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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (1)
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South Atlantic
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Canary Islands
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Atlantic region (5)
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Idaho
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-
Norfolk County Massachusetts (3)
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Plymouth County Massachusetts (1)
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Suffolk County Massachusetts
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Worcester County Massachusetts (4)
-
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Merrimack Synclinorium (3)
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Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Midcontinent (7)
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Mississippi
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Missouri
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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Nebraska
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Nevada
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New England (62)
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New Jersey
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-
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New Mexico
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-
New York
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-
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-
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Newark Basin (3)
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North Carolina
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Cape Hatteras (3)
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Ohio
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-
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Ohio River (2)
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Oklahoma
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Oregon
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Pennsylvania
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Sevier orogenic belt (4)
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Tennessee
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-
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-
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-
Texas
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Balcones fault zone (1)
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Vermont
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Virginia
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Washington
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Western U.S. (13)
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Wyoming
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Wyoming Province (3)
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USSR (4)
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commodities
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brines (8)
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mineral deposits, genesis (38)
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mineral exploration (19)
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petroleum
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placers
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tight sands (1)
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water resources (5)
-
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (4)
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carbon
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C-13 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (73)
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C-14 (50)
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organic carbon (13)
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chemical elements (2)
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chemical ratios (6)
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halogens
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bromine
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chlorine
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chloride ion (4)
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Cl-36 (3)
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fluorine (4)
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hydrogen
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incompatible elements (3)
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isotope ratios (157)
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isotopes
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Al-26 (8)
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Ra-226 (1)
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tritium (1)
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-
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stable isotopes
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Ar-36 (1)
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B-11/B-10 (4)
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C-13 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (73)
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D/H (16)
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deuterium (7)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (11)
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Kr-84 (1)
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Ne-21 (1)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (62)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (4)
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S-34/S-32 (19)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (10)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (47)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (12)
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metals
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Pa-231 (1)
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thorium (2)
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uranium
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U-234 (1)
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-
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (7)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (4)
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (17)
-
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
-
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (4)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (47)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (8)
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antimony (2)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (11)
-
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iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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-
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-210 (5)
-
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manganese (5)
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niobium (6)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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lutetium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (28)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (10)
-
-
samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (10)
-
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scandium (1)
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ytterbium (3)
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yttrium (7)
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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tantalum (4)
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tin (1)
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titanium (6)
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vanadium (4)
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zinc (3)
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zirconium (2)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (5)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
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Ar-36 (1)
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Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
-
helium
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He-3 (1)
-
He-4 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (3)
-
-
krypton
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (2)
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (62)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
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selenium (2)
-
silicon (2)
-
sulfur
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (19)
-
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trace metals (1)
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fossils
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Archaea (1)
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bacteria (2)
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borings (4)
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burrows (14)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Agnatha (2)
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii (1)
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Holocephali (2)
-
-
Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
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Chondrostei (1)
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Teleostei
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Cypriniformes (1)
-
-
-
-
Placodermi
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Arthrodira (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Labyrinthodontia
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Anthracosauria (1)
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Temnospondyli (1)
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Lissamphibia
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Anura (2)
-
-
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Anseriformes (1)
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Sphenisciformes (1)
-
-
-
-
Mammalia
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Multituberculata (2)
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Amblypoda
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Pantodonta (2)
-
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Cervidae
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Rangifer (1)
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-
-
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Condylarthra (3)
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Insectivora (1)
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Lagomorpha (1)
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Perissodactyla (2)
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Primates
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Hominidae
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Homo (1)
-
-
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Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Mammuthus (1)
-
-
-
Mastodontoidea
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Mammutidae
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Mammut (1)
-
-
-
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Rodentia
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Castoridae (1)
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Sciuromorpha
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Sciuridae (1)
-
-
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Ungulata (2)
-
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Metatheria
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Marsupialia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Cryptodira (2)
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Emydidae (1)
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Pleurodira (1)
-
-
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia
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Eusuchia (1)
-
-
dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (4)
-
-
-
Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
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Theropoda
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Carnosauria (1)
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Coelurosauria
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Tyrannosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
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Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata (1)
-
-
Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (2)
-
-
-
Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
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Therapsida (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cloudina (1)
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coprolites (1)
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cyanobacteria (2)
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eukaryotes (4)
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fungi (2)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (1)
-
-
Hemichordata (3)
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ichnofossils
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Arenicolites (2)
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Chondrites ichnofossils (2)
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Cruziana (2)
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Eubrontes (2)
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Grallator (2)
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Nereites (1)
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Palaeophycus (1)
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Skolithos (1)
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Thalassinoides (1)
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Zoophycos (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (3)
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Xiphosura (1)
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-
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Cirripedia (2)
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Malacostraca
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Brachyura (2)
-
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Bairdiomorpha
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Bairdiacea
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Bairdiidae
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Bairdia (1)
-
-
-
-
Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
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Cyprideis (1)
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-
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Darwinula (1)
-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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-
-
Exopterygota
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Hemiptera (1)
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Isoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (2)
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Corynexochida (1)
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Ptychopariida
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Olenidae (2)
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Redlichiida (4)
-
-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Spiriferida
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Cyrtospirifer (1)
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Spiriferidina (1)
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Terebratulida (2)
-
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Inarticulata
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Lingula (1)
-
-
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (1)
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Cystoporata (1)
-
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Blastoidea (1)
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Crinoidea (8)
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Cystoidea (1)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Veneroida
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Astartidae
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Astarte (1)
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Carditidae (1)
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Lucinidae (1)
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Veneridae
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Mercenaria (1)
-
-
-
-
Nuculanidae (1)
-
Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae
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Crassostrea (1)
-
-
-
Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Pectinacea
-
Pectinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (4)
-
-
Nautiloidea (3)
-
-
Gastropoda
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Neogastropoda
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Muricidae (1)
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Turritellidae (1)
-
-
Hyolithes (3)
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Porifera (1)
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
-
-
Miliolina
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Miliolacea
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Miliolidae (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia (1)
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
Lagenidae (1)
-
Nodosariacea
-
Nodosariidae
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Lenticulina (1)
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Nodosaria (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (3)
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Elphidium (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Ammobaculites (2)
-
Lituolidae
-
Haplophragmoides (2)
-
-
Trochammina (2)
-
-
-
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (2)
-
Nematoida (2)
-
Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (2)
-
microfossils
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Charophyta (1)
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Conodonta (10)
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (3)
-
-
problematic microfossils (2)
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scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (6)
-
Dinoflagellata (14)
-
megaspores (3)
-
miospores
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Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (23)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (2)
-
Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (1)
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Tasmanites (1)
-
-
Chrysophyta (1)
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (7)
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Microcodium (1)
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nannofossils (2)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (1)
-
-
-
Bryophyta (2)
-
Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (3)
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Alnus (2)
-
Betula (2)
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Ericaceae (1)
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Fagus (1)
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Pterocarya (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae
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Spartina
-
Spartina alterniflora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Araucariaceae (1)
-
Pinaceae
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Abies (1)
-
Pinus (1)
-
-
Taxodiaceae (1)
-
-
Cordaitales (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Pteridospermae (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (2)
-
tracks (22)
-
trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (18)
-
Ar/Ar (57)
-
exposure age (14)
-
fission-track dating (15)
-
He/He (1)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
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K/Ar (12)
-
Lu/Hf (12)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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optical dating (1)
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optical mineralogy (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (11)
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paleomagnetism (47)
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Pb/Pb (2)
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Pb/Th (5)
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Rb/Sr (4)
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Re/Os (4)
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sclerochronology (1)
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Sm/Nd (6)
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Sr/Sr (1)
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tephrochronology (4)
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Th/U (4)
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thermochronology (27)
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thermoluminescence (1)
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tree rings (2)
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U/Pb (179)
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U/Th/Pb (19)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Bronze Age (1)
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Iron Age (1)
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Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
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Holocene
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Atlantic (1)
-
lower Holocene (3)
-
middle Holocene (2)
-
Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Mazama Ash (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (2)
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Illinoian (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (1)
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
-
middle Pleistocene (2)
-
Mindel (1)
-
Riss (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
-
Bolling (2)
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (7)
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
Pinedale Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Tertiary
-
Arikaree Group (1)
-
Arikareean (1)
-
Asmari Formation (1)
-
Barreiras Formation (1)
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (25)
-
Ellensburg Formation (2)
-
Frenchman Springs Member (2)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (12)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (4)
-
Picture Gorge Basalt (3)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (6)
-
Saint Marys Formation (1)
-
Stevens Sandstone (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (2)
-
Santa Margarita Formation (1)
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (8)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
lower Pliocene (2)
-
upper Pliocene
-
Chowan River Formation (1)
-
Piacenzian (1)
-
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
Ringold Formation (2)
-
Salt Lake Formation (1)
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Chuckanut Formation (1)
-
Chumstick Formation (2)
-
Colton Formation (2)
-
Crescent Formation (2)
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wasatchian (1)
-
Willwood Formation (1)
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (3)
-
-
Swauk Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene (5)
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Hanna Formation (2)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (1)
-
lower Oligocene (2)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Orca Group (1)
-
Paleocene
-
Lebo Member (1)
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
Puercan (3)
-
Torrejonian (2)
-
-
Nanafalia Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (3)
-
-
-
Renova Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (2)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
Vaqueros Formation (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (16)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Calera Limestone (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Washita Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Kuskokwim Group (1)
-
Logan Canyon Formation (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (7)
-
Aptian (6)
-
Barremian (4)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Bluesky Formation (1)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (2)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Crato Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (2)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Missisauga Formation (3)
-
Mowry Shale (2)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Newcastle Sandstone (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Middle Cretaceous (12)
-
Potomac Group (3)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (3)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (2)
-
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Cody Shale (1)
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Dawson Canyon Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Frontier Formation (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (2)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Javelina Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (1)
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (2)
-
Santonian (3)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
-
Senonian (14)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (3)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Birkhead Formation (1)
-
Clarens Formation (2)
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Kirkpatrick Basalt (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
East Berlin Formation (2)
-
Hettangian (2)
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
Pliensbachian (3)
-
Portland Formation (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian (1)
-
Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
Todilto Formation (1)
-
Walloon Coal Measures (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Morrison Formation (7)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (5)
-
Sandilands Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (3)
-
-
Chinle Formation (4)
-
Norian (2)
-
Shinarump Member (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
MIS 7 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (5)
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Lancara Formation (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Antietam Formation (1)
-
Chilhowee Group (2)
-
Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian (6)
-
Tommotian (2)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Metaline Limestone (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
Goldenville Formation (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (5)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Cape Elizabeth Formation (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Bartlesville Sand (1)
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Burbank Sand (1)
-
Hale Formation (1)
-
Jackfork Group (2)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (3)
-
-
Mabou Group (3)
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (3)
-
Boone Formation (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (3)
-
Keokuk Limestone (2)
-
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (2)
-
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
Imo Formation (2)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Pennington Formation (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (2)
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
-
Atokan (1)
-
Desmoinesian (1)
-
Moscovian (2)
-
-
Monongahela Group (1)
-
Morien Group (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Gzhelian (2)
-
Kasimovian (3)
-
Missourian (1)
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Casco Bay Group (1)
-
Catskill Formation (2)
-
Devonian
-
Gile Mountain Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (4)
-
Littleton Formation (1)
-
Pragian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Givetian (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (10)
-
Moscow Formation (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (3)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (2)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Thirtyone Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (1)
-
Canadaway Group (1)
-
Cleveland Member (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian (3)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (2)
-
Hartland Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Chopawamsic Formation (2)
-
Wilmington Complex (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (4)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (2)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Tremadocian (4)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Ammonoosuc Volcanics (3)
-
Black River Group (1)
-
Bromide Formation (3)
-
Chazy Group (2)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (2)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (6)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Katian (2)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (2)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
Whitewater Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (3)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (1)
-
-
Irati Formation (1)
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (2)
-
Asselian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Rangeley Formation (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (2)
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (2)
-
Waldron Shale (1)
-
-
Niagaran (2)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (3)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
Tirrawarra Sandstone (1)
-
-
Waits River Formation (1)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (8)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean (6)
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Peninsular Gneiss (1)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
-
Chuanlinggou Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (2)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (3)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Laramie anorthosite complex (2)
-
Luoquan Formation (1)
-
Nipissing Diabase (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (2)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Prince Albert Group (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Banxi Group (1)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (1)
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Huronian (2)
-
Keweenawan
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
McNamara Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Freda Sandstone (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (2)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Stenian (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (1)
-
Cryogenian (3)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
Ediacaran (25)
-
Marinoan (2)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Sturtian (5)
-
Tonian (5)
-
Vendian (7)
-
-
Oronto Group (1)
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
-
Dhanjori Group (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (5)
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kamafugite (1)
-
kimberlite (5)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (8)
-
diabase (6)
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
quartz diorites (2)
-
tonalite (10)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
essexite (2)
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
troctolite (3)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (2)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (4)
-
charnockite (3)
-
felsite (2)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (3)
-
microgranite (2)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (9)
-
jotunite (1)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
monchiquite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (3)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (3)
-
-
pegmatite (21)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite (4)
-
quartz syenite (3)
-
-
syenodiorite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (2)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
spinel peridotite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites (5)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
mugearite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (16)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
ocean-island basalts (3)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiite (6)
-
tholeiitic basalt (2)
-
-
basanite (2)
-
dacites (4)
-
glasses (2)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (6)
-
pumice (1)
-
rhyolite tuff (2)
-
tuff (14)
-
-
rhyolites (15)
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (5)
-
volcanic ash (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (6)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (5)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (2)
-
granite gneiss (5)
-
orthogneiss (4)
-
paragneiss (5)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (6)
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites (1)
-
marbles (7)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
meta-anorthosite (1)
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metabasite (3)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metagranite (2)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (3)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metapelite (11)
-
paragneiss (5)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
greisen (2)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
skarn (2)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (10)
-
migmatites (15)
-
mylonites (9)
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites
-
ferruginous quartzite (1)
-
-
schists
-
blueschist (5)
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (3)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (5)
-
turbidite (19)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
electrum (1)
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
-
arsenites (1)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (2)
-
aragonite (3)
-
bastnaesite (2)
-
calcite (11)
-
dolomite (6)
-
ikaite (2)
-
magnesite (2)
-
siderite (2)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides (1)
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (2)
-
fluorite (3)
-
topaz (2)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
iron minerals (1)
-
minerals (2)
-
native elements
-
graphite (2)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxalates
-
whewellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (2)
-
corundum (2)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
gibbsite (3)
-
goethite (6)
-
hematite (11)
-
hollandite (1)
-
ilmenite (4)
-
maghemite (2)
-
magnetite (7)
-
manganese oxides (2)
-
niobates
-
columbite (3)
-
tapiolite (1)
-
-
pyrolusite (1)
-
rutile (4)
-
sapphire (1)
-
spinel (3)
-
tantalates
-
tantalite (2)
-
-
uraninite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
amblygonite (1)
-
apatite (34)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (30)
-
montebrasite (1)
-
sarcopside (1)
-
xenotime (3)
-
-
silicates
-
borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
rhonite (1)
-
sapphirine (1)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
cummingtonite (1)
-
hornblende (8)
-
pargasite (1)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
gedrite (3)
-
-
-
carpholite (1)
-
prehnite (1)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (1)
-
diopside (3)
-
spodumene (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (2)
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (7)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (3)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (3)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (11)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
mordenite (1)
-
pollucite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
britholite group (1)
-
dumortierite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
grossular (1)
-
pyrope (2)
-
spessartine (1)
-
-
kyanite (3)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (2)
-
monticellite (2)
-
olivine (5)
-
-
sillimanite (4)
-
staurolite (2)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (7)
-
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (167)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (1)
-
epidote group
-
allanite (3)
-
epidote (1)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (1)
-
gehlenite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (3)
-
cordierite (4)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (2)
-
elbaite (1)
-
schorl (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (12)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (15)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
smectite (11)
-
stevensite (1)
-
-
ekanite (1)
-
illite (15)
-
margarite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (21)
-
celadonite (1)
-
glauconite (1)
-
lepidolite (3)
-
muscovite (17)
-
paragonite (1)
-
phengite (1)
-
phlogopite (4)
-
-
palygorskite (5)
-
sepiolite (5)
-
sericite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (2)
-
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (2)
-
epsomite (1)
-
gypsum (2)
-
hexahydrite (1)
-
jarosite (2)
-
pickeringite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
cinnabar (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (2)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
mackinawite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (7)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (297)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
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Angola (1)
-
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (1)
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Somali Republic (1)
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Sudan (1)
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Tanzania (3)
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Uganda (1)
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Zambia (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
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Lake Kariba (1)
-
-
East African Rift (3)
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Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
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Bechar Algeria
-
Ougarta Algeria (1)
-
-
-
Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (5)
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High Atlas (4)
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Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (2)
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Nile Delta (1)
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Sinai Egypt (2)
-
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (5)
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High Atlas (4)
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Middle Atlas (1)
-
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Rif (2)
-
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Tunisia
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El Kef Tunisia (1)
-
-
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Nubian Shield (1)
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Sahara (2)
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Sahel (1)
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Southern Africa
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Botswana (2)
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Kaapvaal Craton (3)
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Kalahari Craton (1)
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Karoo Basin (3)
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Namibia (5)
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Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (1)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (1)
-
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (2)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (1)
-
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Transvaal region (1)
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Western Cape Province South Africa (1)
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Zimbabwe
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Great Dyke (1)
-
-
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Volta Basin (1)
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West Africa
-
Chad (1)
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Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (2)
-
-
-
West African Craton (3)
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Zimbabwe Craton (1)
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Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet
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East Antarctic ice sheet (1)
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Antarctic Peninsula
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Graham Land (1)
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Coats Land (1)
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West Antarctica (1)
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Arctic Ocean
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Beaufort Sea (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Central Asia
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Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan (1)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Burma (4)
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China
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Altun Mountains (1)
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Altyn Tagh Fault (4)
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Da Hinggan Ling (1)
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Guangxi China (1)
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Liaoning China
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Loess Plateau (1)
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Xinjiang China
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
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manganese (5)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (28)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (10)
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metamorphic rocks
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Mexico
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North America
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 113
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ODP Site 689 (1)
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Leg 114
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ODP Site 698 (1)
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Leg 119
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ODP Site 738 (1)
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Leg 121
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ODP Site 758 (1)
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Leg 122
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ODP Site 761 (1)
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Leg 145
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ODP Site 885 (1)
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Leg 154
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ODP Site 925 (1)
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Leg 165
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ODP Site 1000 (1)
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Leg 167
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ODP Site 1012 (1)
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Leg 174AX
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Bass River Site (1)
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Leg 182 (1)
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Leg 184
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ODP Site 1146 (1)
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ODP Site 1262 (1)
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ocean floors (22)
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Oceania
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oceanography (17)
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South Pacific
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Paleozoic
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Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian (6)
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Metaline Limestone (1)
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Pioche Shale (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (1)
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Goldenville Formation (1)
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Potsdam Sandstone (5)
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-
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Cape Elizabeth Formation (1)
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Carboniferous
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Bartlesville Sand (1)
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Benxi Formation (1)
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Hale Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Mabou Group (3)
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian
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upper Tournaisian (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (2)
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Stanley Group (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Imo Formation (2)
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Fayetteville Formation (1)
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Pennington Formation (1)
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Windsor Group (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (2)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Mattoon Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (2)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Gzhelian (2)
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Kasimovian (3)
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Virgilian
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Douglas Group (1)
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-
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Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (1)
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Casco Bay Group (1)
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Catskill Formation (2)
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Devonian
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Gile Mountain Formation (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Dundee Limestone (1)
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Millboro Shale (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (1)
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Canadaway Group (1)
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Famennian
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upper Famennian (1)
-
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Frasnian (3)
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Hampshire Formation (1)
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Kellwasser event (1)
-
-
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Dunkard Group (2)
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Hartland Formation (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Chopawamsic Formation (2)
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Maroon Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic (4)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Beekmantown Group (2)
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Martinsburg Formation (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Chazyan (2)
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Darriwilian (1)
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Decorah Shale (1)
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Normanskill Formation (1)
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Platteville Formation (2)
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Pogonip Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (2)
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Katian (2)
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Kope Formation (1)
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Reedsville Formation (1)
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Sandbian (2)
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Whitewater Formation (1)
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Utica Shale (3)
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Viola Limestone (1)
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Permian
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Council Grove Group (1)
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Guadalupian
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Irati Formation (1)
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Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Asselian (2)
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Leonardian (1)
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Qixia Formation (1)
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Wolfcampian (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Middle Permian (2)
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Rio Bonito Formation (2)
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Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Zechstein (1)
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-
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Rangeley Formation (2)
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Sauk Sequence (1)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (2)
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-
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Middle Silurian
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Clinton Group (2)
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Waldron Shale (1)
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Niagaran (2)
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Upper Silurian
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Pridoli (1)
-
-
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Taiyuan Formation (3)
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Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
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Pictou Group (1)
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Shanxi Formation (1)
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Tirrawarra Sandstone (1)
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Waits River Formation (1)
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Wissahickon Formation (1)
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palynology (1)
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Classopollis (1)
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paragenesis (15)
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petrology (17)
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Plantae
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Microcodium (1)
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Rhodophyta
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Spermatophyta
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-
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Monocotyledoneae
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Spartina
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Spartina alterniflora (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Taxodiaceae (1)
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Cordaitales (1)
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Ginkgoales
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Ginkgo (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
-
-
-
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plate tectonics (198)
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pollution (22)
-
Precambrian
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Archean
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Mesoarchean (2)
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Neoarchean (6)
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Paleoarchean (1)
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Peninsular Gneiss (1)
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Timiskaming Group (1)
-
-
Chuanlinggou Formation (1)
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Chuar Group (2)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (3)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
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Laramie anorthosite complex (2)
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Luoquan Formation (1)
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Nipissing Diabase (1)
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Nonesuch Shale (1)
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North Shore Volcanics (2)
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Osler Series (1)
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Pahrump Series (1)
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Prichard Formation (1)
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Prince Albert Group (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
-
Banxi Group (1)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (1)
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Great Oxidation Event (1)
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Huronian (2)
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Keweenawan
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Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
McNamara Group (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
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Belt Supergroup (3)
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Freda Sandstone (1)
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Revett Quartzite (2)
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Roper Group (1)
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Stenian (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (1)
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Cryogenian (3)
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Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (3)
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Ediacaran (25)
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Marinoan (2)
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Otavi Group (1)
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Sturtian (5)
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Tonian (5)
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Vendian (7)
-
-
Oronto Group (1)
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Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
-
Dhanjori Group (1)
-
-
Sinian
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (3)
-
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
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problematic fossils
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Pterobranchia (2)
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dolostone (12)
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northeastern Massachusetts
Modern Algal Mats in Intertidal and Supratidal Quartz Sands, Northeastern Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Abstract Occurrences of algal mats at Plum Island along the northeastern coast of Massachusetts at 43°N latitude consist of laminated quartz silt and sand bound by mucous-secreting, filamentous blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). Recent discoveries of modern algal mats in quartz sands along cool, temperate coasts further confirms the fact that algal mat-forming organisms have wide temperature and salinity as well as substrate tolerances. At Plum Island, algal mats occur along the high intertidal to low supratidal margins of a metahaline pond in a swale on a recurved spit at the southern end of the island. They are also found along the margin of the marsh next to the edge of the backdune area of the island's dune field. The algal mats on Plum Island are vertically stratified into three major zones. The upper 1 mm of the mat in the spit area is dark brownish green due to filaments of Lyngbya, Microcoleous, and other smaller filamentous blue-green (?) algae. Coccoid cyanophytes (including Enthophysalisl), diatoms, Euglena, and nematode worms also are present. Below this upper green layer, there is a thinner, pinkish layer containing anaerobic, photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria. Underlying the pinkish layer, there usually is a third layer composed of organic-rich black sand, 1-10 cm thick, indicating anaerobic conditions. This black layer contains the remains of buried older surface mats whose laminae can be recognized as alternating layers of decaying organic matter and layers of water-laid sands and wind-blown silts. Gelatinous material aiding filament-binding of sediment extends 1-7 mm below the upper surface. No carbonate cementation was found. The larger structures associated with these algal mats include gas domes, desiccation ploygons, elongated ridges, rolled mats, mounds, and distorted mats redeposited after flotation. Algal mat growth affects physical sedimentation in part of the interdune area of the spit by stabilizing silt and sand after erosion and/or sediment deposition. By stabilizing each new sediment surface, these mats aid upward growth of low, ponded areas of the spit. Overturned and rolled mats produce mounds that become colonized by vascular plants and thus initiate dune development on low, flat areas. Ancient quartzose algal mats may be difficult to recognize in the stratigraphic record, but occurrences are known. Preservation potential is low because of the lack of carbonate cementation. Possible criteria for recognition include fine sand and silt laminae, desiccation cracks, elongated ridges, mounds, and overturned mats.
The geochronology of some stratified metamorphic rocks in northeastern Massachusetts
Stratigraphy and Correlation of the Newbury Volcanic Complex, Northeastern Massachusetts
The Newbury Volcanic Complex of northeasternmost Massachusetts is encompassed, except for one small occurrence, in a northeast-trending wedge-shaped belt bounded by regional faults. Ten stratified members, aggregating more than 4,400 m in thickness and intruded by subconcordant podlike masses of micrographic rhyolite, are disposed in a homoclinal sequence that is overturned and broken into blocks by minor faults. In contrast to previous descriptions, this report proposes that the sequence has been inverted and that it neither unconformably overlies the granitic pluton that borders it on the southeast nor is intruded by that pluton, as previously has been suggested. The lower 2,900 m of the complex are entirely volcanic materials. In this interval, the great volume of strata is contained in three of the members: a fine-grained basalt flow member; a thick flow-banded rhyolite vitrophyre member that locally includes at its base as much as 120 m of ash-flow tuff, and a porphyritic andesite member that contains numerous flows but is dominated by flow breccias and tuffs. Most of the andesites accumulated subaerially, but andesitic detritus was also laid down in a shallow marine environment. Two lesser members of rhyolitic tuff, a minor lens of dense basalt(?), and a fine-grained andesite(?) member partly of epiclastic materials complete the lower part of the Newbury. The upper 1,500 m of the complex is composed of three very poorly delineated sedimentary members: a siliceous siltstone, a red sandy mudstone, and a calcareous mudstone. The red mudstone member contains some volcanic detritus. The calcareous mudstone member is ostracodal, and the porphyritic andesite member contains at several sites a shelly fauna that provides specific correlation with the Leighton Gray Shale Member of the Pembroke Formation of the Eastport area of Maine. In the latter locality, ostracodes indicate affinities with fauna of the Baltic-British region rather than those of the Appalachian region and provide the basis for suggesting that the porphyritic andesite member of the Newbury may be wholly of Pridoli (latest Silurian) age. Ostracodes of the calcareous mudstone member may be longer ranging; therefore, the possibility that higher strata of the Newbury are as young as Gedinnian (earliest Devonian) cannot be ruled out. Recent paleontologic and radiometric dating indicates that the uppermost part of the Ames Knob Formation and the Thorofare Andesite in the southern Penobscot Bay area and the Castine Volcanics in the northern Penobscot Bay area (all more than 200 km up the coast in Maine) are also temporal equivalents. The Newbury was not affected by mild regional metamorphism, nor was it invaded by granitic plutons during the Acadian orogeny, as were some of the Silurian-Devonian terranes of coastal Maine. The lithologically comparable Lynn and Mattapan Volcanic Complexes, of the nearby Boston area, apparently were similarly unaffected by metamorphism; correlation of the Newbury with these formations is not yet proved.
Stratified rocks of northeastern Massachusetts that are known or considered to be of pre-Silurian age are (1) a sequence of nonfossiliferous marine metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks at least 2,800 m thick, including the Westboro Formation (formerly known as the Westboro Quartzite) and the Middlesex Fells Volcanic Complex (new name), that probably are of Precambrian age; (2) a sequence of nonfossiliferous eugeosynclinal rocks having an aggregate thickness of about 18,800 m, which includes the Greenleaf Mountain Formation (new name), Burlington Formation (new name), Marlboro Formation, Shawsheen Gneiss (new name), Fish Brook Gneiss, Nashoba Formation, and Tadmuck Brook Schist (new name), all of undetermined age; and (3) some scattered remnants of unmetamorphosed, partly fossiliferous marine sedimentary rocks of Cambrian age. The Westboro Formation, Middlesex Fells Volcanic Complex, and some older unnamed gneiss and quartzite strata were domed and locally subjected to minor folding during emplacement of the Dedham Granodiorite, which intrudes them but does not intrude any of the stratigraphically higher metasedimentary rocks. These intrusive and structural features, together with local omissions of the upper part of the above-named formations, suggest a significant unconformity. These stratified rocks are tentatively correlated with the Blackstone Series of Rhode Island. The eugeosynclinal rocks constitute a generally homoclinal sequence, except where parts of the section are locally cut out or are repeated by faults or are repeated by minor folds. This sequence consists of at least 80 percent metamorphosed volcanic wackes; units characterized by strata of metamorphosed pelitic and carbonate sediments are interspersed through it. The stratified rocks of Cambrian age form pendants in plutonic rocks and possibly also outliers. The Weymouth Formation of Early Cambrian age and the Hoppin Slate that possibly is correlative with it consist mainly of marine shale and limy shale interspersed with minor thin limestone strata. The Braintree Argillite, conformably overlying the Weymouth Formation, consists of marine shale, silty shale, and siltstone. The remnants of Cambrian rocks do not have any contacts with other stratified rocks.
NORTHEASTERN SECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA MEETING, HOTEL SOMERSET, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, MARCH 16–18, 1967
Gravity in North-Central New England
Using Aftershocks to Help Locate Historical Earthquakes
New Focal Mechanisms for the New England Region: Constrains on the Regional Stress Regime
Pre-Silurian Stratigraphy of the New London Area, Southeastern Connecticut
A section comparable in general aspect to that presented by Bell (1971) for northeastern Massachusetts is present in the New London area, southeastern Connecticut (Fig. 1). Disregarding a fossiliferous sequence, which is possibly in a different structural block, Bell described a 12,800-m-thick metamorphosed sequence of interbedded volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks overlying a 1,520-mthick sequence of metamorphosed quartzose and calcareous sedimentary rocks containing some volcaniclastic material. In the New London area, an upper, primarily volcanic sequence as much as 3,100 m thick (composed of amphibolite, hornblende and biotite gneisses, and some schist) overlies a primarily sedimentary section at least 1,860 m thick (consisting of quartzite, quartz-rich schist, pelitic and feldspathic schists, and some calc-silicate rocks, gray biotite gneiss, and amphibolite). The upper sequence in the New London area consists largely of metamorphosed volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and related meta-intrusive rocks as well as small amounts of sedimentary rocks; the lower sequence primarily consists of metamorphosed quartzose and calcareous sedimentary rocks with lesser amounts of intercalated volcanic and volcaniclastic material. The two sequences have been complexly folded and are intercalated with granitic gneiss. Primary sedimentary features useful in determining tops of beds are rarely seen. Individual units show appreciable differences in thickness in different areas. Both sequences are pre-Silurian in age, and most probably the rocks range in age from late Precambrian or Cambrian to Ordovician. Accurate estimates of thicknesses in the New London area are difficult to achieve because of the complex structure and numerous granitic intrusions. Sections have been measured...
Community Internet Intensity Map (CIIM) for the July 22, 2003 earthquake th...
Radiogenic fingerprinting reveals anthropogenic and buffering controls on sediment dynamics of the Mississippi River system
Accurate predictions of microscale oxygen barometry in basaltic glasses using V K -edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy: A multivariate approach
Balancing natural processes and competing uses on a transgressive barrier, Duxbury Beach, Massachusetts
Duxbury Beach, Massachusetts, is a retreating, transgressive barrier that is effectively managed to meet a range of competing land uses. While the barrier is heralded as a natural coastal setting, the entire landform is methodically engineered on an ongoing basis to best accomplish the goals established for the beach within a context of natural processes. Historical and geological data indicate that the natural barrier form includes numerous ephemeral tidal inlets (some of which have migrated) and overwash channels, and low discontinuous dunes. At present, the managed barrier has a continuous vegetated foredune and broad backdune. Management techniques have evolved over the past several decades based on growing experience and understanding of the coastal processes and of wildlife habitats. Although the foredune crest is reconstructed each spring, the entire beach is gradually being allowed to retreat to remain in equilibrium with rising sea level. The lagoonal shore is being widened through beach nourishment and through proposed creation of back-barrier salt marshes using silty dredge spoil. Uses of the barrier include town and public recreational beaches, off-road vehicle access, a right-of-way to isolated communities, flood protection of landward areas, and shorebird nesting habitat.