (5)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Maranon Complex (1)
-
Marinoan (4)
-
Moine Supergroup (6)
-
Moinian (4)
-
Otavi Group (2)
-
Riphean (3)
-
Sturtian (4)
-
Tonian (4)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (41)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
-
Birimian (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Statherian (1)
-
Urquhart Shale (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (1)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (9)
-
Doushantuo Formation (5)
-
-
Windermere System (5)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Waterberg System (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (5)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
alnoite (1)
-
anorthosite (11)
-
appinite (2)
-
diabase (12)
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (2)
-
plagiogranite (3)
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (13)
-
trondhjemite (6)
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros (1)
-
norite (4)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (4)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (2)
-
alkali granites (3)
-
aplite (3)
-
A-type granites (8)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (4)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (8)
-
monzogranite (7)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (12)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamprophyres (8)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (3)
-
-
pegmatite (23)
-
quartz monzonite (4)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
miaskite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
syenodiorite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (6)
-
hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (3)
-
harzburgite (7)
-
lherzolite (9)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (2)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (6)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (7)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
spilite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (6)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (19)
-
ocean-island basalts (8)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (10)
-
tholeiitic basalt (2)
-
-
dacites (7)
-
glasses (1)
-
komatiite (3)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (16)
-
tuffite (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (14)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (62)
-
volcanic ash (5)
-
wehrlite (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (3)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (22)
-
eclogite (8)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (2)
-
granite gneiss (6)
-
orthogneiss (10)
-
paragneiss (9)
-
tonalite gneiss (2)
-
-
granulites
-
kinzigite (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
listwanite (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (6)
-
metabasite (5)
-
metadiabase (2)
-
metagabbro (6)
-
metagranite (9)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (11)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (2)
-
metagraywacke (3)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (9)
-
metasandstone (4)
-
metasiltstone (1)
-
paragneiss (9)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (11)
-
skarn (7)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (28)
-
migmatites (10)
-
mylonites
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (5)
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (16)
-
schists
-
blueschist (6)
-
chlorite schist (1)
-
greenschist (3)
-
greenstone (5)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (62)
-
turbidite (41)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony irons
-
mesosiderite
-
Vaca Muerta Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
electrum (2)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
maucherite (1)
-
sperrylite (2)
-
-
bismuthides
-
michenerite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (2)
-
aragonite (1)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (12)
-
dolomite (11)
-
ikaite (1)
-
magnesian calcite (2)
-
magnesite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (2)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
fluorite (2)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
K-bentonite (3)
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (3)
-
baddeleyite (6)
-
cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (2)
-
chromite (1)
-
corundum (1)
-
franklinite (1)
-
gahnite (1)
-
germanates (1)
-
hematite (1)
-
hercynite (1)
-
ilmenite (3)
-
iron oxides (3)
-
jacobsite (1)
-
magnetite (6)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
columbite (2)
-
samarskite (1)
-
-
perovskite (1)
-
rutile (4)
-
sapphire (2)
-
spinel (5)
-
spinel group (4)
-
tantalates
-
tantalite (2)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
titanomagnetite (1)
-
ulvospinel (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (17)
-
monazite (24)
-
xenotime (2)
-
-
platinum minerals (6)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (15)
-
pargasite (1)
-
tremolite (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (1)
-
spodumene (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene (3)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (3)
-
K-feldspar (9)
-
-
plagioclase (7)
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
jasper (1)
-
quartz (7)
-
-
sodalite group
-
helvite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
erionite (1)
-
gmelinite (1)
-
heulandite (1)
-
laumontite (2)
-
mesolite (1)
-
natrolite (1)
-
-
-
iron silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
datolite group
-
datolite (1)
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
spessartine (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (5)
-
peridot (1)
-
ringwoodite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (2)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (10)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (329)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (2)
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (4)
-
epidote (6)
-
piemontite (1)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (2)
-
emerald (2)
-
tourmaline group (6)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (4)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
smectite (4)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
corrensite (1)
-
illite (7)
-
mica group
-
annite (1)
-
biotite (12)
-
glauconite (2)
-
lepidolite (1)
-
muscovite (27)
-
phengite (3)
-
phlogopite (4)
-
-
sericite (3)
-
serpentine group
-
chrysotile (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
anhydrite (3)
-
barite (2)
-
celestine (1)
-
gypsum (3)
-
-
sulfides
-
argentite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
carrollite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (8)
-
copper sulfides (2)
-
galena (5)
-
greigite (1)
-
helvite (1)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
laurite (2)
-
linnaeite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
millerite (2)
-
molybdenite (6)
-
nickel sulfides (2)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
polydymite (1)
-
pyrite (20)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
siegenite (1)
-
sphalerite (5)
-
stibnite (2)
-
troilite (1)
-
violarite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
freibergite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
altaite (1)
-
calaverite (1)
-
hessite (2)
-
sylvanite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (3)
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (3)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (461)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (2)
-
Congo (1)
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
Congo Craton (5)
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (2)
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Tanzania
-
Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
-
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (2)
-
-
East African Rift (3)
-
Kalahari Desert (2)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Bechar Algeria
-
Ougarta Algeria (1)
-
-
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (8)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (4)
-
Kosseir Egypt (1)
-
Nile Delta (2)
-
-
Ghadames Basin (1)
-
Libya (1)
-
Maghreb (1)
-
Morocco
-
Bou Azzer (1)
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (8)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (2)
-
-
-
Tunisia (2)
-
Western Sahara (1)
-
-
Nubian Shield (6)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (2)
-
Gariep Belt (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (4)
-
Kalahari Craton (4)
-
Namaqualand (2)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (2)
-
Namibia
-
Damara Belt (2)
-
Kaoko Belt (1)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (3)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (1)
-
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Limpopo South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (2)
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Burkina Faso (1)
-
Cameroon (1)
-
Ghana (2)
-
Ivory Coast (2)
-
Mauritania (2)
-
Mauritanides (2)
-
Senegal (1)
-
Taoudenni Basin (2)
-
-
West African Craton (5)
-
West African Shield (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic Peninsula (2)
-
Coats Land (1)
-
East Antarctica (3)
-
Ellsworth Land
-
Ellsworth Mountains (1)
-
-
South Shetland Islands
-
King George Island (2)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Pensacola Mountains (1)
-
Queen Maud Range (1)
-
-
Victoria Land
-
Wilson Terrane (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Alpha Cordillera (1)
-
Amerasia Basin (1)
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
Beaufort Sea (2)
-
Canada Basin (2)
-
Kara Sea (1)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
Makarov Basin (1)
-
Nares Strait (2)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Voring Basin (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (8)
-
Greenland ice sheet (2)
-
Ilimaussaq (1)
-
Northern Greenland (10)
-
Peary Land (5)
-
Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
-
South Greenland (1)
-
West Greenland (4)
-
-
Jan Mayen (1)
-
Russian Arctic
-
New Siberian Islands (1)
-
Severnaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen
-
Spitsbergen Island
-
Ny Friesland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (3)
-
Kuznetsk Alatau (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (3)
-
-
Altai-Sayan region (1)
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (7)
-
Kuwait (1)
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (6)
-
-
Rub' al Khali (1)
-
Saudi Arabia
-
Hejaz Saudi Arabia
-
Jeddah Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
-
United Arab Emirates
-
Abu Dhabi (1)
-
Ras al-Khaimah (1)
-
-
Yemen (2)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Fergana Basin (1)
-
Kazakhstan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
East Malaysia
-
Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Altun Mountains (1)
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
-
Anhui China (2)
-
Bohaiwan Basin (2)
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Fujian China (1)
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Guangdong China (1)
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
Guizhou China (9)
-
Hainan China (1)
-
Hebei China
-
Yanshan Range (2)
-
-
Heilongjiang China (1)
-
Hubei China
-
Yichang China (3)
-
-
Hunan China (5)
-
Inner Mongolia China
-
Erlian Basin (3)
-
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (2)
-
Meishan China (1)
-
Ningxia China (1)
-
North China Plain (1)
-
North China Platform (13)
-
Ordos Basin (2)
-
Qaidam Basin (3)
-
Qilian Mountains (3)
-
Qinghai China (4)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Sanjiang (1)
-
Shaanxi China (5)
-
Shandong China
-
Dongying Depression (2)
-
Shandong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (3)
-
Sichuan China
-
Panxi Rift (1)
-
-
South China Block (8)
-
Sulu Terrane (1)
-
Tarim Platform (5)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Hami Basin (1)
-
Junggar (1)
-
Junggar Basin (2)
-
Tahe Field (1)
-
Tarim Basin (9)
-
-
Xizang China (5)
-
Yangtze Platform (9)
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (6)
-
Yunnan China
-
Ailao Shan (2)
-
-
-
Indonesia
-
Celebes (1)
-
Krakatoa (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Hidaka metamorphic belt (1)
-
Horoman Complex (1)
-
-
Honshu
-
Gifu Japan (1)
-
Iwate Japan (1)
-
Mino Belt (1)
-
-
Sambagawa Belt (1)
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea
-
Gyeonggi Massif (1)
-
-
-
Malay Peninsula
-
West Malaysia
-
Langkawi Islands (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia
-
East Malaysia
-
Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
West Malaysia
-
Langkawi Islands (1)
-
-
-
Mongolia
-
Khubsugul Mongolia (1)
-
-
Taiwan (2)
-
Thailand (2)
-
Vietnam (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (2)
-
Lesser Himalayas (4)
-
Zanskar Range (2)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
Bhutan (2)
-
Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Cuddapah Basin (1)
-
-
Bundelkhand (1)
-
Gujarat India
-
Kutch India (2)
-
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Spiti (4)
-
-
Jharkhand India (1)
-
Karnataka India (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Nagaland India (1)
-
-
Punjab India (2)
-
Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (2)
-
Jodhpur India (1)
-
Pali India (1)
-
Sirohi India (1)
-
-
Son Valley (1)
-
Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Basin (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
-
Indian Shield (1)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (3)
-
-
Nepal (1)
-
Pakistan
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (4)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Avacha (1)
-
-
-
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Invertebrata
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian
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Turonian
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic
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Kayenta Formation (1)
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upper Mesozoic (2)
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Mexico
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ocean floors (36)
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Paleozoic
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Terreneuvian
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Middle Cambrian
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Wheeler Formation (1)
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Pioche Shale (2)
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Upper Cambrian
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Bonneterre Formation (1)
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Dresbachian (2)
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Goldenville Formation (4)
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Steptoean (14)
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Wilberns Formation (1)
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Cape Elizabeth Formation (1)
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Carboniferous
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Albert Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (7)
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Mabou Group (5)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Kayak Shale (1)
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Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
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Tournaisian (4)
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Macumber Formation (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (5)
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Upper Mississippian
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Fayetteville Formation (1)
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Hartselle Sandstone (1)
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Meramecian (1)
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Windsor Group (7)
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Namurian (3)
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Pennsylvanian
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Brazil Formation (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (2)
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Atokan (1)
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Minturn Formation (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Glenshaw Formation (1)
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Virgilian
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-
-
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Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (2)
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Casco Bay Group (1)
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Chattanooga Shale (1)
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Deadwood Formation (4)
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Devonian
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Fisset Brook Formation (1)
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Levis Shale (2)
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Lower Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (3)
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Marcellus Shale (2)
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Onondaga Limestone (2)
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Winnipegosis Formation (1)
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Muth Quartzite (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (8)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
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Wabamun Group (1)
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Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (2)
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Hampshire Formation (1)
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Jefferson Group (2)
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Palliser Formation (1)
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-
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Dunkard Group (1)
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Ellis Bay Formation (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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Matapedia Group (2)
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middle Paleozoic
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Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
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Oquirrh Formation (1)
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Ordovician
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Chickamauga Group (1)
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Gualcamayo Formation (1)
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian
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Ballantrae Complex (4)
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Beekmantown Group (4)
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Fillmore Formation (5)
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Floian (6)
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Ibexian (6)
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Manx Group (2)
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Tremadocian
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Halifax Formation (3)
-
-
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Martinsburg Formation (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Ammonoosuc Volcanics (2)
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Champlainian (1)
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Cloridorme Formation (3)
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Darriwilian (19)
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Deicke Bentonite Bed (3)
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Normanskill Formation (2)
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Whiterockian (6)
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Miramichi Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (8)
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Sandbian (6)
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Utica Shale (2)
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Vinini Formation (1)
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Permian
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Guadalupian
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Bell Canyon Formation (1)
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Delaware Mountain Group (1)
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Irati Formation (1)
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Khuff Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
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Rotliegendes (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
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Wellington Formation (1)
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Road River Formation (1)
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Sauk Sequence (6)
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Shawangunk Formation (1)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Wenlock (5)
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow (1)
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-
-
upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Kiaman Superchron (1)
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Waits River Formation (1)
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palynology (2)
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Plantae
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nannofossils (4)
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Bryophyta
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Musci
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Pteridophyta
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Spermatophyta
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Pinaceae
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Cordaitales (4)
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-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (375)
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pollution (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Mesoarchean (2)
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Neoarchean (20)
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Timiskaming Group (1)
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Yellowknife Group (1)
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Baltimore Gneiss (1)
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Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
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Delhi Supergroup (1)
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Eocambrian (1)
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Hadean (1)
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Hazel Formation (1)
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Johnnie Formation (3)
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Laramie anorthosite complex (1)
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Prichard Formation (1)
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Purcell System (3)
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Sokoman Formation (1)
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Stillwater Complex (1)
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Stirling Quartzite (2)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
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Great Oxidation Event (1)
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Hutuo Group (1)
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Kombolgie Formation (1)
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Lewisian (2)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Aldridge Formation (1)
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Bonner Formation (1)
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Calymmian (1)
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Helena Formation (1)
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Laxfordian (1)
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Roper Group (2)
-
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Miette Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
-
Blaini Formation (1)
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Brioverian (1)
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Cryogenian (7)
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Dengying Formation (9)
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Doushantuo Formation (5)
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Ediacaran
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Wonoka Formation (1)
-
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Maranon Complex (1)
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Moine Supergroup (6)
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Sturtian (4)
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Tonian (4)
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Torridonian (1)
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Vendian (41)
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Walden Creek Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Aphebian
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Hurwitz Group (1)
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Birimian (1)
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Rhyacian (1)
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Statherian (1)
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Urquhart Shale (1)
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Pocatello Formation (1)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (9)
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Doushantuo Formation (5)
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Windermere System (5)
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-
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Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
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Waterberg System (2)
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
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problematic fossils
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Pterobranchia (9)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
northwestern Newfoundland
Devonian Extension in Northwestern Newfoundland: 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb Data from the Ming’s Bight Area, Baie Verte Peninsula Available to Purchase
Acadian remobilization of a Taconian ophiolite, Hare Bay allochthon, northwestern Newfoundland Available to Purchase
Plateau lavas and diabase dikes of northwestern Newfoundland Free
—Map showing general geological features of northwestern Newfoundland. Available to Purchase
—Structure section AA in northwestern Newfoundland. Location of section is ... Available to Purchase
—Structure section BB in northwestern Newfoundland. Location of section is ... Available to Purchase
Lithogeochemical, isotopic, and U–Pb (zircon) age constraints on arc to rift magmatism, northwestern and central Avalon Terrane, Newfoundland, Canada: implications for local lithostratigraphy Available to Purchase
The Taconide Zone and the Taconic Orogeny in the Western Part of the Northern Appalachian Orogen Available to Purchase
The lower Paleozoic rocks that extend from northwestern Newfoundland, through the Gaspé Peninsula, the south shore of the St. Lawrence River as far west as Quebec City, the Champlain Valley, western New England, eastern New York, and north-central New Jersey to southeastern Pennsylvania were deformed markedly by the Ordovician Taconic orogeny. This belt is bordered to the north and west by the little-disturbed foreland; in Canada the boundary includes Logan’s Line. To the south and east, the identity of this belt is lost in rocks that have been more severely deformed and metamorphosed by later, principally Acadian, orogeny. Rocks of this identifiable Taconic orogenic belt are here termed the Taconides. During Cambrian and much of Early Ordovician time, sedimentation within the Taconide belt was arranged in parallel zones: to the northwest, on the craton, was a shelf environment of shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal carbonate deposition. Southeast of this shelf across a steep slope and an abrupt facies change, that probably reflects a sharp increase in water depth, was an area of clastic sedimentation; between these two zones was a zone of carbonate-clast slump conglomerates. The zone of clastic sediments, called the transitional zone, in turn passed seaward into one of typical eugeosynclinal sedimentation where the rocks are poor in carbonate, but rich in volcanic components. Another major facies change is preserved within the area of the shelf sequence deposition. Depending on the geographic location, this second facies change is late Early Ordovician to Middle Ordovician in age; it is marked by the regional unconformable overlap of a syntectonic black-mantling shale sequence on the carbonate rocks of the shelf sequence and older units. The shelf and mantling shale sequences are divisible into two tectonic zones: a foreland to the northwest, and a zone of deformed autochthonous rocks to the southeast, in which the intensity of deformation and metamorphism increases to the southeast. Rocks of the transitional sedimentary facies are even more intensely deformed, and over wide areas have been moved bodily northward and westward for long distances. These moved rocks are preserved in three forms: (1) klippe, now surrounded entirely by rocks of the shelf or mantling shale sequence across structural contacts; (2) allochthonous rocks only partly surrounded by rocks of the shelf or mantling shale sequence across contacts; (3) allochthons now eroded to a mere structural stump, but whose former extension and large movement are recorded by distinctive syntectonic sedimentary rocks. To the first category belong the Hare Bay and Humber Arm klippen of Newfoundland, small klippen in the Quebec City area, the Taconic klippe in New England and New York, and small scattered areas of allochthonous sedimentary rocks as well as a large klippe of Precambrian crystalline rocks in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. To the second category belong the rocks immediately southeast of Logan’s Line, from the tip of Gaspé Peninsula to the Vermont-Quebec border. To the third category belong the rocks of the Hinesburg thrust in northern Vermont, where large-scale Ordovician movement at the surface level is recorded in the wildflysch-type sedimentary rocks exposed along the Lake Champlain shore. South and east of the zone of allochthons and of the deformed shelf sequence is a zone of structurally high ground, part of the axial region of the composite Berkshire–Green Mountain–Sutton Mountain–Notre Dame Mountain–Shickshock Range–Indian Head Range–northern Long Range anti-clinoria. Where the structural relief is especially great or where epeirogenic uplift has caused erosion to reach sufficient depth, the zone is marked by Precambrian basement rocks; these Precambrian rocks approximately mark the southeast limit of basement rocks of 1 (±) b.y. (billion years) age and appear to be the edge of a lower Paleozoic craton. Coincident with the zone of structural highs is a zone of Bouguer gravity highs; the coincidence extends from northwestern Newfoundland through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as far south as the north end of the Berkshire massif. From here south to Long Island Sound, the gravity ridge is displaced east of the structural ridge. It passes through the Coastal Plain deposits and reappears in the area of the Glenarm Series in Maryland. Northwest of the gravity ridge is a coextensive zone of Bouguer gravity troughs. The troughs follow the zone of deformed shelf sequence; where the allochthons occur, the troughs coincide with these features. Lower to Middle Ordovician ultramafic rocks occur near the western boundary of the eugeosynclinal facies, in a narrow belt parallel with and just east of the zone of structural highs. From Gaspé Peninsula southwest, these ultramafic rocks are apparently strictly intrusive. In Newfoundland, however, intrusive ultramafic bodies may be genetically related to an apparently extrusive ultramafic-mafic ophiolite complex preserved in the allochthons. I suggest that the process leading to the locations of the structural, igneous, and gravity features was the interaction of an oceanic segment of the crust with the adjoining craton. The location of this junction of crustal segments originally determined the location of the sedimentary facies junction between the shelf and basin sequences; compressive plunging of the oceanic crust under the craton caused rafting of the lighter cratonal margin, thus accounting for the structural uplift of the outermost (southeasternmost) known belt of 1-b.y.-old Precambrian basement rocks through much of the length of the Taconides. Farther into the craton (west and north), the compressive forces caused a gentle downwarp of the crust, leading to the subsidence of the former shelf area and, therefore, to a bathymetric reversal. The reversal allowed a black mantling shale sequence, whose sediments were derived in large part from the uplifted cratonal margin to the east, to be deposited over the former shelf area; continued uplift of the cratonal margin and subsidence of the former shelf area led eventually to wholesale emplacement of allochthons by gravity sliding of rocks of the transitional facies off the uplifted cratonal margin into the basin that was the former shelf area. Continued compression in the Taconides after the initial submarine gravity sliding led to northwestward thrusting of consolidated rocks, including Precambrian crystalline rocks of the uplifted cratonal margin, in a more deep-seated environment, probably in Late Ordovician or Early Silurian time. Regional metamorphism accompanied this last stage of diastrophism. The underthrusting of oceanic crust, in a process that probably involved the upper mantle as well, was accompanied by intrusion of the ultramafic bodies and the extrusion of siliceous, mafic, and ultramafic rocks on the surface. These igneous rocks are preserved today mainly in the eugeosynclinal sequence formerly deposited on the oceanic crust, but they are found also among the gravity slides and as volcanic ash in the shelf sequence. The addition of a mass of relatively dense oceanic material under the margin of the craton, as well as the concomitant introduction of dense intrusive rocks, resulted in the belt of positive Bouguer gravity anomalies. Where the gravity ridge is southeast of rather than coinciding with the belt of Precambrian rocks in the Taconide zone, the Precambrian rocks have undergone large lateral transport toward the craton. Compared to the Taconic orogeny, the Acadian orogeny in the northern Appalachian region was of wider regional extent, developed larger systems of nappes, led to more intense regional metamorphism, and was accompanied by larger scale plutonism. Despite these facts, however, the Taconic orogeny appears to have defined structural trends in the lower Paleozoic rocks that effectively controlled structural evolution of the northern Appalachian orogen during later Paleozoic orogenies, including the Acadian orogeny.
Billings' second operculum: a late Early Ordovician Maclurites (Gastropoda) from western Newfoundland and the Canadian Arctic Free
In situ lingulids from deep-water carbonates of the Middle Ordovician Table Head Group of Newfoundland and the Trenton Group of Quebec Free
Formation of metamorphic aureoles beneath ophiolites— Evidence from the St. Anthony Complex, Newfoundland Available to Purchase
A suite of alkali basalts and gabbros associated with the Hare Bay Allochthon of western Newfoundland Free
Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of Mexico Available to Purchase
Abstract We present a tectonic evolution of Mexico over the past 600 m.y., with focus on the position of southern margin of Proterozoic North America in Mexico, the Phanerozoic events that shaped this margin, and the accretion of terranes that built Mexico out from that margin to its present configuration. The evolution of Mexico is a peculiar and difficult problem in tectonics. Whereas the kinematic history of the region of Mexico, for example, the end of Proterozoic continental breakup, the collision of North and South America in the late Paleozoic, the drifting apart of those two continents in the Mesozoic, and the motions of plates in the Pacific basin relative to North America in Cretaceous and Cenozoic time, is reasonably well known, the kinematics of terranes now in the region is poorly understood. In large part, this disparity is due to the extraordinary extent and volume of Cenozoic volcanism. Although such volcanism informs us about Cenozoic convergence, it cautions that the crust of Mexico has probably undergone major modification in Cenozoic time. Moreover, the volcanic cover limits greatly the direct access to older rocks and structures necessary to develop the story of an evolution that is well resolved in space and time. A tectonic synthesis of Mexico thus requires more assumptions than for most mountainous regions. Our model of tectonic evolution of Mexico attempts to satisfy both far-field and sparse near-field kinematic histories and existing geologic and geophysical data. This chapter is a companion to an in-depth synthesis of data, identification
Transects of the ancient and modern continental margins of eastern Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract The continental margin transect program evolved through a desire to define the specific characteristics of North America’s modern continental margins and to compare the modern margins with Paleozoic examples, now found within the continent. Thus, the features of modern margins can be used to locate and elucidate the structures of ancient analogues. Conversely, the exposed rocks of ancient margins provide an insight into the evolution and deep structures of modern examples. Ocean-continental transitions, rifting mechanisms, development of sedimentary basins, processes of continental breakup, and ancestral controls are all features that warrant comparison between modern and ancient examples. The Atlantic coast has the best-known passive margin of North America. Inboard of it is the Appalachian Mountain chain, which records a clear history of late Precambrian rifting and the passive development of a Paleozoic continental margin. Transects across both these modern and ancient examples provide information on scale and detail that is useful for comparisons. The modern continental margin of eastern Canada (Fig. 1a, 1b) has a wider variety of ages and styles than that of its eastern United States counterpart. Segments of the margin southeast of Nova Scotia and east of Labrador are typical of rifted margins, though of different ages. Between them lies the tortuous segments of the northern and eastern Grand Banks where rifting and subsidence occurred over a broad area of the continental shelf. In contrast, the southern boundary of the Grand Banks is a transform segment. Rocks of the Appalachian Paleozoic margin are best preserved and exposed
The late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic Grenvillian orogeny and the assembly of Rodinia: Turning point in the tectonic evolution of Laurentia Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The amalgamation of Laurentia’s Archean provinces ca. 1830 Ma was followed by ~700 m.y. of accretionary orogenesis along its active southeastern margin, marked by subduction of oceanic lithosphere, formation of arcs and back-arcs, and episodic accretion. This prolonged period of active-margin tectonic processes, spanning the late Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic eras, resulted in major accretionary crustal growth and was terminated by closure of the Unimos Ocean (new name). Ocean closure was associated with rapid motion of Laurentia toward the equator and resulted in continental collision that led to profound reworking of much of the accreted Proterozoic crust during the ca. 1090–980 Ma Grenvillian orogeny. The Grenvillian orogeny resulted in formation of a large, hot, long-duration orogen with a substantial orogenic plateau that underwent extensional orogenic collapse before rejuvenation and formation of the Grenville Front tectonic zone. The Grenvillian orogeny also caused the termination and inversion of the Midcontinent Rift, which, had it continued, would likely have split Laurentia into distinct continental blocks. Voluminous mafic magmatic activity in the Midcontinent Rift ca. 1108–1090 Ma was contemporaneous with magmatism in the Southwestern Laurentia large igneous province. We discuss a potential link between prolonged subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath southeast Laurentia in the Mesoproterozoic and the initiation of this voluminous mafic magmatism. In this hypothesis, subducted water in dense, hydrous Mg-silicates transported to the bottom of the upper mantle led to hydration and increased buoyancy, resulting in upwelling, decompression melting, and intraplate magmatism. Coeval collisional orogenesis in several continents, including Amazonia and Kalahari, ties the Grenvillian orogeny to the amalgamation of multiple Proterozoic continents in the supercontinent Rodinia. These orogenic events collectively constituted a major turning point in both Laurentian and global tectonics. The ensuing paleogeographic configuration, and that which followed during Rodinia’s extended breakup, set the stage for Earth system evolution through the Neoproterozoic Era.
Stratigraphy and Structure of Northeastern Newfoundland Bearing on Drift in North Atlantic Available to Purchase
Comments on Cambrian-to-Carboniferous biogeography and its implications for the Acadian orogeny Available to Purchase
In considering the tectonic evolution of the Acadian orogen in New England and Maritime Canada, account should be taken of the fact that from the Early Cambrian through the Mississippian the Coastal Acadia marine faunas of eastern North America are very distinctive biogeographically from those occurring to the west and northwest within the Northern Appalachians and adjacent parts of the continent. The limited amount of boundary mixing can be largely ascribed to dispersible larval stages of a few taxa. This biogeographic situation suggests that the surface-current circulation pattern that maintained this type of reproductive isolation and biogeographic integrity from the Early Cambrian through the Mississippian implies a certain level of geographic remoteness as well, although specific distances cannot be derived from such data. Paleogeographies and plate tectonic concepts need to be consistent with the available biogeographic information. Early-through-Late Cambrian biogeographic units have been recognized, since early in this century, in the Acadian orogen and adjacent regions. Baltic Realm (= Atlantic Realm, = Acado-Baltic Realm) faunas are restricted to the coastal regions of New England (Boston region), the Maritimes (St. John, New Brunswick), Nova Scotia, and eastern Newfoundland. On the other hand, Laurentian Realm (= Pacific Realm) faunas are restricted to a belt that extends from western Newfoundland down the valley of the St. Lawrence River and through Vermont and eastern New York. Ordovician biogeography is less well documented, with earliest Ordovician (Tremadocian) Baltic Realm-type faunas also occurring in eastern Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Coastal Acadia, whereas on the North American Platform to the west, Laurentian Realm-type faunas occur. Baltic Realm faunas of the later Early Ordovician (Arenigian) are known in eastern Newfoundland. In central Newfoundland, the few shelly faunas are largely of the Laurentian Realm. There is no useful Middle to Upper Ordovician (upper Arenigian-Ashgillian) fauna from Coastal Acadia, whereas fauna of that age-span on the northwestern edge of the Northern Appalachians is strictly Laurentian Realm in character. During this time interval in central Newfoundland, central and northern New Brunswick, and northern Maine, the few shelly faunas presently available are largely of the Laurentian Realm, with a Baltic admixture in some cases, although more study is required for a definitive statement on this matter. In the latest Ashgillian (Hirnantian) there is at least one good occurrence of the globally very extensive cold water, Gondwana (=Malvinokaffric) Realm Hirnantia fauna in eastern Gaspe. Silurian European Province faunas occur in Coastal Acadia, including parts of mainland Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, coastal Maine, and the Boston area. North American Province Silurian occurs farther to the west and northwest, including northern New Brunswick, northern Maine, and the Connecticut River Valley region, as well as in areas farther to the west. Marine Devonian units of Old World Realm type occur in Nova Scotia, coastal Maine, and southern New Brunswick. Eastern Americas Realm faunas, on the other hand, are present to the west and northwest in central and northern New Brunswick, northern Maine, eastern Quebec, and New Hampshire. Mississippian marine European Province faunas are present in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and coastal New Brunswick. By contrast, both North American and Southeastern Province faunas are known well to the west of Greater Acadia in the Southern Appalachians and the Mid-Continent region. Later Paleozoic European and North American nonmarine biota are all of Euramerian Province type; that is, there is no evidence for provincialism within the Northern Appalachians. These biogeographic data are of concern in tectonic analysis, particularly of the Acadian orogen, because belts yielding biogeographically similar organisms are unlikely to have been geographically remote from each other, and vice versa. Examples of boundary biogeographic mixing also indicate greater proximity—such examples are known in a few areas within the Northern Appalachians, particularly in eastern Quebec for the Early and Middle Devonian and in Nova Scotia for the Early Devonian. Early Devonian mixing is also present in northern Maine and adjacent New Brunswick. Boundary biogeographic mixing is also known in central Newfoundland and a few locales to the southwest in northern Maine and New Brunswick for the Middle and later Ordovician. The timing of the Acadian orogeny deduced from datable fossils preserved above and below the post-Acadian unconformity is Middle Devonian, with a Givetian date for the maximum being most likely. This statement applies to all parts of the Northern Appalachians except for Newfoundland, where datable beds overlying Acadian-deformed strata are scarce.