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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Ethiopia
-
Awash Valley (1)
-
-
Kenya
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
Mount Kenya (2)
-
-
Lake Malawi (1)
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Mozambique (1)
-
Tanzania
-
Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
-
-
Turkana Basin (1)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Albert (1)
-
Lake Kariba (1)
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
Lake Malawi (1)
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Lake Tanganyika (3)
-
-
East African Rift (5)
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (3)
-
Namib Desert (2)
-
Nile River (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Bahariya Oasis (1)
-
Eastern Desert (3)
-
Sinai Egypt (1)
-
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (2)
-
-
Western Sahara (2)
-
-
Nubian Shield (3)
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (4)
-
Kalahari Craton (2)
-
Karoo Basin (5)
-
Lesotho (1)
-
Namibia
-
Damara Belt (1)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (4)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Limpopo South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
Sutherland South Africa (1)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
Zimbabwe
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benue Valley (1)
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Burkina Faso (1)
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Ghana
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Bosumtwi Crater (1)
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Guinea (1)
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Ivory Coast (1)
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Liberia (1)
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Mauritania (1)
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Niger (1)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (2)
-
-
Senegal (1)
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Sierra Leone (2)
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Taoudenni Basin (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (2)
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Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
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Alexander Terrane (13)
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Alpine Fault (1)
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Altiplano (12)
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American River (1)
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Antarctica
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Antarctic Peninsula (2)
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Coats Land (1)
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East Antarctica (3)
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Mirnyy Station (1)
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Queen Maud Land
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Sor-Rondane Mountains (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
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Beardmore Glacier (1)
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Coalsack Bluff (1)
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Shackleton Range (1)
-
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Victoria Land (2)
-
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Arctic Ocean
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Amerasia Basin (3)
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Barents Sea (6)
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Beaufort Sea (1)
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Canada Basin (3)
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Chukchi Sea (1)
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Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (4)
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Greenland ice sheet (2)
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Northern Greenland (4)
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Peary Land (1)
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West Greenland (1)
-
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Russian Arctic
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Franz Josef Land (1)
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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Wrangel Island (3)
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen
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Spitsbergen Island (3)
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-
-
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Arran (3)
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Kuznetsk Alatau (1)
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Mongolian Altai (1)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Altai-Sayan region (2)
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Amur region (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (3)
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (1)
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Qatar (1)
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Rub' al Khali (3)
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Saudi Arabia
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Ghawar Field (2)
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (1)
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-
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Brahmaputra River (1)
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Buryat Russian Federation (2)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan (3)
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Pamirs (3)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (6)
-
-
Euphrates River (1)
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Far East
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Borneo
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Brunei (1)
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Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
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Burma (3)
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China
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Altun Mountains (2)
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Altyn Tagh Fault (6)
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Anhui China (1)
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Bohaiwan Basin (1)
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Da Hinggan Ling (1)
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Dabie Mountains (5)
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Dongpu Depression (1)
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Fujian China (4)
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Gansu China
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Linxia Basin (2)
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Guangdong China (1)
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Guangxi China (1)
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Guiyang China (2)
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Guizhou China (6)
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Hainan China (2)
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Hebei China (1)
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Heilongjiang China
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Daqing Field (1)
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Xiao Hinggan Ling (1)
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Henan China (1)
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Huang He (2)
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Hunan China (3)
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Inner Mongolia China
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Bayan Obo China (1)
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Erlian Basin (2)
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Jiangsu China (1)
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Jiangxi China (2)
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Kunlun Mountains (5)
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Liaoning China
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Liaohe Field (1)
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Loess Plateau (2)
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Micang Mountains (1)
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Nanpanjiang Basin (1)
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North China Platform (12)
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Ordos Basin (5)
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Qaidam Basin (5)
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Qilian Mountains (5)
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Qinghai China (6)
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Qinling Mountains (3)
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Shaanxi China (3)
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Shandong China
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Shandong Peninsula (1)
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Shengli Field (1)
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Shanxi China (2)
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Sichuan Basin (6)
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Sichuan China (3)
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Songliao Basin (3)
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South China Block (10)
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Sulu Terrane (2)
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Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (1)
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Tarim Platform (2)
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Xinjiang China
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Hami Basin (1)
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Junggar (2)
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Junggar Basin (4)
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Tarim Basin (6)
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Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (3)
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Lhasa Block (6)
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Yangtze Platform (5)
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Yangtze River valley (1)
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Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
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Yunnan China (4)
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Zhejiang China (1)
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Indochina (1)
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Indonesia
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Irian Jaya Indonesia (1)
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Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
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Japan
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Hokkaido
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Horoman Complex (1)
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Honshu
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Chugoku (1)
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Iwate Japan (1)
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Kyushu
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Kagoshima Japan (1)
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Sambagawa Belt (1)
-
-
Korea
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South Korea
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Seoul South Korea (1)
-
-
-
Laos (1)
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Lesser Sunda Islands
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Timor
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East Timor (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia (2)
-
Mongolia
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Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Philippine Islands
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Luzon (1)
-
-
Sino-Korean Platform (2)
-
Thailand
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Khorat Plateau (1)
-
-
Vietnam (2)
-
-
Gobi Desert (3)
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Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
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High Himalayan Crystallines (2)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (2)
-
Lesser Himalayas (7)
-
Nanga Parbat (1)
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Zanskar Range (3)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
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Afghanistan (1)
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Bangladesh (1)
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Bengal (1)
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Bhutan (9)
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Ganges River basin (1)
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India
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Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (1)
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Haryana India (1)
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Himachal Pradesh India
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Spiti (1)
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-
Jharkhand India
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Singhbhum India (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India (2)
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Maharashtra India
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Lonar Crater (2)
-
-
Northeastern India
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Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
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Assam India (2)
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-
Orissa India (1)
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Pranhita-Godavari Valley (2)
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Punjab India
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Chandigarh India (1)
-
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Rajasthan India
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Aravalli Range (2)
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Ramnagar India (1)
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Shillong Plateau (2)
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Sikkim India (1)
-
Son Valley (1)
-
Tamil Nadu India
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Neyveli India (1)
-
-
Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Basin (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India
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Sonbhadra India (1)
-
-
Uttarakhand India
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Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
Yamuna River (1)
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-
Indian Shield (2)
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Indo-Gangetic Plain (1)
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Indus Basin (2)
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Indus Valley (1)
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Kashmir (2)
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Ladakh (4)
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Nanga Parbat (1)
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Kohistan (1)
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Nepal
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Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
-
Pakistan
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Baluchistan Pakistan (1)
-
Punjab Pakistan (1)
-
-
Potwar Plateau (1)
-
-
Indus River (1)
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (8)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
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Klyuchevskaya Sopka (1)
-
-
-
Karakoram (3)
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation (1)
-
Khabarovsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Khakasiya Russian Federation (1)
-
Koryak Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (2)
-
-
Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Kuznetsk Basin (1)
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
Issyk-kul Lake (1)
-
-
Main Boundary Fault (1)
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Main Central Thrust (6)
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Mekong River (1)
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Middle East
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Dead Sea (1)
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Dead Sea Rift (2)
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Iran
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Elburz (1)
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Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (2)
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Iraq (3)
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Israel
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Negev (1)
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Jordan (3)
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Lebanon (3)
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Mesopotamia (2)
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Syria (4)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (7)
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Menderes Massif (1)
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North Anatolian Fault (4)
-
Pontic Mountains (2)
-
Sea of Marmara region (1)
-
Taurus Mountains (2)
-
Zonguldak Turkey (1)
-
-
Zagros (5)
-
-
Naga Hills (1)
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
Omolon Block (1)
-
Qiangtang Terrane (4)
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Russian Far East (5)
-
Russian Pacific region (1)
-
Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Kuril Islands (1)
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Salair Ridge (1)
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (1)
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Siberia (17)
-
Siberian Platform
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Aldan Shield (1)
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Yenisei Ridge (1)
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-
Siwalik Range (2)
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Southeast Asia (1)
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Tajikistan
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Tibetan Plateau (33)
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Tien Shan
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Alai Range (1)
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-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
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Vilyuy River basin (1)
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West Siberia
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Western Transbaikalia (2)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Yana River (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Northeast Atlantic (2)
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Scotian Shelf (1)
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West Atlantic (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Atlantic region (4)
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Austral Basin (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Broken Hill Block (1)
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Curnamona Province (1)
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South Australia
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Eyre Peninsula (1)
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Flinders Ranges (2)
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Gawler Craton (2)
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Kangaroo Island (2)
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Olympic Dam Deposit (1)
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Tasmania Australia
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Hellyer Deposit (1)
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Victoria Australia (2)
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Western Australia
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Canning Basin (2)
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Yilgarn Craton (3)
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-
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New Zealand
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Coromandel Peninsula (3)
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Fiordland (4)
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Taupo volcanic zone (4)
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Papua (1)
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Papua New Guinea
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Avalon Zone (2)
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Blue Mountains (16)
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Border Ranges Fault (1)
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Calico Mountains (2)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (9)
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Gloucester County New Brunswick
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Nova Scotia
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Cape Breton Island (1)
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Meguma Terrane (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland
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Ontario
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Sudbury igneous complex (1)
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Quebec
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Mackenzie Mountains (4)
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Nunavut
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Ellesmere Island (10)
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-
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Stikinia Terrane (13)
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British Columbia
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Canadian Cordillera (40)
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Northwest Territories
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Saskatchewan
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Bahamas (2)
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Cascade Range (30)
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Climax Mine (1)
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Coast Mountains (12)
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Coast Ranges (22)
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Colombian Basin (3)
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Colorado River (47)
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Colorado River basin (12)
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Columbia River basin (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Armenia (1)
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Caucasus
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Greater Caucasus (2)
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Ohio
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-
Exopterygota
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Hemiptera (1)
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Isoptera (1)
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-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (1)
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-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (1)
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Corynexochida (3)
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Ptychopariida
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Olenidae (1)
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-
Redlichiida (3)
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-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (1)
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Productida (1)
-
Rhynchonellida (4)
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Spiriferida
-
Cyrtospirifer (2)
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Spiriferidina
-
Spiriferidae (1)
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-
-
Strophomenida (1)
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-
Inarticulata
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Lingula (2)
-
-
-
Bryozoa
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Cystoporata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
-
Actiniaria (1)
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Rugosa (4)
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Scleractinia (1)
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-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Asteroidea (1)
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-
-
Crinozoa
-
Blastoidea (1)
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Crinoidea (4)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (1)
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-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Arcidae (1)
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Heterodonta
-
Hiatella
-
Hiatella arctica (2)
-
-
Hippuritacea (1)
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Rudistae (4)
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Veneroida
-
Astartidae
-
Astarte (1)
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-
Veneridae
-
Chione (2)
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-
-
-
Nuculanidae (1)
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Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae (1)
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-
Palaeoheterodonta
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Unionidae (2)
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-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (2)
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-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
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Baculites (1)
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Goniatitida
-
Goniatitidae
-
Goniatites (1)
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-
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Mesogastropoda
-
Cerithiidae (1)
-
-
Pulmonata (1)
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-
Hyolithes (2)
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Polyplacophora (2)
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Rostroconchia (1)
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Tentaculitida
-
Tentaculitidae
-
Tentaculites (1)
-
-
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (2)
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides sacculifer (1)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia (1)
-
-
-
Nodosariacea
-
Nodosariidae
-
Lenticulina (1)
-
Nodosaria (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Miogypsinidae
-
Miogypsina (1)
-
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Ammobaculites (1)
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Lituolidae
-
Haplophragmoides (1)
-
-
Trochammina (1)
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-
-
-
Radiolaria (8)
-
Silicoflagellata (1)
-
Thecamoeba (3)
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (2)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (1)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
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Conodonta
-
Neognathodus (1)
-
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (2)
-
-
problematic microfossils (10)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (12)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (11)
-
megaspores (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (42)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Botryococcus (1)
-
Charophyta (1)
-
Chlorophyceae
-
Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
-
Chrysophyta (1)
-
diatoms (8)
-
nannofossils (5)
-
Rhodophyta (1)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Taeniopteris (1)
-
-
Lycopsida (7)
-
Sphenopsida (3)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Alnus (1)
-
Fagus (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
Salix (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (1)
-
Coniferales
-
Cupressaceae (2)
-
Picea (2)
-
Pinaceae
-
Abies (1)
-
Larix (1)
-
Pinus (1)
-
-
-
Cordaitales (2)
-
Cycadales (3)
-
Ginkgoales (1)
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Pteridospermae (4)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (10)
-
-
prokaryotes (1)
-
Pterobranchia (2)
-
thallophytes (3)
-
tracks (12)
-
trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (82)
-
Ar/Ar (222)
-
exposure age (27)
-
fission-track dating (59)
-
He/He (5)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (4)
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K/Ar (33)
-
lichenometry (3)
-
Lu/Hf (26)
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Nd/Nd (6)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (18)
-
paleomagnetism (90)
-
Pb/Pb (13)
-
Pb/Th (7)
-
radiation damage (3)
-
Rb/Sr (14)
-
Re/Os (30)
-
sclerochronology (2)
-
Sm/Nd (20)
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Sr/Sr (3)
-
tephrochronology (18)
-
Th/U (18)
-
thermochronology (112)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
tree rings (10)
-
U/Pb (651)
-
U/Th/Pb (15)
-
uranium disequilibrium (10)
-
-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
-
Blancan (6)
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Glenns Ferry Formation (2)
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lower Cenozoic (3)
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middle Cenozoic (7)
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Quaternary
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Clovis (2)
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
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Holocene
-
lower Holocene (5)
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Medieval Warm Period (2)
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Middle Ages (2)
-
middle Holocene (5)
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Neoglacial (4)
-
upper Holocene (22)
-
-
Innuitian ice sheet (2)
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lower Quaternary (1)
-
Mazama Ash (1)
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Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (2)
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Bishop Tuff (1)
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Blackwater Draw Formation (1)
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Irvingtonian (2)
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Lake Agassiz (1)
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Lake Lahontan (1)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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lower Pleistocene
-
Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
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middle Pleistocene (4)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian
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upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Sartanian (1)
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Weichselian
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Loch Lomond Stade (1)
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upper Weichselian
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Allerod (3)
-
Bolling (2)
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Younger Dryas (17)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
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middle Wisconsinan (1)
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (2)
-
-
-
Saugus Formation (1)
-
Sierra Ladrones Formation (1)
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Siwalik System (6)
-
Stone Age
-
Paleolithic
-
middle Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Arikareean (2)
-
Calipuy Group (1)
-
Catahoula Formation (3)
-
Challis Volcanics (6)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
John Day Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (8)
-
middle Tertiary
-
Soda Lake Shale Member (1)
-
-
Muddy Creek Formation (7)
-
Neogene
-
Andalhuala Formation (1)
-
Bidahochi Formation (4)
-
Browns Park Formation (1)
-
Hemphillian (4)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Barstovian (3)
-
Barstow Formation (2)
-
Clarendonian (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (7)
-
Fleming Formation (1)
-
Honda Group (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Hemingfordian (2)
-
Saucesian (1)
-
Waitemata Group (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (1)
-
-
Paintbrush Tuff (2)
-
Peach Springs Tuff (3)
-
Tiva Canyon Member (1)
-
Topopah Spring Member (2)
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upper Miocene
-
Chiquimil Formation (1)
-
Messinian (2)
-
Modelo Formation (1)
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
Puente Formation (2)
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Punchbowl Formation (2)
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Tortonian (2)
-
-
Zia Formation (1)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (4)
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (2)
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
Hadar Formation (1)
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (1)
-
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (10)
-
-
upper Neogene (3)
-
-
Neyveli Lignite (1)
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (1)
-
Chadron Formation (1)
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Duchesne River Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (2)
-
Bridger Formation (3)
-
Bridgerian (2)
-
Chuckanut Formation (2)
-
Chumstick Formation (2)
-
Clarno Formation (2)
-
Colton Formation (2)
-
Crescent Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (7)
-
Lake Gosiute (3)
-
Lake Uinta (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wasatchian (2)
-
Willwood Formation (6)
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
Ypresian (3)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Claiborne Group (2)
-
Lutetian (1)
-
Santee Limestone (1)
-
Tyee Formation (2)
-
-
Narizian (1)
-
Ootsa Lake Group (1)
-
Swauk Formation (1)
-
Uintan (1)
-
Umpqua Formation (2)
-
upper Eocene
-
Jackson Group (1)
-
La Meseta Formation (1)
-
Tejon Formation (1)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Hanna Formation (4)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
lower Paleogene (9)
-
Oligocene
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene (3)
-
upper Oligocene (11)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
Puercan (2)
-
Torrejonian (3)
-
-
middle Paleocene (2)
-
Nacimiento Formation (5)
-
Silverado Formation (1)
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
Tullock Member (2)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (3)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2)
-
Refugian (1)
-
Renova Formation (6)
-
Sespe Formation (5)
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (6)
-
White River Group (3)
-
Wilcox Group (9)
-
-
upper Tertiary (2)
-
Vaqueros Formation (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Nihewan Formation (1)
-
Tamiami Formation (1)
-
-
Yakataga Formation (1)
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Lake Bonneville (4)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (7)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (5)
-
Condrey Mountain Schist (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Bahariya Formation (1)
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (9)
-
Graneros Shale (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (1)
-
Albian (16)
-
Aptian (12)
-
Barremian (5)
-
Bear River Formation (1)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Blackleaf Formation (1)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (4)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (3)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Cloverly Formation (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (2)
-
Lakota Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (3)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Mural Limestone (2)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (14)
-
Middle Cretaceous
-
Winton Formation (1)
-
-
Potomac Group (2)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (2)
-
Blackhawk Formation (5)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (2)
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (3)
-
upper Campanian (4)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (2)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (6)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (3)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Cody Shale (2)
-
Coniacian (5)
-
Crevasse Canyon Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (4)
-
Fox Hills Formation (2)
-
Frontier Formation (4)
-
Fruitland Formation (4)
-
Gallup Sandstone (7)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (4)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
Austin Chalk (2)
-
Austin Group (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Harebell Formation (1)
-
Hell Creek Formation (6)
-
Hornbrook Formation (3)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Javelina Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (4)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (5)
-
Kirtland Shale (2)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
La Luna Formation (2)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Maevarano Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (11)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (4)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (4)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (2)
-
Pierre Shale (5)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (2)
-
Rock Springs Formation (1)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Santonian (4)
-
Senonian (23)
-
Star Point Sandstone (4)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (6)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (3)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (7)
-
Wahweap Formation (3)
-
Williams Fork Formation (5)
-
Williams Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (13)
-
Glen Canyon Group (3)
-
Great Valley Sequence (14)
-
Jurassic
-
Arapien Shale (2)
-
Aztec Sandstone (2)
-
Bonanza Group (1)
-
Carmel Formation (5)
-
Clarens Formation (3)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (2)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Ladner Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (3)
-
Laberge Group (2)
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (5)
-
Sinemurian (2)
-
Talkeetna Formation (1)
-
Toarcian (4)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian (3)
-
Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (1)
-
Page Sandstone (1)
-
Summerville Formation (2)
-
Todilto Formation (3)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
San Rafael Group (3)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (5)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (10)
-
Galice Formation (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
La Casita Formation (1)
-
Morrison Formation (23)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (5)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (7)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Stump Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (8)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (4)
-
lower Mesozoic (13)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Moenave Formation (3)
-
Navajo Sandstone (20)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (10)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (2)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (2)
-
Dinwoody Formation (2)
-
Induan (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Smithian (2)
-
Spathian (1)
-
Thaynes Formation (3)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Muschelkalk (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (11)
-
Mole Granite (1)
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Nicola Group (2)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (3)
-
-
Chinle Formation (28)
-
Dockum Group (2)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Keuper (2)
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Molteno Formation (1)
-
Norian (11)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Petrified Forest Member (2)
-
Rhaetian (7)
-
Shinarump Member (7)
-
Stuhini Group (3)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (4)
-
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (6)
-
Bird Spring Formation (2)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
-
Bonanza King Formation (2)
-
Brigham Group (2)
-
Carrara Formation (3)
-
Kanmantoo Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (2)
-
Poleta Formation (3)
-
Terreneuvian (2)
-
Tommotian (1)
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
Flathead Sandstone (4)
-
Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Mount Read Volcanics (1)
-
Pioche Shale (2)
-
Semri Series (1)
-
Tapeats Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (4)
-
Nopah Formation (1)
-
Pilgrim Formation (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Chilliwack Group (2)
-
Diamond Peak Formation (1)
-
Ely Limestone (1)
-
Jackfork Group (1)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (5)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Leadville Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Joana Limestone (1)
-
Kayak Shale (2)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (2)
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (2)
-
-
Tournaisian (4)
-
-
Madison Group (5)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (4)
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Redwall Limestone (2)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (2)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (3)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (2)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (1)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Desmoinesian (4)
-
Moscovian (4)
-
Paradox Formation (4)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (2)
-
Morrow Formation (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (2)
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
Missourian
-
Lansing Group (1)
-
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (1)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Springer Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Casper Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Heemskirk Granite (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Coeymans Formation (1)
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Givetian (4)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian (4)
-
Jefferson Group (2)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (2)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
Lisburne Group (4)
-
lower Paleozoic (17)
-
Maroon Formation (3)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
Minnelusa Formation (1)
-
New Albany Shale (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (2)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
Ellenburger Group (2)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Tremadocian (3)
-
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (2)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (2)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Montoya Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (3)
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Hirnantian (5)
-
Katian (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (4)
-
Cutler Formation (7)
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Irati Formation (1)
-
Kaibab Formation (10)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (3)
-
Autunian (1)
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (2)
-
Asselian (3)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
-
Leonardian (4)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Middle Permian (6)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Retort Phosphatic Shale Member (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Rustler Formation (1)
-
Saxonian (1)
-
Toroweap Formation (4)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
Wellington Formation (2)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (4)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (6)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
Wood River Formation (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (4)
-
Wells Formation (1)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
Woodford Shale (3)
-
-
Phanerozoic (29)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (2)
-
Fig Tree Group (1)
-
Gilman Formation (2)
-
Neoarchean
-
Jiaodong Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (4)
-
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (9)
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (4)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (2)
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Purcell System (5)
-
Stillwater Complex (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (3)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (3)
-
Unkar Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Mahakoshal Group (1)
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (2)
-
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Damara System (2)
-
Keweenawan
-
Copper Harbor Conglomerate (1)
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (2)
-
Belt Supergroup (14)
-
Bonner Formation (1)
-
Freda Sandstone (2)
-
Helena Formation (1)
-
Helikian (1)
-
Missoula Group (2)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Shuangqiaoshan Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (6)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Maranon Complex (2)
-
Moine Supergroup (3)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (7)
-
Torridonian (4)
-
Vendian (8)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
-
Ortega Group (3)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (2)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (3)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (4)
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
Wyman Formation (1)
-
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (7)
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feldspathoid rocks (1)
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granophyre (1)
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hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (10)
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picrite (1)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (1)
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appinite (1)
-
diabase
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tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
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plagiogranite (1)
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quartz diorites (8)
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tonalite (16)
-
trondhjemite (7)
-
-
gabbros
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alkali gabbros (1)
-
norite (2)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (3)
-
A-type granites (7)
-
biotite granite (3)
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charnockite (2)
-
felsite (1)
-
granite porphyry (5)
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granosyenite (2)
-
I-type granites (3)
-
leucogranite (12)
-
microgranite (1)
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monzogranite (8)
-
rapakivi (3)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
two-mica granite (2)
-
-
granodiorites (41)
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lamproite (1)
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lamprophyres
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camptonite (1)
-
minette (3)
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spessartite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (8)
-
monzonites (12)
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pegmatite (30)
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quartz monzonite (9)
-
syenites
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granosyenite (2)
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nepheline syenite (1)
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
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chromitite (3)
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hornblendite (2)
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peridotites
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dunite (4)
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garnet peridotite (1)
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harzburgite (6)
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lherzolite (10)
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spinel lherzolite (4)
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spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (5)
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garnet pyroxenite (1)
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orthopyroxenite (1)
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websterite (2)
-
-
-
urtite (1)
-
-
porphyry (17)
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volcanic rocks
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adakites (6)
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andesites
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andesite porphyry (3)
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boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
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alkali basalts
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hawaiite (3)
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mugearite (3)
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trachybasalts (3)
-
-
flood basalts (5)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (8)
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ocean-island basalts (8)
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olivine basalt (2)
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olivine tholeiite (1)
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tholeiite (2)
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trap rocks (1)
-
-
basanite (7)
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dacites (13)
-
glasses
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volcanic glass (8)
-
-
komatiite (2)
-
latite (1)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites
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tinguaite (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (9)
-
ignimbrite (31)
-
pumice (2)
-
rhyolite tuff (2)
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scoria (4)
-
tuff (45)
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tuffite (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
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rhyolites (29)
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trachyandesites (5)
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trachytes (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (14)
-
volcanic ash (8)
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wehrlite (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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K-bentonite (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (14)
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cataclasites (8)
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eclogite (11)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (3)
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banded gneiss (1)
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biotite gneiss (1)
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granite gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (17)
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paragneiss (9)
-
-
granulites (8)
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hornfels (1)
-
impactites
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impact breccia
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lunar breccia (1)
-
-
-
jadeitite (1)
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marbles (5)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (3)
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metabasite (4)
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metadiabase (2)
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metagabbro (3)
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metagranite (3)
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metatuff (1)
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serpentinite (4)
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-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
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metasedimentary rocks
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khondalite (1)
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metachert (1)
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metaconglomerate (5)
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metagraywacke (3)
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metalimestone (1)
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metapelite (9)
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metasandstone (7)
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paragneiss (9)
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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greisen (4)
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propylite (1)
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serpentinite (4)
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skarn (27)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (18)
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migmatites (13)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (3)
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ultramylonite (3)
-
-
phyllites (3)
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quartzites (30)
-
schists
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blueschist (4)
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chlorite schist (1)
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greenschist (2)
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greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (3)
-
-
ophiolite (14)
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turbidite (32)
-
-
meteorites
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meteorites
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iron meteorites
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octahedrite
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Canyon Diablo Meteorite (1)
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-
-
micrometeorites (1)
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Northwest Africa Meteorites (1)
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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angrite (1)
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lunar meteorites (2)
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Martian meteorites (1)
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ureilite (1)
-
-
chondrites
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carbonaceous chondrites
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CM chondrites (1)
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-
ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
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electrum (1)
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phosphides
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schreibersite (1)
-
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
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arsenopyrite (1)
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cobaltite (1)
-
-
arsenites (1)
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borates
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boracite (1)
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kernite (1)
-
-
carbonates
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ankerite (2)
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aragonite (3)
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azurite (1)
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bastnaesite (3)
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calcite (16)
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cerussite (1)
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dawsonite (1)
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dolomite (12)
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hydrotalcite (1)
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magnesian calcite (3)
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malachite (1)
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nahcolite (1)
-
-
chromates
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crocoite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (2)
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halides
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bromides (1)
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chlorides
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atacamite (1)
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boracite (1)
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halite (3)
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sylvite (1)
-
-
fluorides
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bastnaesite (3)
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fluorite (6)
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humite (1)
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topaz (1)
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triplite (1)
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villiaumite (1)
-
-
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
minerals (8)
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molybdates
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powellite (1)
-
-
native elements
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diamond (3)
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graphite (1)
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nitrates (1)
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organic minerals
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amber (1)
-
-
oxides
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baddeleyite (2)
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cassiterite (3)
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chrome spinel (4)
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chromite (5)
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chrysoberyl (2)
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coronadite (1)
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corundum (1)
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cryptomelane (1)
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ferrihydrite (1)
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goethite (3)
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hematite (5)
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hollandite (1)
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hydroxides
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iron hydroxides (2)
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ilmenite (1)
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iron oxides (14)
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limonite (1)
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magnetite (15)
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manganese oxides (1)
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manganosite (1)
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niobates
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columbite (3)
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euxenite (2)
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samarskite (1)
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tapiolite (1)
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pitchblende (1)
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priderite (1)
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rutile (2)
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spinel (6)
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tantalates
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euxenite (2)
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microlite (1)
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tantalite (2)
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-
titanium oxides (1)
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todorokite (1)
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uraninite (2)
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-
phosphates
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amblygonite (1)
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apatite (95)
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britholite (2)
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fluorapatite (1)
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hydroxylapatite (1)
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lithiophilite (3)
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monazite (34)
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montebrasite (1)
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sarcopside (1)
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triphylite (1)
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triplite (1)
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turquoise (1)
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xenotime (6)
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platinum minerals (3)
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silicates
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aluminosilicates (1)
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borosilicates (1)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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actinolite (1)
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hornblende (18)
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kaersutite (1)
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magnesioriebeckite (1)
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richterite (1)
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riebeckite (2)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
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bavenite (1)
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prehnite (1)
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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aegirine (1)
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augite (1)
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diopside (2)
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jadeite (1)
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spodumene (3)
-
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orthopyroxene (8)
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-
-
framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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adularia (6)
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anorthoclase (1)
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K-feldspar (12)
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sanidine (18)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (3)
-
-
-
nepheline group
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nepheline (4)
-
-
scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
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-
silica minerals
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coesite (4)
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cristobalite (2)
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jasper (1)
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opal (1)
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quartz (27)
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tridymite (1)
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-
sodalite group
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helvite (1)
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zeolite group
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analcime (1)
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erionite (1)
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gmelinite (1)
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heulandite (1)
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laumontite (2)
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mesolite (1)
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natrolite (1)
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-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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britholite group
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britholite (2)
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datolite group
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gadolinite (1)
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-
garnet group
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andradite (2)
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grossular (2)
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pyrope (2)
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humite (1)
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kyanite (1)
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olivine group
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forsterite (1)
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olivine (10)
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-
phenakite group
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phenakite (2)
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willemite (1)
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sillimanite (2)
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staurolite (2)
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titanite group
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titanite (14)
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-
topaz (1)
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zircon group
-
zircon (625)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
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bertrandite (3)
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chevkinite group
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chevkinite (1)
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perrierite (1)
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-
epidote group
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allanite (7)
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epidote (10)
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piemontite (1)
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zoisite (1)
-
-
lawsonite (2)
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melilite group
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melilite (1)
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-
pumpellyite group
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pumpellyite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
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aquamarine (1)
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beryl (6)
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emerald (3)
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tourmaline group
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dravite (2)
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elbaite (1)
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schorl (3)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (6)
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clinochlore (2)
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-
clay minerals
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halloysite (2)
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kaolinite (9)
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montmorillonite (2)
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saponite (1)
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smectite (10)
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illite (10)
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mica group
-
biotite (29)
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fluor-phlogopite (1)
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lepidolite (2)
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muscovite (26)
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phengite (7)
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phlogopite (5)
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palygorskite (1)
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petalite (2)
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pyrophyllite (1)
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sericite (4)
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serpentine group
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antigorite (1)
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serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
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alunite (9)
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anhydrite (3)
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barite (5)
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coquimbite (1)
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glauberite (1)
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gypsum (6)
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polyhalite (1)
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voltaite (1)
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sulfides
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argentite (1)
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arsenopyrite (1)
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bornite (4)
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chalcocite (3)
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chalcopyrite (13)
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cinnabar (1)
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cobaltite (1)
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copper sulfides (2)
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covellite (1)
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digenite (2)
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galena (4)
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helvite (1)
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iron sulfides (2)
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laurite (1)
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marcasite (3)
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millerite (1)
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molybdenite (17)
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nickel sulfides (1)
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orpiment (1)
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pentlandite (2)
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Indian Ocean
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Invertebrata
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Insecta
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Exopterygota
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Myriapoda (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Strophomenida (1)
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Inarticulata
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Echinodermata
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda
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Porifera
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Globigerinoides
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Globorotaliidae
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Nodosariacea
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Rotaliacea
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Miogypsinidae
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Miogypsina (1)
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Ammobaculites (1)
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Lituolidae
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Radiolaria (8)
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Vermes
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isostasy (9)
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isotopes
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Al-26 (13)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
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C-14 (84)
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Cl-36 (9)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (43)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (34)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (25)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (121)
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Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
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D/H (31)
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He-3 (6)
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He-4/He-3 (2)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (65)
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Li-6 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (5)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (2)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (74)
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Ne-21 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (149)
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Os-188/Os-187 (6)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (43)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (34)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (8)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (25)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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S-33 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (41)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (114)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Mediterranean region
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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West Mediterranean
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-
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Mesozoic
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Bisbee Group (5)
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Cretaceous
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Bahariya Formation (1)
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Comanchean
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Edwards Formation (1)
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Glen Rose Formation (1)
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Pearsall Formation (1)
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Travis Peak Formation (1)
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Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (9)
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Graneros Shale (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian (16)
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Aptian (12)
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Barremian (5)
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Bear River Formation (1)
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Berriasian (1)
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Blackleaf Formation (1)
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Burro Canyon Formation (4)
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Cadomin Formation (1)
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Cedar Mountain Formation (3)
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Clearwater Formation (1)
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Cloverly Formation (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (2)
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Lakota Formation (1)
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Mannville Group (3)
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McMurray Formation (2)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
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Mural Limestone (2)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
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Trinity Group (1)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (14)
-
Middle Cretaceous
-
Winton Formation (1)
-
-
Potomac Group (2)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (2)
-
Blackhawk Formation (5)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (2)
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Buda Limestone (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (3)
-
upper Campanian (4)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (2)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (6)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (3)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Cody Shale (2)
-
Coniacian (5)
-
Crevasse Canyon Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (4)
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Fox Hills Formation (2)
-
Frontier Formation (4)
-
Fruitland Formation (4)
-
Gallup Sandstone (7)
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Greenhorn Limestone (4)
-
Gulfian
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Aguja Formation (2)
-
Austin Chalk (2)
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Austin Group (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Harebell Formation (1)
-
Hell Creek Formation (6)
-
Hornbrook Formation (3)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
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Javelina Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (4)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (5)
-
Kirtland Shale (2)
-
K-T boundary (9)
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La Luna Formation (2)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
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Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Maevarano Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (11)
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Milk River Formation (2)
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Niobrara Formation (4)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (4)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (2)
-
Pierre Shale (5)
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Point Lookout Sandstone (2)
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Rock Springs Formation (1)
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Rosario Formation (1)
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Santonian (4)
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Senonian (23)
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Star Point Sandstone (4)
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Straight Cliffs Formation (6)
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Tropic Shale (1)
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Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (3)
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Turonian
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lower Turonian (1)
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middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (7)
-
Wahweap Formation (3)
-
Williams Fork Formation (5)
-
Williams Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (13)
-
Glen Canyon Group (3)
-
Great Valley Sequence (14)
-
Jurassic
-
Arapien Shale (2)
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Aztec Sandstone (2)
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Bonanza Group (1)
-
Carmel Formation (5)
-
Clarens Formation (3)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (2)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
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Ferrar Group (1)
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Ladner Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (3)
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Laberge Group (2)
-
middle Liassic (2)
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Pliensbachian (5)
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Sinemurian (2)
-
Talkeetna Formation (1)
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Toarcian (4)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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upper Liassic (1)
-
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Bathonian (2)
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Callovian (1)
-
Page Sandstone (1)
-
Summerville Formation (2)
-
Todilto Formation (3)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
San Rafael Group (3)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (5)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (10)
-
Galice Formation (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
La Casita Formation (1)
-
Morrison Formation (23)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (5)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (7)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Stump Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (8)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (4)
-
lower Mesozoic (13)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Moenave Formation (3)
-
Navajo Sandstone (20)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (10)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (2)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (2)
-
Dinwoody Formation (2)
-
Induan (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Smithian (2)
-
Spathian (1)
-
Thaynes Formation (3)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Muschelkalk (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (11)
-
Mole Granite (1)
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Nicola Group (2)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (3)
-
-
Chinle Formation (28)
-
Dockum Group (2)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Keuper (2)
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Molteno Formation (1)
-
Norian (11)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Petrified Forest Member (2)
-
Rhaetian (7)
-
Shinarump Member (7)
-
Stuhini Group (3)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
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Wingate Sandstone (4)
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metal ores
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antimony ores (2)
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base metals (9)
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metals
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alkali metals
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cesium (4)
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Li-6 (1)
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Li-7 (1)
-
-
potassium (4)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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-
sodium (5)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (4)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (31)
-
-
calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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Sr/Ca (2)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
Sr/Ca (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (114)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (13)
-
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arsenic (3)
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bismuth (1)
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chromium (8)
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copper (7)
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gold (5)
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hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (65)
-
-
iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
-
Fe-57 (1)
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ferric iron (5)
-
ferrous iron (9)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (43)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (34)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (8)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (25)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
manganese (4)
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molybdenum (4)
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nickel (3)
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niobium (7)
-
platinum group
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iridium (2)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (6)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
palladium (1)
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palladium ores (2)
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platinum (2)
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platinum ores (5)
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rhodium (1)
-
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precious metals (8)
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-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (74)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (15)
-
-
scandium (1)
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ytterbium (4)
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yttrium (14)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
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silver (3)
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tin (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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-
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skarn (27)
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phyllites (3)
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slates (3)
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metamorphism (145)
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micrometeorites (1)
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Northwest Africa Meteorites (1)
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carbonaceous chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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-
-
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meteorology (2)
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Mexico
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Baja California Sur Mexico
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Loreto Basin (1)
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Chiapas Mexico (7)
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Colorado River delta (4)
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Guerrero Terrane (7)
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La Popa Basin (6)
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Mexico state
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Federal District Mexico
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Mexico City Mexico (1)
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Nevado de Toluca (3)
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Michoacan Mexico (2)
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noble gases
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krypton (1)
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North America
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 165
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ODP Site 1000 (1)
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Leg 166
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ODP Site 1006 (1)
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Leg 170
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Leg 207
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ODP Site 1258 (1)
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ocean floors (12)
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Pacific region
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paleobotany (3)
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Paleozoic
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Acatlan Complex (6)
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (1)
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Wheeler Formation (1)
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Mount Read Volcanics (1)
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Semri Series (1)
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Tapeats Sandstone (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (2)
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Lamotte Sandstone (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (4)
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Nopah Formation (1)
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Pilgrim Formation (1)
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Potsdam Sandstone (1)
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Steptoean (1)
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-
-
Carboniferous
-
Chilliwack Group (2)
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Diamond Peak Formation (1)
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Jackfork Group (1)
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Johns Valley Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Dinantian (5)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (2)
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Leadville Formation (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Joana Limestone (1)
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Kekiktuk Conglomerate (2)
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Kinderhookian
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Banff Formation (1)
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Lake Valley Formation (1)
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Lodgepole Formation (2)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (2)
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Tournaisian (4)
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Madison Group (5)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (4)
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Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian (2)
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Hartselle Sandstone (3)
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Meramecian
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Warsaw Formation (1)
-
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Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Brazil Formation (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (2)
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Caseyville Formation (1)
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Morrowan
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Bloyd Formation (1)
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-
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Atokan
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Atoka Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian (4)
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Moscovian (4)
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Paradox Formation (4)
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Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (2)
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Morrow Formation (1)
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Pottsville Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Gzhelian (2)
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Kasimovian (1)
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Missourian
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Lansing Group (1)
-
-
Virgilian
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Douglas Group (1)
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Lawrence Formation (1)
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Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (1)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Springer Formation (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (2)
-
-
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Casper Formation (1)
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Devonian
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Heemskirk Granite (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Coeymans Formation (1)
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Emsian (2)
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Manlius Formation (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Marcellus Shale (2)
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Onondaga Limestone (1)
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Muth Quartzite (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (3)
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Upper Devonian
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Duperow Formation (1)
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Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
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Frasnian (4)
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Jefferson Group (2)
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Kanayut Conglomerate (2)
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Palliser Formation (1)
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Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
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Hanson Creek Formation (1)
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Honaker Trail Formation (1)
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Keyser Limestone (1)
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Knox Group (1)
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Lisburne Group (4)
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lower Paleozoic (17)
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Maroon Formation (3)
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middle Paleozoic
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Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
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Minnelusa Formation (1)
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New Albany Shale (2)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (1)
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Ellenburger Group (2)
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Meguma Group (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Platteville Formation (1)
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Whiterockian (1)
-
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Montoya Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (2)
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Cincinnatian (1)
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Katian (1)
-
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Utica Shale (1)
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Valmy Formation (1)
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-
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Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (4)
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Cutler Formation (7)
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-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
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Brushy Canyon Formation (1)
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Delaware Mountain Group (1)
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Roadian (1)
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Wordian (1)
-
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Irati Formation (1)
-
Kaibab Formation (10)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (2)
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Asselian (3)
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-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
-
Leonardian (4)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Middle Permian (6)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Retort Phosphatic Shale Member (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Rustler Formation (1)
-
Saxonian (1)
-
Toroweap Formation (4)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
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Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
Wellington Formation (2)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (4)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (1)
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
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-
-
-
Supai Formation (6)
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Tensleep Sandstone (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
Wood River Formation (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (4)
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Wells Formation (1)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
Woodford Shale (3)
-
-
palynology (5)
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paragenesis (66)
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shale oil (2)
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petrology (42)
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Phanerozoic (29)
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phase equilibria (18)
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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-
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Monocotyledoneae
-
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-
-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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-
-
-
Cordaitales (2)
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-
Pteridospermae (4)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (413)
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pollution (9)
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potash (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (2)
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Gilman Formation (2)
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Neoarchean
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Jiaodong Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (4)
-
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
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Chuar Group (9)
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (4)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
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North Shore Volcanics (2)
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Onverwacht Group (1)
-
Osler Series (1)
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Pahrump Series (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
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Purcell System (5)
-
Stillwater Complex (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (3)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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Uinta Mountain Group (3)
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Unkar Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Mahakoshal Group (1)
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Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
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Baraboo Quartzite (2)
-
-
Bambui Group (1)
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Damara System (2)
-
Keweenawan
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Copper Harbor Conglomerate (1)
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Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (2)
-
Belt Supergroup (14)
-
Bonner Formation (1)
-
Freda Sandstone (2)
-
Helena Formation (1)
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Helikian (1)
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Missoula Group (2)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Shuangqiaoshan Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (6)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Maranon Complex (2)
-
Moine Supergroup (3)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Sturtian (1)
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Tonian (7)
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Torridonian (4)
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Vendian (8)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
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Ortega Group (3)
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Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (2)
-
Sinian
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Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (3)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (4)
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
Wyman Formation (1)
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (10)
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Pterobranchia (2)
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reclamation (2)
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Red Sea region (1)
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remote sensing (52)
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sea-floor spreading (15)
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sea-level changes (88)
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sedimentary petrology (37)
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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packstone (7)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert
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jasperoid (1)
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evaporites
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salt (2)
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iron formations
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phosphate rocks (2)
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weathering crust (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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-
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argillite (2)
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arkose (5)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
northwestern Arizona
Geology, Geochemistry, and Potential Origins of the Basin Volcano-Sedimentary Lithium Deposit, Kaiser Spring Volcanic Field, Northwestern Arizona, USA Open Access
Allanite-(Nd) from the Kingman Feldspar Mine, Mojave Pegmatite District, Northwestern Arizona, USA Available to Purchase
Geologic map of Lake Mead and surrounding regions, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Regional stratigraphic units and structural features of the Lake Mead region are presented as a 1:250,000 scale map, and as a Geographic Information System database. The map, which was compiled from existing geologic maps of various scales, depicts geologic units, bedding and foliation attitudes, faults and folds. Units and structural features were generalized to highlight the regional stratigraphic and tectonic aspects of the geology of the Lake Mead region. This map was prepared in support of the papers presented in this volume, Special Paper 463, as well as to facilitate future investigations in the region. Stratigraphic units exposed within the area record 1800 million years of geologic history and include Proterozoic crystalline rocks, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Mesozoic plutonic rocks, Cenozoic volcanic and intrusive rocks, sedimentary rocks and surficial deposits. Following passive margin sedimentation in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, late Mesozoic (Sevier) thrusting and Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary compression produced major folding, reverse faulting, and thrust faulting in the Basin and Range, and resulted in regional uplift and monoclinal folding in the Colorado Plateau. Cenozoic extensional deformation, accompanied by sedimentation and volcanism, resulted in large-magnitude high- and low-angle normal faulting and strike-slip faulting in the Basin and Range; on the Colorado Plateau, extension produced north-trending high-angle normal faults. The latest history includes integration of the Colorado River system, dissection, development of alluvial fans, extensive pediment surfaces, and young faulting.
A chronicle of Miocene extension near the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, southern White Hills, northwestern Arizona: Paleogeographic and tectonic implications Available to Purchase
In northwestern Arizona, the high-standing, relatively unextended Colorado Plateau abruptly gives way across a system of major west-dipping normal faults to a highly extended part of the Basin and Range province known as the northern Colorado River extensional corridor. The transition from unextended to highly extended upper crust is unusually sharp within this region, contrasting with a broad transition zone elsewhere. The southern White Hills lie near the eastern margin of the extensional corridor in northwestern Arizona and contain a large east-tilted half graben that chronicles Miocene extension and constrains the timing of structural demarcation between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range province during Neogene time. This growth-fault basin is bounded on the east by the west-dipping Cyclopic and Cerbat Mountains fault zones. Greater tilts in the hanging walls suggest that these faults have listric geometries. The stratigraphy in the half graben consists of Miocene vol canic rocks intercalated with an eastward-thickening wedge of synextensional fanglomerates. Tilts in the Miocene units decrease up section from ~75° to 5°. Recent 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating (11 new dates) of variably tilted volcanic rocks in the growth-fault basin and regional relations constrain the timing of east-west extension between ca. 16.6 and <9 Ma, with peak extension from ca. 16.6 to 15.2 Ma. Capping 8.7 Ma basalts are tilted 5°–10° and record the waning stages of extension. Thus, the sharp boundary between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range began developing by ca. 16.5 Ma and has changed little since ca. 9 Ma. Major extension and basin development significantly lowered base level within the extensional corridor and induced headward erosion into the western margin of the Colorado Plateau, which ultimately facilitated development of the western Grand Canyon. Abundant clasts of 1.7 Ga megacrystic granite in the eastward-thickening fanglomerates within the growth-fault basin suggest a partial provenance from the Garnet Mountain area along or near the western margin of the Colorado Plateau beginning as early as ca. 16 Ma and continuing to ca. 9 Ma.
The South Virgin–White Hills detachment fault, southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona: Significance, displacement gradient, and corrugation formation Available to Purchase
Three major low-angle normal faults in the eastern Lake Mead area, Nevada and Arizona, are segments of a regional, 55-km-long, detachment fault. This fault, the South Virgin–White Hills detachment, consists of the Lakeside Mine, Salt Spring, and Cyclopic Mine fault segments. All three segments dip gently west and record top-to-the-west displacement. Based on apatite fission-track and apatite and titanite (U-Th)/He thermochronology of footwall rocks, tilt relations, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates on tuffs and basalts within hanging-wall synextensional sedimentary sequences, significant extension along the South Virgin–White Hills detachment occurred between 16.5 and 14 Ma. Minor extension continued until ca. 8 Ma. Displacement on the South Virgin–White Hills detachment decreases from a maximum of ~17 km at the Gold Butte block in the north to 5–6 km at the Cyclopic Mine in the south. The along-strike, southward decrease in displacement is accompanied by a change in type of fault rock from mylonite along the Lakeside Mine fault (northern segment), to chloritic cataclasite along the Salt Spring fault (central segment), to unconsolidated fault breccia along the Cyclopic Mine fault (southern segment). Differences in fault rock may reflect decreasing exhumation of footwall rocks as a result of decreased displacement to the south. About 40% of the displacement gradient can be accommodated along a series of left-slip faults in the upper plate of the detachment. The Golden Rule Peak lineament, an east-trending alignment of structural and topographic features, may be a transverse structure that accommodates differential displacement between the Salt Spring and Cyclopic Mine faults. The trace of the South Virgin–White Hills detachment is highly sinuous in map view and is marked by three prominent salients that define west-plunging antiformal warps in the detachment surface. We interpret the corrugations in the South Virgin–White Hills detachment to have formed by a process of linkage of originally separate en echelon fault segments followed by eastward tilting of the footwall. Depositional patterns, particularly between the Lakeside Mine and Salt Spring segments, support this interpretation. The Grand Wash fault forms the present-day physiographic boundary between the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Provinces; however, based on greater amount of displacement and exhumation, we suggest that the South Virgin–White Hills detachment is the principal structure accommodating regional extension in the eastern Lake Mead extensional domain.
New core complex model for the South Virgin–White Hills detachment and extension in the eastern Lake Mead area, southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
The eastern Lake Mead region, to the north of the belt of metamorphic core complexes that define the Colorado River extensional corridor, underwent large-magnitude extension in the middle to late Miocene. We present two speculative new models for extension in this area that resolve several puzzling and paradoxical relations. These models are based on new field mapping and structural, geochronologic, and thermochronologic data from the northern White Hills, Lost Basin Range, and south Wheeler Ridge. The Meadview fault, a previously underappreciated structure, is an east-side-down normal fault that separates the northern Lost Basin Range to the west from south Wheeler Ridge to the east. Proterozoic crystalline rocks of the northern Lost Basin Range yielded an apatite fission-track (AFT) age of 15 Ma, whereas 2 km to the east, across the Meadview fault, crystalline rocks of south Wheeler Ridge yielded a 127 Ma AFT age. Similarly, at the south end of the Lost Basin Range, crystalline rocks with ca. 15 Ma AFT ages lie within 5 km of crystalline rocks of Garnet Mountain that yielded a 68 Ma AFT age across the Grand Wash fault. Neither of these relations can be explained by existing tilted crustal section or tilt-block models. In our “classic” metamorphic core complex model, the Grand Wash fault (breakaway), the Meadview fault, and the South Virgin–White Hills detachment represent different structural levels of a single, regional detachment that was active between ca. 16 and 11 Ma. The hanging wall of the detachment consists of rocks at south Wheeler Ridge, the Paleozoic ridges, and possibly part of the crystalline basement of the Gold Butte block, sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the hanging walls of the Salt Spring and Cyclopic Mine faults, and possibly stranded tilt blocks beneath the Grand Wash Trough supradetachment basin. The footwall, exhumed by subvertical simple shear and characterized by middle Miocene AFT ages, includes the central and western Gold Butte block, Hiller Mountains, and crystalline rocks of the White Hills and the Lost Basin Range. The east-dipping Meadview fault bounds the crystalline core on the east; the west-dipping South Virgin–White Hills detachment bounds the core on the west. Therefore, the Grand Wash fault represents the structurally highest part of the detachment, and the South Virgin–White Hills detachment represents the structurally deepest exposed part of the detachment. In the modified core complex model, the Grand Wash, Meadview, and South Virgin–White Hills detachment faults are separate structures, and the Grand Wash Trough is a “trailing-edge” basin bound on the east by the Grand Wash fault and on the west by the Meadview fault. The South Virgin–White Hills detachment is the main detachment along which extension was accommodated, and the Meadview fault is a major antithetic normal fault that facilitated exhumation of the core at the trailing edge of the detachment system.
Paleoseismology and Neotectonics of the Shivwits Section of the Hurricane Fault, Northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Synkinematic Intrusion of the 1.4-Ga Boriana Canyon Pluton, Northwestern Arizona: Implications for Ca. 1.4-Ga Regional Strain in the Western United States Available to Purchase
Paleoproterozoic tectonic history of the Cerbat Mountains, northwestern Arizona: Implications for crustal assembly in the southwestern United States Available to Purchase
Variation in displacement along strike of the South Virgin–White Hills detachment fault: Perspective from the northern White Hills, northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic development of Virgin River depression and associated basins, southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Digital image processing of airborne geophysical data for uranium-mineralized breccia pipes exploration in northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Chapter 3: Structural development of a major extensional accommodation zone in the Basin and Range Province, northwestern Arizona and southern Nevada; Implications for kinematic models of continental extension Available to Purchase
Extensional accommodation zones, or tilt-block domain boundaries, facilitate reversals in the dominant tilt direction of fault blocks and possibly inversions in the dip of regional detachment systems in rifted continental crust. The amount and direction of movement of the footwall (lower plate) and hanging wall (upper plate) of the detachment terrane dictate the deformational style along accommodation zones. Various models of extension can potentially be evaluated by defining modes of deformation along accommodation zones. A 40-km-long, east-west-trending, middle Miocene accommodation zone bisects the central Black Mountains, northwestern Arizona, and southern Eldorado Mountains, southern Nevada. The Black and Eldorado Mountains lie within the northern Colorado River extensional corridor, a 50- to 100-km-wide region of severely extended crust. The generally sublinear, 5- to 10-km-wide accommodation zone separates more than 5,000 km 2 of east-tilted fault blocks to the north from 25,000 km 2 of dominantly west-tilted fault blocks to the south. The zone may also mark the join between regionally extensive, oppositely dipping detachment systems. Transversely oriented segments (i.e., perpendicular to strike of tilted blocks) of the accommodation zone in the upper-plate rocks correspond to areas of intermeshing conjugate normal faults. East- and west-dipping normal faults dominate the west- and east-tilted domains, respectively, whereas east- and west-dipping faults are equally common in the axial part of the zone. Some of the major normal faults in the west- and east-tilted domains terminate in drag folds within the axial part of the zone. Fault-block tilting on either side of the accommodation zone commonly exceeds 60°. Tilting decreases progressively toward the axis of the zone, where transversely oriented, obliqueslip normal faults accommodate scissors-like torsional offset between gently tilted (10 to 35°) individual fault blocks of opposing polarity. Concomitant with the decrease in tilting, fault spacing decreases, and average fault dip increases. Fault blocks within the zone were periodically tilted in opposite directions during the same episode of extension. Minor amounts of open to tight folding characterize along-strike segments (i.e., parallel to strike of tilted blocks) of the accommodation zone.
Virgin River Gorge; Boundary between the Colorado Plateau and the Great Basin in northwestern Arizona Available to Purchase
Abstract The Virgin River Gorge and one of its tributaries are traversed by I-15 between milepost 12, about 13 mi (21 km) east of Mesquite, Nevada, and Milepost 28, about 12 mi (19 km) west of St. George, Utah (Fig. 1). Geologic features are readily observable from the road and from a scenic viewpoint in the Virgin River Canyon Recreation Area, which is entered from an interchange between mileposts 18 and 19. The site is in the northern half of the Purgatory Canyon, Arizona, 7½-minute Quadrangle and in the northeastern quarter of the Littlefield, Arizona, 15-Minute Quadrangle.