... “neptunian” for such eruptions and their products. The eruption column rapidly mixes with the surrounding water, cools, increases in density, and collapses, while remaining under water. Lithic clasts that are too heavy to be entrained in the column are deposited close to the source, forming a neptunian...

... © Cambridge University Press 2018 2018 Cambridge University Press neptunian dykes iron and silica enrichments hydrothermal and hydrogenic sources extensional regime of basin Shallow-water carbonate platforms with Urgonian-type sedimentation existed in various regions...

... model. The case for the dynamic uplift of mountain ranges is made more plainly by the anonymous notes from 1831–32, taken twelve months after McCormick's. Their author wrote: ‘The Neptunian strata often change their position, by subsidence. More commonly the change is produced by the uprising...

... (atoll-type). Similar examples are widely described in the literature as those recognized in the Jurassic syn-rift successions of Turkey, where alkaline eruptive rocks are interlayered in reef deposits ( F arinacci , 2002 ; F arinacci & E kmekci , 2004 ). The overlying Cretaceous-to-Eocene thin...

... eruptions in the Southern Alps (Wengen beds) have no counterparts in the Balaton Highland basin, where only thin tuff layers occur (e.g. at Katrabóca, Vörös 1998 ). Only in the eastern Bakony Mts are the products of the late Ladinian volcanism more voluminous, but the stratigraphical relationships...

... continental margin-type arc magmatism. In contrast, the Upper Maastrichtian and Paleocene–Middle Eocene basaltic volcanic rocks erupted in an extensional (or transtensional) setting likely to relate to the anticlockwise rotation of the Troodos microplate. † Author for correspondence: Alastair.Robertson...

.... Morphological types vary from symmetrical mounds up to 12 m high to asymmetrical pinnacles that locally coalesced, forming elongate multicored complexes up to 56 m high. Their steep-sided nature (margins dipping up to 54°) and sporadic occurrence of erect invertebrates suggest localized production of mud rather...

... sediments with various types of seismites and fractures (zones of fracturing, systems of fractures, and/or blowout faults). Altogether 32 sections have been investigated. The sediments are mostly sand, sandy loam, and loamy sand, with layers or patches of soil, and with sporadic talus clasts (see...

..., Roma 2014 2014 Società Geologica Italiana Submarine volcanism effusive eruptions explosive eruptions deposit types Cabo de Gata shallow marine volcanism Although much is known about the eruption processes, constraints and products of subaerial volcanism, there is still much to learn...

... to “differentiation in eruptive rocks.” 3 As a result of field studies in the Auvergne district of central France and elsewhere during the latter eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, some investigators gradually became persuaded of the essential identity of much lava and the rock type, basalt...

... for publication, therefore, became increasingly more specialised and subjected to greater scrutiny, particularly in regards to whom and what subjects were being published. This meant that the societies became active arbiters in defining what comprised their field, and what type of knowledge circulated...

... to Cromhall on the plunging nose of the Coalpit Heath Syncline in the north. They appear to fall into two types. Some, particularly those in the Mendips, are linear features with planar walls and appear to be related to tectonic extension and the opening of seafloor fractures (neptunian dykes) as a result...

... remained between the two rock types: the presence of calcareous spar in natural whinstones. Hall suggested that this could be explained on the basis of the factors affecting the decomposition of calcareous spar. It would normally be decomposed by the heat of lava but he postulated, like Hutton...

... and their geodynamic triggers. A multi-proxy approach comprising sedimentology–volcanology, petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry, palaeontology and geochronology was applied. The aim was to define the age of these deposits, constrain the type of eruption, depositional mechanism and environment, understand post...

... subtypes of ‘geological’ landscape inform the analysis in all the subsequent chapters, especially Chapters 3–7. While these types “did not necessarily derive from specific geological theories, theories often derived from them” (p. 71). To a contemporary geologist it would be nonsensical to consider...

... into water: Facies transformations simulated in flume experiments : Sedimentology , v. 53 , p. 717 – 734 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00790.x . Allen S.R. McPhie J. , 2009 , Products of neptunian eruptions : Geology , v. 37 , p. 639 – 642 , doi:10.1130/G30007A.1 . Allen S.R...

... remains an origin by explosive eruptions of a vesiculated magma, and the clasts of area A3, which formed by collapse of a cooled, poorly vesicular dome or spine, represent a local variant. A regional study in the D’Alembert tuff identified two geochemical types: a common low-Ti variety...

... and subglacial to subaerial volcanic rock deposition ( Fig. 1 ). Exceptional rock exposure provides a unique opportunity to examine the relationships between glacigenic and volcanogenic strata. From these results we develop two types of a conceptual model. The first is a glacial deposition-eruption model...

... ignimbrite into water: Facies transformations simulated in flume experiments : Sedimentology , v. 53 , p. 717 – 734 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00790.x. Allen , S.R. , and McPhie , J. , 2009 , Products of Neptunian eruptions : Geology , v. 37 , p. 639 – 642 , doi:10.1130/G30007A.1...

... in eruption plumes. Both concentric and hemispherical structures can be observed with finer and darker material in the center, and lighter and coarser material towards the edge as the ‘core-type’ lapilli (according to Gilbert and Lane, 1994 ). The concentric distribution of needle-like crystals and vitreous...