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![Living Pectinaria koreni. Note the mosaic texture of tube (photograph by Hans Hillewaert).]()
![The five textural combinations of pyrobitumen under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (well GS109, 5311 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (B and C) Same as (A) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (D) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (E and F) Same as (D) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (G) Concentric zoning with an interior of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures. The central zone consists of deformed spheres with a large diameter, and the exterior is irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (well MX9, 5033 m, Z2dy4). (H and I) Same as (G) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (J) Spherical- and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. The spherical texture gradually transitions to the fibrous texture without obvious boundaries (well MX9, 5448 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (K and L) Same as (J) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (M) Concentric zoning with an interior of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. The exterior is fibrous–flow-textured pyrobitumen. There are obvious boundaries between the isotropic to slightly mosaic, finely mosaic, spherical, and fibrous textures, and no obvious boundaries between the fibrous and flow textures (well GS102, 5039 m, Z2dy4). (N and O) Same as (M) but under plane- and cross-polarized light.]()
![Deformation structures in the low-strain fault rock unit (LS). (A, B) Outcrop view of the footwall damage zones distant from the F1 fault core. Due to the low-fracture density, dolomite mosaic texture can be described. (C) The dolomicrite texture is mostly characterized by a mosaic with a polymodal crystal size distribution and euhedral crystal shapes. (D) Sparry dolomites, including the xenotropic pale-yellow saddle dolomites, and showing typical wavy extinction. (E) Hypodiotopic mosaic texture overprinting the other textures forming veins and vugs. (F) Scanning electron microscope microphotograph showing a homogeneous mineralogic composition of the different dolomite mosaic textures.]()
![Frequency distributions of pyrobitumen reflectance for the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (C) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (D) Spherical-textured pyrobitumen. (E) Flow-textured pyrobitumen. (F) Fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. GS = Gaoshiti; MX = Moxi; W = Weiyuan; YB = Yangba; Z = Ziyang; ZS = Zishen; ZY = Zhengyuan.]()
![Atomic force microscopy images of the six end-member textures of pyrobitumen. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well ZS1, 5401 m, Z2dy2). (C) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well W113, 3071 m, Z2dy2). (D) Spherical- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (E) Flow-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (F) Fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (GS7, 5261 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation).]()
![Raman spectra of the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A–C) Finely mosaic-textured and dark and bright areas of spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS109, 5311 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (D–F) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured and dark and bright areas of irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (G–I) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well GS102, 5039 m, Z2dy4).]()
![Plots of Raman parameters versus the random reflectance of pyrobitumen with different optical textures. (A) Plot of wave number of band D (WD) versus the random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Plot of Raman band separation (RBS) versus the random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (C) Plot of full-width–at–half-maximum ratio of D and G peaks (FWHMD/FWHMG) versus the random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (D) Plot of WD versus the random reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. (E) Plot of RBS versus the random reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. (F) Plot of FWHMD/FWHMG versus the random reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. BRavg = average random reflectance; BRhr = average random reflectance of bright areas; BRlr = average random reflectance of dark areas; BRmax = maximum random reflectance; BRmin = minimum random reflectance; R2 = coefficient of determination.]()
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![Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and corresponding photomicrographs under nonpolarized reflected light of textural end members or combinations. (A) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well Z5, 3401 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B) Photomicrograph of (A). (C) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, irregularly mosaic-, and spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well MX9, 5033 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (D) Photomicrograph of (C). (E) SEM images of isotropic to slightly and irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (F) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (G) Photomicrograph of (F). (H) SEM images of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS109, 5311 m, Z2dy4). (I) SEM images of spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS7, 5261 m, Z2dy4). (J) Enlarged view of (F) with isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, spherical-, and flow-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (K) SEM images of fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well MX9, 5448 m, Z2dy2). (L) Photomicrograph of (K). EHT = extra-high tension; Mag = magnification.]()
![Examples of cathodoluminescence (CL) textures in the different quartz-bearing veins and Ti contents obtained with electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). (A) Bright- to gray-CL quartz with mosaic texture intergrown with chalcopyrite in an A1 vein. (B) Bright-CL quartz with mosaic texture in contact with chalcopyrite, anhydrite, and quartz-K-feldspar aggregate in an A2 vein. (C) A3 vein with bright- to gray-CL quartz with euhedral zones that indicate growth from the wall rock toward the vein center. Chalcopyrite and bornite are found close to the wall rock and in contact with several CL growth zones, whereas anhydrite fills the vein center. Dark-CL cobwebs cut older quartz at top. (D) A4 veinlet showing three different generations of quartz: gray-CL mosaic texture at the left, a euhedral overgrowth of gray-CL to the right, and several younger zones of relatively homogeneous dark gray-CL quartz. Chalcopyrite is in contact with the three generations of CL quartz. (E) B vein with regularly growth-zoned gray-CL quartz, chalcopyrite, and late cobwebs of dark-CL quartz. Chalcopyrite precipitated on the contact between the quartz and wall rock. (F) Quartz-anhydrite-molybdenite (QAM) vein with gray-CL mosaic quartz is cut by dark gray-CL quartz. Anhydrite here and elsewhere is spatially associated with the dark gray-CL quartz. (G) Sugary, fine-grained mosaic-textured quartz in a magnetite veinlet. (H) C-type chalcopyrite-pyrite veinlet forming a narrow band of dark-CL quartz along its margins when crosscutting a B vein with gray-CL quartz. Abbreviation: wr = wall rock. See Table 1 for mineral abbreviations.]()
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![Six textural end members of pyrobitumen observed under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well Z5, 3401, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B and C) Same as (A) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (D) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well ZS1, 5401 m, Z2dy2). (E and F) Same as (D) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (G) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well W113, 3071, Z2dy2). (H and I) Same as (G) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (J) Spherical-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well GS7, 5261 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (K and L) Same as (J) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (M) Flow-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well Z6, 3723 m, Z2dy2). (N and O) Same as (M) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (P) Fibrous-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well GS7, 5261 m, Z2dy4). (Q and R) Same as (P) but under plane- and cross-polarized light.]()
![Photomicrographs showing inclusions in garnet. Images a and b show euhedral prismatic inclusion 1 with palisade texture associated with rutile, in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, respectively. Images c and d show inclusion 3 with mosaic texture. Radial fractures surrounding inclusions 1 and 3 are seen in a and c, respectively. For comparison, cross-polarized photomicrographs showing transitional textures from coesite to quartz are also shown: image e shows a coesite relic rimmed by quartz aggregate in eclogitic garnet with palisade texture (with gypsum plate); image f shows quartz pseudomorphs after coesite in eclogitic omphacite with mosaic texture. Both coesite-bearing samples are from the Dabie-Sulu terrane, China. (Color online.)]()
![Variation of pyrobitumen reflectance with burial depth of the Dengying Formation in the Gaoshiti and Moxi areas, Sichuan Basin. (A) Random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Random reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. (C) Maximum and minimum reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. BRavg = average random reflectance; BRhr = average random reflectance of bright areas; BRlr = average random reflectance of dark areas; BRmax = maximum random reflectance; BRmin = minimum random reflectance; R2 = coefficient of determination.]()
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beryllium
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Be-10 (5)
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calcium
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (2)
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Mg/Ca (3)
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Sr/Ca (2)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (3)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr/Ca (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (86)
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aluminum
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (15)
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indium (1)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (3)
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Fe-57/Fe-54 (1)
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ferric iron (7)
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ferrous iron (4)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (15)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (15)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (8)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-210 (1)
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manganese (17)
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niobium (8)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-187/Os-186 (1)
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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palladium (5)
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platinum (3)
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platinum ores (23)
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precious metals (16)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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lanthanum (2)
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lutetium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (38)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (8)
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silver (9)
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zirconium (5)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (2)
-
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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helium
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (2)
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O-17/O-16 (2)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (223)
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phosphorus (2)
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selenium (4)
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silicon (4)
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sulfur
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S-33/S-32 (3)
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S-34 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (55)
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trace metals (4)
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fossils
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bacteria (11)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
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Teleostei (1)
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-
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Labyrinthodontia
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Anthracosauria (2)
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Strigiformes (1)
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Bovidae
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Bison (4)
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Cervidae
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Cervus (1)
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Tylopoda
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Camelidae (1)
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-
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Carnivora
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Fissipeda
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Mustelidae (1)
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Cetacea (3)
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Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae (1)
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae
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Equus (2)
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-
-
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Primates
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Hominidae (1)
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simians
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Pongidae
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Proconsul (1)
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-
-
-
Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Mammuthus
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Mammuthus columbi (2)
-
-
-
-
Mastodontoidea
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Mammutidae
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Mammut (1)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae
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Microtus (1)
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-
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Sciuromorpha
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Sciuridae (1)
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-
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Sirenia (2)
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Ungulata (1)
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-
-
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Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Chelonia (1)
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-
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia
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Eusuchia
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Crocodylidae (1)
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-
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ankylosauria (2)
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Ceratopsia
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Ceratopsidae (1)
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (4)
-
-
-
Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (2)
-
-
Theropoda
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Coelurosauria
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Tyrannosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (1)
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-
-
-
-
Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
-
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Cloudina (3)
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coprolites (2)
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cyanobacteria (4)
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eukaryotes (1)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina (4)
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Ophiomorpha
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Ophiomorpha nodosa (1)
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Palaeophycus (2)
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Skolithos (3)
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Thalassinoides (2)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (3)
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (2)
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Malacostraca
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Callianassa (1)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cytherocopina (1)
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Insecta (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (11)
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-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Rhynchonellida
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Rhynchonellidae (1)
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Strophomenida
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Sowerbyella (1)
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-
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Inarticulata (1)
-
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (1)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia
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Porites (1)
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Hydrozoa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Asterozoa (1)
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (8)
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Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (3)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (6)
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Veneroida
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Veneridae (1)
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-
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Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae
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Crassostrea (1)
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-
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Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Pectinacea
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Pectinidae (1)
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-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (1)
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-
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Gastropoda (13)
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Hyolithes (1)
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Rostroconchia (1)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (2)
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Stromatoporoidea
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-
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (4)
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Miliolina
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Miliolacea
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Miliolidae (2)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
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Buliminacea
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Bolivinitidae
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Bolivina (1)
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Bulimina (1)
-
-
Globigerinacea
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Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia (1)
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-
-
Lagenidae (1)
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Orbitoidacea
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Lepidocyclina (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Nummulitidae (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Orbitolinidae
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Orbitolina (1)
-
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (6)
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Thecamoeba (1)
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Tintinnidae
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Calpionellidae (1)
-
-
-
Vermes
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Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (3)
-
microfossils
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Charophyta (2)
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Conodonta
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Hindeodus (1)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (4)
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problematic microfossils (2)
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scolecodonts (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Dinoflagellata (2)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (18)
-
-
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (2)
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Chlorophyceae
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Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae
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Emiliania
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Emiliania huxleyi (1)
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-
-
diatoms (5)
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Microcodium (3)
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nannofossils (3)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (1)
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-
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Bryophyta (2)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
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-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (1)
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Coniferales (1)
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Cordaitales (1)
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Dadoxylon (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (2)
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Pterobranchia (1)
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thallophytes (5)
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tracks (5)
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trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (3)
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Ar/Ar (67)
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exposure age (4)
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fission-track dating (3)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (2)
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K/Ar (14)
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Lu/Hf (9)
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Nd/Nd (3)
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optical mineralogy (3)
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paleomagnetism (24)
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radiation damage (3)
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Rb/Sr (10)
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Re/Os (8)
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Sm/Nd (14)
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tephrochronology (2)
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thermochronology (8)
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tree rings (4)
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U/Pb (167)
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U/Th/Pb (19)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
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-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Bakhtiari Formation (1)
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Blancan (1)
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Bronze Age (3)
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Iron Age (1)
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Osaka Group (1)
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Quaternary
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Anglian (1)
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Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (3)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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Middle Ages (2)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neolithic (3)
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upper Holocene
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Roman period (10)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (2)
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Glasford Formation (1)
-
Key Largo Limestone (2)
-
Lake Lahontan (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
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Gelasian (2)
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Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
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Miami Limestone (1)
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middle Pleistocene (2)
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upper Pleistocene
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Sangamonian (1)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (2)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
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middle Wisconsinan (1)
-
upper Wisconsinan (4)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (11)
-
-
Siwalik System (2)
-
Stone Age
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Neolithic (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Asmari Formation (1)
-
Calipuy Group (1)
-
lower Tertiary (6)
-
Neogene
-
Browns Park Formation (1)
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Barstovian (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (12)
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
-
Pungo River Formation (1)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (6)
-
Tortonian (3)
-
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (1)
-
lower Pliocene (3)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (3)
-
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (1)
-
Chadron Formation (1)
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Avon Park Formation (3)
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Aquia Formation (1)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (1)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
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Lutetian (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Dry Branch Formation (1)
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Priabonian (1)
-
Twiggs Clay (1)
-
Uinta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ghost Rocks Formation (1)
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Ocala Group (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (2)
-
-
Suwannee Limestone (2)
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (6)
-
Yakataga Formation (1)
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
-
Dalradian (7)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (6)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Fredericksburg Group (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
Pinda Formation (1)
-
upper Albian (2)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (2)
-
Shuaiba Formation (9)
-
-
Barremian (6)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Fredericksburg Group (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (2)
-
Mannville Group (2)
-
McMurray Formation (8)
-
Missisauga Formation (1)
-
Moosebar Formation (1)
-
Mural Limestone (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Speeton Clay (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Urgonian (3)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
Wealden (1)
-
-
Macae Formation (1)
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Middle Cretaceous (7)
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (2)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
-
Cardium Formation (3)
-
Cenomanian (8)
-
Colville Group (1)
-
Coniacian (5)
-
Eutaw Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (2)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Holz Shale (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Kodiak Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian (12)
-
Marilia Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (14)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
Turonian (10)
-
Two Medicine Formation (4)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Glen Canyon Group (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (1)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
East Berlin Formation (1)
-
Hettangian (1)
-
Pliensbachian (3)
-
Portland Formation (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Sunrise Formation (2)
-
Toarcian (3)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (3)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (3)
-
Broom Formation (1)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (1)
-
Rannoch Formation (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (2)
-
-
Bathonian (6)
-
Callovian (4)
-
Dogger (2)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Oxford Clay (2)
-
San Rafael Group (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (8)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Fulmar Formation (3)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (4)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (4)
-
La Casita Formation (1)
-
Morrison Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian (8)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Sarayaquillo Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (7)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (4)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Maiolica Limestone (3)
-
Murihiku Supergroup (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (7)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Pucara Group (4)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (2)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (2)
-
Induan (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
Thaynes Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Ladinian (3)
-
Muschelkalk (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Dockum Group (1)
-
Norian (3)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Sag River Sandstone (1)
-
Stormberg Series (1)
-
Stuhini Group (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (3)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (4)
-
Wingate Sandstone (2)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
MIS 3 (2)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 6 (2)
-
MIS 7 (2)
-
Moldanubian (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (2)
-
Kanmantoo Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Gog Group (1)
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian (3)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Barrandian (1)
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
-
Mount Read Volcanics (3)
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Semri Series (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (2)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Amsden Formation (1)
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Ely Limestone (2)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (2)
-
Dinantian (9)
-
-
Mabou Group (2)
-
Middle Carboniferous (4)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (4)
-
Charles Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
-
Kayak Shale (2)
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
-
Osagian (2)
-
Tournaisian (4)
-
-
Madison Group (3)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (1)
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
Warsaw Formation (2)
-
-
Parkwood Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (3)
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (3)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (1)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Desmoinesian (2)
-
Moscovian (3)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Pottsville Group (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Canyon Group (1)
-
Missourian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (2)
-
Westphalian (3)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
-
Heemskirk Granite (4)
-
Keg River Formation (5)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (5)
-
Helderbergian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Pragian (2)
-
Shap Granite (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (4)
-
Elk Point Group (3)
-
Givetian (5)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Prairie Evaporite (6)
-
Sulphur Point Formation (1)
-
Sylvania Formation (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (6)
-
-
Miette Complex (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
-
Popovich Formation (2)
-
Slave Point Formation (2)
-
Swan Hills Formation (7)
-
Thirtyone Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Birdbear Formation (1)
-
Domanik Formation (1)
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (5)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (12)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (7)
-
Huron Member (1)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Nisku Formation (4)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Palliser Formation (4)
-
-
Waterways Formation (3)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (3)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Knox Group (3)
-
Laborcita Formation (1)
-
Lisburne Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic (12)
-
Ordovician
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
Beekmantown Group (4)
-
Ellenburger Group (5)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Saint George Group (1)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (1)
-
Majiagou Formation (1)
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Meguma Group (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (3)
-
Blackriverian (1)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Cloridorme Formation (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Everton Formation (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (3)
-
Simpson Group (2)
-
Table Head Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Montoya Group (3)
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Skiddaw Slates (1)
-
Tetagouche Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (6)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (3)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (3)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Cincinnatian (2)
-
Edenian (1)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Fernvale Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (3)
-
Katian (3)
-
Kope Formation (2)
-
Mohawkian (3)
-
Red River Formation (2)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Trentonian (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Chase Group (1)
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Glorieta Sandstone (2)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (2)
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (2)
-
Capitan Formation (4)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (2)
-
Delaware Mountain Group (3)
-
Queen Formation (1)
-
Seven Rivers Formation (1)
-
Tansill Formation (3)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (8)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (2)
-
Cisuralian
-
Asselian (2)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (2)
-
Leonardian
-
Bone Spring Limestone (1)
-
Clear Fork Group (4)
-
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wichita Group (1)
-
Wolfcampian (3)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Middle Permian (5)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (6)
-
-
Werra Series (1)
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
Yates Formation (5)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (3)
-
Silurian
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Lockport Formation (3)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Guelph Formation (1)
-
Keefer Sandstone (1)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
-
Niagaran (4)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Pridoli (1)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Arkansas Novaculite (1)
-
Bakken Formation (3)
-
Copacabana Group (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (5)
-
-
Phanerozoic (9)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (4)
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Bulawayan Group (1)
-
Fig Tree Group (1)
-
Gangpur Series (1)
-
J-M Reef (1)
-
Mesoarchean (6)
-
Napier Complex (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Sargur Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (9)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (2)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (5)
-
Cuddapah System (2)
-
Delhi Supergroup (2)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (1)
-
Hamersley Group (3)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kaladgi System (1)
-
Laramie anorthosite complex (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (2)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (1)
-
Onverwacht Group (2)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (8)
-
Unkar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Mahakoshal Group (1)
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (2)
-
Damara System (2)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Isan Orogeny (2)
-
Lewisian (3)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (2)
-
Laxfordian (1)
-
Stenian (1)
-
-
Miette Group (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Blaini Formation (1)
-
Cryogenian (6)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (22)
-
Marinoan (2)
-
McCoy Creek Group (1)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Otavi Group (2)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
Torridonian (4)
-
Vendian (8)
-
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Rooiberg Group (1)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (5)
-
Whitewater Group (1)
-
Wollaston Group (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Saxothuringian (3)
-
Vindhyan (4)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites
-
sovite (3)
-
-
feldspathoid rocks (6)
-
granophyre (8)
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kamafugite (1)
-
kimberlite (27)
-
peperite (2)
-
phoscorites (1)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (18)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (1)
-
microdiorite (1)
-
plagiogranite (5)
-
quartz diorites (6)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (7)
-
-
gabbros
-
anorthositic gabbro (1)
-
norite (5)
-
troctolite (5)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (3)
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (11)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (10)
-
felsite (2)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (7)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (4)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
-
granodiorites (21)
-
ijolite (3)
-
lamproite (3)
-
lamprophyres (3)
-
monzodiorite (4)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (3)
-
-
pegmatite (39)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
quartzolite (1)
-
sovite (3)
-
syenites
-
albitite (4)
-
alkali syenites (3)
-
nepheline syenite
-
miaskite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
shonkinite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (7)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (13)
-
garnet lherzolite (2)
-
garnet peridotite (2)
-
harzburgite (14)
-
lherzolite (11)
-
spinel lherzolite (4)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (3)
-
garnet pyroxenite (3)
-
orthopyroxenite (2)
-
websterite (5)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (3)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (5)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (9)
-
ocean-island basalts (8)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (3)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
basanite (7)
-
dacites (6)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (4)
-
perlite (1)
-
pitchstone (1)
-
volcanic glass (2)
-
-
keratophyre
-
albitophyre (1)
-
quartz keratophyre (1)
-
-
komatiite (6)
-
latite (1)
-
melilitite (2)
-
nephelinite (3)
-
phonolites (3)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (4)
-
ignimbrite (17)
-
pumice (4)
-
scoria (4)
-
tuff (24)
-
tuffite (1)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (3)
-
rhyolites (18)
-
trachytes (6)
-
vitrophyre (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (35)
-
pyrolite (1)
-
volcanic ash (6)
-
wehrlite (6)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (19)
-
cataclasites (14)
-
eclogite (29)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
banded gneiss (1)
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (9)
-
orthogneiss (11)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
sillimanite gneiss (1)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
pyroxene granulite (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
lunar breccia (1)
-
suevite (4)
-
-
-
itabirite (2)
-
jadeitite (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (3)
-
metabasite (6)
-
metadacite (1)
-
metagabbro (5)
-
metagranite (4)
-
metakomatiite (1)
-
metapyroxenite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (2)
-
serpentinite (14)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (1)
-
metaconglomerate (2)
-
metapelite (15)
-
metasandstone (3)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
shungite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (3)
-
greisen
-
beresite (1)
-
-
rodingite (1)
-
serpentinite (14)
-
skarn (19)
-
steatite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (22)
-
migmatites (14)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (9)
-
ultramylonite (3)
-
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (23)
-
schists
-
blueschist (4)
-
greenschist (2)
-
greenstone (2)
-
-
slates (3)
-
-
ophiolite (35)
-
turbidite (32)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
Allan Hills Meteorites
-
ALHA 81005 (1)
-
-
Asuka Meteorites (1)
-
Hammadah al Hamra Meteorites (1)
-
iron meteorites
-
octahedrite
-
Gibeon Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
Northwest Africa Meteorites (5)
-
stony irons
-
mesosiderite (1)
-
pallasite (1)
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
ALHA 81005 (1)
-
aubrite (1)
-
diogenite (1)
-
eucrite
-
Pasamonte Meteorite (1)
-
-
HED meteorites (1)
-
lunar meteorites (6)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
chassignite
-
Chassigny Meteorite (2)
-
-
nakhlite
-
Nakhla Meteorite (1)
-
-
shergottite
-
Los Angeles Meteorite (1)
-
Shergotty Meteorite (2)
-
Zagami Meteorite (3)
-
-
-
-
ureilite (3)
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CV chondrites (1)
-
Tagish Lake Meteorite (1)
-
-
enstatite chondrites (1)
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites (3)
-
L chondrites (9)
-
LL chondrites
-
Semarkona Meteorite (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Yamato Meteorites (2)
-
-
-
minerals
-
alabaster (1)
-
alloys
-
carbides
-
moissanite (2)
-
-
electrum (3)
-
kamacite (1)
-
nitrides (1)
-
phosphides (1)
-
silicides (1)
-
taenite (1)
-
-
antimonites (1)
-
arsenates
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (5)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
lollingite (1)
-
sperrylite (3)
-
-
bismuthides
-
michenerite (2)
-
-
borates
-
borax (1)
-
colemanite (1)
-
hydroboracite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (6)
-
aragonite (23)
-
azurite (1)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (119)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (65)
-
hydromagnesite (2)
-
ikaite (3)
-
magnesian calcite (4)
-
magnesite (4)
-
malachite (1)
-
monohydrocalcite (1)
-
norsethite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (5)
-
smithsonite (1)
-
sphaerosiderite (1)
-
spurrite (1)
-
trona (1)
-
vaterite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
-
bromides (1)
-
chlorides
-
carnallite (1)
-
halite (10)
-
kainite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
sylvite (2)
-
vanadinite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
fluorite (6)
-
humite (2)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
hydrates (4)
-
iron minerals (1)
-
manganese minerals (1)
-
minerals (21)
-
native elements
-
chaoite (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (2)
-
-
graphite (10)
-
lonsdaleite (1)
-
-
oxalates
-
weddellite (1)
-
whewellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
anatase (1)
-
armalcolite (2)
-
baddeleyite (3)
-
brannerite (4)
-
brucite (3)
-
cassiterite (4)
-
chrome spinel (5)
-
chromite (13)
-
corundum (2)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
diaspore (2)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
ferropericlase (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (8)
-
hausmannite (1)
-
hematite (24)
-
hercynite (3)
-
hollandite (3)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (1)
-
oxyhydroxides (3)
-
-
ilmenite (20)
-
iron oxides (21)
-
jacobsite (1)
-
limonite (1)
-
lithiophorite (1)
-
magnesioferrite (3)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (38)
-
manganese oxides (2)
-
manganite (2)
-
martite (1)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
columbite (6)
-
euxenite (2)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
loparite (1)
-
pyrochlore (4)
-
samarskite (1)
-
tapiolite (1)
-
-
nsutite (1)
-
periclase (2)
-
perovskite (1)
-
pitchblende (1)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
-
psilomelane (1)
-
pyrolusite (1)
-
pyrophanite (1)
-
rutile (12)
-
spinel (15)
-
spinel group (3)
-
tantalates
-
euxenite (2)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
microlite (1)
-
stibiotantalite (1)
-
tantalite (4)
-
wodginite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (3)
-
titanomagnetite (1)
-
todorokite (1)
-
ulvospinel (2)
-
uraninite (8)
-
vernadite (1)
-
wustite (3)
-
zirconolite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (35)
-
britholite (1)
-
chlorapatite (2)
-
fluorapatite (11)
-
hydroxylapatite (1)
-
lithiophilite (1)
-
merrillite (5)
-
monazite (36)
-
montebrasite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
whitlockite (2)
-
xenotime (7)
-
-
platinum minerals (10)
-
selenates (1)
-
selenides
-
eskebornite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates
-
maskelynite (5)
-
-
borosilicates (2)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
aenigmatite (1)
-
sapphirine (4)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (2)
-
arfvedsonite (1)
-
cummingtonite (3)
-
edenite (1)
-
glaucophane (2)
-
hornblende (12)
-
nephrite (1)
-
riebeckite (2)
-
tremolite (2)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
gedrite (3)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
-
jade (1)
-
prehnite (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (4)
-
augite (2)
-
diopside (5)
-
hedenbergite (2)
-
jadeite (4)
-
omphacite (4)
-
pigeonite (3)
-
spodumene (4)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (3)
-
hypersthene (1)
-
-
-
pyroxferroite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (4)
-
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (7)
-
amazonite (1)
-
celsian (2)
-
cryptoperthite (2)
-
hyalophane (2)
-
K-feldspar (20)
-
microcline (4)
-
microperthite (1)
-
orthoclase (3)
-
perthite (7)
-
sanidine (4)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (2)
-
hyalophane (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (9)
-
andesine (1)
-
anorthite (2)
-
oligoclase (1)
-
peristerite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (2)
-
myrmekite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (3)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (3)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (3)
-
chalcedony (5)
-
coesite (10)
-
cristobalite (4)
-
jasper (1)
-
lechatelierite (1)
-
moganite (2)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (3)
-
-
stishovite (3)
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
sodalite group
-
hauyne (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
clinoptilolite (2)
-
mordenite (2)
-
natrolite (2)
-
pollucite (4)
-
scolecite (1)
-
-
-
garnierite (1)
-
kenyaite (1)
-
magnesian silicates (2)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (5)
-
braunite (1)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
chondrodite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
garnet group
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (2)
-
majorite (6)
-
pyrope (5)
-
spessartine (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
humite (2)
-
kyanite (5)
-
larnite (2)
-
merwinite (1)
-
mullite (1)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (4)
-
forsterite (2)
-
monticellite (1)
-
olivine (49)
-
ringwoodite (6)
-
wadsleyite (2)
-
-
sillimanite (4)
-
spurrite (1)
-
staurolite (2)
-
titanite group
-
malayaite (1)
-
titanite (14)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (2)
-
zircon (143)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (10)
-
clinozoisite (2)
-
epidote (8)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
ilvaite (1)
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (1)
-
gehlenite (1)
-
melilite (2)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (6)
-
cordierite (4)
-
emerald (2)
-
milarite group
-
milarite (1)
-
osumilite (1)
-
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (2)
-
elbaite (2)
-
foitite (1)
-
schorl (3)
-
uvite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
cerolite (1)
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (1)
-
chlorite (19)
-
cookeite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (4)
-
dickite (4)
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (13)
-
metahalloysite (1)
-
montmorillonite (2)
-
nacrite (1)
-
nontronite (2)
-
saponite (3)
-
smectite (21)
-
stevensite (1)
-
vermiculite (4)
-
-
clintonite (1)
-
corrensite (2)
-
cymrite (2)
-
hydrobiotite (1)
-
illite (19)
-
magadiite (1)
-
mica group
-
annite (1)
-
biotite (34)
-
celadonite (3)
-
fluor-phlogopite (1)
-
glauconite (1)
-
lepidolite (3)
-
muscovite (21)
-
phengite (5)
-
phlogopite (9)
-
polylithionite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (5)
-
pyrophyllite (4)
-
sepiolite (2)
-
sericite (4)
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (1)
-
cronstedtite (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
serpentine (8)
-
-
stilpnomelane (1)
-
talc (3)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
anglesite (1)
-
anhydrite (32)
-
barite (10)
-
celestine (2)
-
chalcanthite (1)
-
epsomite (2)
-
ettringite (1)
-
glauberite (1)
-
gypsum (14)
-
hexahydrite (1)
-
iron sulfates (1)
-
jarosite (2)
-
kainite (1)
-
kieserite (1)
-
polyhalite (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (5)
-
aikinite (1)
-
alloclasite (1)
-
argentite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (5)
-
bismuthinite (2)
-
bohdanowiczite (1)
-
bornite (5)
-
carrollite (1)
-
chalcocite (3)
-
chalcopyrite (10)
-
cinnabar (1)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
cooperite (2)
-
copper sulfides (4)
-
covellite (1)
-
digenite (1)
-
galena (15)
-
heazlewoodite (1)
-
iron sulfides (6)
-
joseite (2)
-
laurite (2)
-
linnaeite (1)
-
mackinawite (1)
-
millerite (1)
-
molybdenite (5)
-
nickel sulfides (4)
-
oldhamite (1)
-
orpiment (1)
-
pentlandite (6)
-
polydymite (1)
-
pyrite (35)
-
pyrrhotite (11)
-
realgar (1)
-
siegenite (1)
-
smythite (1)
-
sphalerite (18)
-
stannoidite (1)
-
stibnite (1)
-
stromeyerite (2)
-
tetradymite (1)
-
troilite (4)
-
ullmannite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonates
-
famatinite (1)
-
-
sulfantimonites
-
boulangerite (1)
-
bournonite (1)
-
freibergite (3)
-
jamesonite (1)
-
luzonite (2)
-
miargyrite (1)
-
polybasite (5)
-
pyrargyrite (3)
-
stephanite (3)
-
tetrahedrite (5)
-
-
sulfarsenates
-
enargite (4)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
luzonite (2)
-
pearceite (3)
-
proustite (1)
-
tennantite (3)
-
-
sulfobismuthites
-
berryite (2)
-
cosalite (2)
-
emplectite (1)
-
galenobismutite (1)
-
gustavite (2)
-
lillianite (2)
-
matildite (2)
-
wittichenite (2)
-
-
sulfogermanates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
joseite (2)
-
tetradymite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
ultrabasite (1)
-
uranium minerals (2)
-
vanadates
-
vanadinite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (6)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (269)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Catanda Angola (1)
-
-
Congo (3)
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Kinshasa Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
Kivu Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Rwanda (1)
-
West Congo Belt (1)
-
-
Chad Basin (1)
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (4)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Eritrea (1)
-
Ethiopia (1)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Kenya
-
Lake Magadi (2)
-
Mount Kenya (1)
-
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
Malawi (2)
-
Mozambique (3)
-
Sudan (2)
-
Tanzania
-
Olduvai Gorge (1)
-
-
Uganda (1)
-
Zambia (5)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Magadi (2)
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Lake Tanganyika (2)
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
-
East African Rift (5)
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Limpopo Basin (1)
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (4)
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Ahaggar (1)
-
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (3)
-
High Atlas (3)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
Fayum Egypt (1)
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
Safaga Egypt (1)
-
Sinai Egypt (2)
-
-
Libya (2)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (3)
-
High Atlas (3)
-
Middle Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (3)
-
-
Tunisia (2)
-
-
Nubian Shield (8)
-
Sahara (3)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (8)
-
Botswana (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (14)
-
Kalahari Craton (2)
-
Karoo Basin (9)
-
Lesotho (4)
-
Namaqualand (2)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (4)
-
Namibia
-
Kaoko Belt (1)
-
-
Orange River (2)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (14)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Cape Province region (3)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (1)
-
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (7)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (2)
-
Pretoria South Africa (1)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (2)
-
Limpopo South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (5)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton South Africa (1)
-
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa (2)
-
Transvaal region (2)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (3)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
Swaziland (2)
-
Zimbabwe (3)
-
-
West Africa
-
Cameroon (3)
-
Chad
-
Kanem Chad (1)
-
-
Ghana
-
Bosumtwi Crater (1)
-
Lake Bosumtwi (1)
-
-
Liberia (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
Taoudenni Basin (1)
-
Togo (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Amundsen Sea (1)
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (3)
-
West Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
-
Antarctic Peninsula
-
Graham Land (1)
-
-
Coats Land (1)
-
East Antarctica (6)
-
Ellsworth Land
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Ellsworth Mountains (1)
-
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Marie Byrd Land
-
Byrd Station (1)
-
-
Ross Island (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
King George Island (1)
-
Livingston Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Pensacola Mountains (1)
-
-
Vestfold Hills (1)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys
-
Wright Valley (1)
-
-
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
Wilkes Land (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (2)
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (1)
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More Basin (1)
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Voring Plateau (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
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Arctic Coastal Plain (1)
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (3)
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Greenland ice sheet (1)
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Igaliku Complex (1)
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Peary Land (1)
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Skaergaard Intrusion (2)
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South Greenland (4)
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West Greenland (4)
-
-
Russian Arctic (1)
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen
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Spitsbergen Island
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Ny Friesland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (8)
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Kalba Range (1)
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Kuznetsk Alatau (1)
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Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
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Chuya Basin (1)
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Gorny Altai (8)
-
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Altai-Sayan region (1)
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Amur Basin (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (8)
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Kuwait (4)
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (5)
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Qatar (4)
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Saudi Arabia
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Ghawar Field (4)
-
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (13)
-
-
-
Baikal Mountains (1)
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Baikal region (1)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation
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Vitim Plateau (2)
-
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Eastern Kazakhstan
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Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Kalba Range (1)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (4)
-
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Tengiz Field (2)
-
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (2)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
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East Malaysia
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Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
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Kalimantan Indonesia
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Mahakam Delta (2)
-
-
-
Burma (4)
-
China
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
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Anhui China (2)
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Anshan China (1)
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Bohaiwan Basin (2)
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Dabie Mountains (4)
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Gansu China (5)
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Guangdong China (1)
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Guangxi China (1)
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Guizhou China (2)
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Hainan China (1)
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Henan China (1)
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Hong Kong (1)
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Hunan China (1)
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Inner Mongolia China (6)
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Jiangsu China (1)
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Kunlun Fault (1)
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Kunlun Mountains (2)
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Liaoning China (1)
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Longmenshan (1)
-
Nanpanjiang Basin (3)
-
North China Platform (13)
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Ordos Basin (7)
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Qaidam Basin (4)
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Qilian Mountains (2)
-
Qinghai China (5)
-
Qinling Mountains (4)
-
Shandong China
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Dongying Depression (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (8)
-
Sichuan China
-
Gongga Mountain (1)
-
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Songliao Basin (1)
-
South China Block (4)
-
Sulu Terrane (4)
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Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (1)
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Tarim Platform (1)
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Tongling China (2)
-
Xianshuihe fault zone (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (4)
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Tarim Basin (10)
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Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (1)
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Lhasa Block (3)
-
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Yangtze Platform (6)
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Yangtze River (1)
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Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
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Yunnan China
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Ailao Shan (1)
-
-
-
Indonesia
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Celebes (2)
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Kalimantan Indonesia
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Mahakam Delta (2)
-
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Sumatra
-
Toba Lake (1)
-
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
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Kitami Basin (1)
-
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Honshu
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Abukuma Mountains (1)
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Iwate Japan (1)
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Kanto Mountains (1)
-
Shiga Japan (1)
-
Shimane Japan (1)
-
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Kyushu
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Nagasaki Japan (1)
-
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Sambagawa Belt (3)
-
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Korea
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South Korea (5)
-
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Malaysia
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East Malaysia
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Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Mongolia
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Mongolian Altai (1)
-
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon (2)
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Taiwan
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Taipei Taiwan (1)
-
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Thailand (4)
-
Vietnam (1)
-
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Gobi Desert (1)
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (2)
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Kumaun Himalayas
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Simla Hills (2)
-
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Lesser Himalayas (3)
-
-
Hindu Kush (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bengal (1)
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Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
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Cuddapah Basin (7)
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Nellore mica belt (1)
-
Prakasam India (2)
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Srikakulam India (1)
-
Visakhapatnam India (3)
-
-
Bastar Craton (3)
-
Beas River (1)
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Bengal Islands
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Andaman Islands (4)
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Nicobar Islands (1)
-
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Bihar India
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Gaya India (1)
-
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Bundelkhand (2)
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Chhattisgarh India (1)
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Dharwar Craton (7)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (9)
-
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Gujarat India
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Kutch India (1)
-
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Haryana India (2)
-
Himachal Pradesh India
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Kangra India (1)
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Simla Hills (2)
-
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Jharkhand India
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Palamau India (1)
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Singhbhum India (1)
-
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Karnataka India
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Bangalore India (1)
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Belgaum India (1)
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Chitradurga India (2)
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Closepet Granite (1)
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Mysore India (2)
-
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Kerala India (2)
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Jabalpur India (1)
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Jhabua India (1)
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Sidhi India (1)
-
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Maharashtra India
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Chandrapur India (1)
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Mumbai India (3)
-
Nagpur India (1)
-
-
Narmada River (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Meghalaya India (5)
-
Mizoram India (1)
-
-
Orissa India
-
Dhenkanal India (1)
-
Keonjhar India (1)
-
Koraput India (2)
-
-
Pranhita-Godavari Valley (1)
-
Rajasthan India
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Alwar India (1)
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Aravalli Range (3)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Kanmantoo Group (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Gog Group (1)
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Poleta Formation (1)
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Terreneuvian (3)
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Middle Cambrian
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Barrandian (1)
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Burgess Shale (1)
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Mount Read Volcanics (3)
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Pioche Shale (1)
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Semri Series (2)
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Upper Cambrian
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
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Potsdam Sandstone (2)
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Steptoean (1)
-
-
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Carboniferous
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Albert Formation (1)
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Amsden Formation (1)
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Benxi Formation (1)
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Ely Limestone (2)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (2)
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Dinantian (9)
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Mabou Group (2)
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Middle Carboniferous (4)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (4)
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Charles Formation (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Kayak Shale (2)
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Lodgepole Formation (2)
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Osagian (2)
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Tournaisian (4)
-
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Madison Group (3)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean
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upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian (1)
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Hartselle Sandstone (1)
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Meramecian
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Saint Louis Limestone (1)
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Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
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Warsaw Formation (2)
-
-
Parkwood Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (3)
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Valmeyeran (1)
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Windsor Group (2)
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Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Cumberland Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (3)
-
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Atokan
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Atoka Formation (1)
-
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Desmoinesian (2)
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Moscovian (3)
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Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
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Pottsville Group (2)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Canyon Group (1)
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Missourian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (2)
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Westphalian (3)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
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Devonian
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Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
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Heemskirk Granite (4)
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Keg River Formation (5)
-
Lower Devonian
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Emsian (5)
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Helderbergian (1)
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Lochkovian (1)
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Manlius Formation (1)
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Pragian (2)
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Shap Granite (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
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Dundee Limestone (1)
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Eifelian (4)
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Elk Point Group (3)
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Givetian (5)
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Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
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Prairie Evaporite (6)
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Sulphur Point Formation (1)
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Sylvania Formation (1)
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Winnipegosis Formation (6)
-
-
Miette Complex (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
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Popovich Formation (2)
-
Slave Point Formation (2)
-
Swan Hills Formation (7)
-
Thirtyone Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Birdbear Formation (1)
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Domanik Formation (1)
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Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
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Wabamun Group (5)
-
-
Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (12)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (7)
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Huron Member (1)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Nisku Formation (4)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Palliser Formation (4)
-
-
Waterways Formation (3)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (3)
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Itarare Subgroup (1)
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Knox Group (3)
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Laborcita Formation (1)
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Lisburne Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic (12)
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Ordovician
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Eureka Quartzite (1)
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (1)
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Beekmantown Group (4)
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Ellenburger Group (5)
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Fillmore Formation (2)
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Floian (1)
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Ibexian (1)
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Saint George Group (1)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (1)
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Majiagou Formation (1)
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Martinsburg Formation (1)
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Meguma Group (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Black River Group (3)
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Blackriverian (1)
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Chazyan (1)
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Cloridorme Formation (1)
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Dapingian (1)
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Darriwilian (1)
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Everton Formation (1)
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Galena Dolomite (1)
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Llanvirnian (1)
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Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
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Saint Peter Sandstone (3)
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Simpson Group (2)
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Table Head Group (1)
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Whiterockian (1)
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Montoya Group (3)
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Pogonip Group (1)
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Skiddaw Slates (1)
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Tetagouche Group (1)
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Trenton Group (6)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (3)
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Bighorn Dolomite (3)
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Caradocian
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Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Cincinnatian (2)
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Edenian (1)
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Fairview Formation (1)
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Fernvale Formation (1)
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Hirnantian (3)
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Katian (3)
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Kope Formation (2)
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Mohawkian (3)
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Red River Formation (2)
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Sandbian (1)
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Trentonian (2)
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Wufeng Formation (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
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Valmy Formation (1)
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
-
Permian
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Castile Formation (1)
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Chase Group (1)
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Ecca Group (2)
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Glorieta Sandstone (2)
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Guadalupian
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Bell Canyon Formation (2)
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Brushy Canyon Formation (2)
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Capitan Formation (4)
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Capitanian (1)
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Cherry Canyon Formation (2)
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Delaware Mountain Group (3)
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Queen Formation (1)
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Seven Rivers Formation (1)
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Tansill Formation (3)
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Wordian (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (8)
-
Lower Permian
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Abo Formation (1)
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Cherry Canyon Formation (2)
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Cisuralian
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Asselian (2)
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Kungurian (2)
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Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (2)
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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Clear Fork Group (4)
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-
Qixia Formation (1)
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Wichita Group (1)
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Wolfcampian (3)
-
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Lyons Sandstone (1)
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Middle Permian (5)
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Phosphoria Formation (1)
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Rotliegendes (2)
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Shihezi Formation (1)
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Unayzah Formation (1)
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Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
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Salado Formation (1)
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Zechstein (6)
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Werra Series (1)
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Whitehill Formation (1)
-
Yates Formation (5)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
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Sauk Sequence (3)
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Silurian
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Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
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Lockport Formation (3)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Telychian (1)
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Wenlock (1)
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-
Middle Silurian
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Guelph Formation (1)
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Keefer Sandstone (1)
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Rochester Formation (1)
-
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Niagaran (4)
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Upper Silurian
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Pridoli (1)
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Salina Group (1)
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-
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Supai Formation (1)
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Taiyuan Formation (1)
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Tensleep Sandstone (1)
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Tippecanoe Sequence (2)
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upper Paleozoic
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Arkansas Novaculite (1)
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Bakken Formation (3)
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Copacabana Group (2)
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Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
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Shanxi Formation (1)
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Woodford Shale (5)
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palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (18)
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paragenesis (138)
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permafrost (14)
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petroleum
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shale oil (3)
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Phanerozoic (9)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (2)
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Dasycladaceae (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae
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Emiliania
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Emiliania huxleyi (1)
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diatoms (5)
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Microcodium (3)
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nannofossils (3)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (1)
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Bryophyta (2)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gymnospermae
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Dadoxylon (1)
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plate tectonics (156)
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potash (3)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Aravalli System (4)
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Bulawayan Group (1)
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Fig Tree Group (1)
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Gangpur Series (1)
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J-M Reef (1)
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Mesoarchean (6)
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Napier Complex (1)
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Neoarchean
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Sargur Group (1)
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Paleoarchean (9)
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Timiskaming Group (1)
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Warrawoona Group (2)
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Brockman Iron Formation (5)
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Cuddapah System (2)
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Delhi Supergroup (2)
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Gunflint Iron Formation (1)
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Hamersley Group (3)
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Johnnie Formation (1)
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Kaladgi System (1)
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Laramie anorthosite complex (1)
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Lewisian Complex (2)
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Nonesuch Shale (1)
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Noonday Dolomite (1)
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Onverwacht Group (2)
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Pahrump Series (1)
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Stillwater Complex (2)
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Stirling Quartzite (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (8)
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Unkar Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Mahakoshal Group (1)
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Proterozoic
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Athabasca Formation (1)
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Bambui Group (1)
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Banded Gneissic Complex (2)
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Damara System (2)
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Huronian (1)
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Isan Orogeny (2)
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Lewisian (3)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Belt Supergroup (1)
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Gawler Range Volcanics (2)
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Laxfordian (1)
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Stenian (1)
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Miette Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Blaini Formation (1)
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Cryogenian (6)
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Ediacaran (22)
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Marinoan (2)
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Moinian (1)
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Otavi Group (2)
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Riphean (1)
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Sturtian (1)
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Vendian (8)
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Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Birimian (1)
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Rooiberg Group (1)
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Rustenburg Layered Suite (5)
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Wollaston Group (1)
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Pretoria Group (2)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Vadito Group (1)
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Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
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problematic fossils
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Pterobranchia (1)
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clastic rocks
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argillite (1)
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arkose (3)
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coal
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sedimentary structures
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Living Pectinaria koreni . Note the mosaic texture of tube (photograph by ... Available to Purchase
in FORAMINIFERA USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MIOCENE POLYCHAETE WORM TUBES, MONTEREY FORMATION, CALIFORNIA, USA
> Journal of Foraminiferal Research
Published: 01 October 2008
F igure 5. Living Pectinaria koreni . Note the mosaic texture of tube (photograph by Hans Hillewaert).
Image
![The five textural combinations of pyrobitumen under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (well GS109, 5311 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (B and C) Same as (A) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (D) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (E and F) Same as (D) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (G) Concentric zoning with an interior of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures. The central zone consists of deformed spheres with a large diameter, and the exterior is irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures (well MX9, 5033 m, Z2dy4). (H and I) Same as (G) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (J) Spherical- and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen. The spherical texture gradually transitions to the fibrous texture without obvious boundaries (well MX9, 5448 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (K and L) Same as (J) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (M) Concentric zoning with an interior of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. The exterior is fibrous–flow-textured pyrobitumen. There are obvious boundaries between the isotropic to slightly mosaic, finely mosaic, spherical, and fibrous textures, and no obvious boundaries between the fibrous and flow textures (well GS102, 5039 m, Z2dy4). (N and O) Same as (M) but under plane- and cross-polarized light.](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/aapgbull/106/7/10.1306_02032221049/2/s_bltn21049f3.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=kdUBA41-fnJtUKUsIcfV5ovdZZRpQYYVeOkmFQG1q5t7IP6Kut1yimY7EeZ42tsu6dx2dlhfDbtZBmua8MDqnUKX2mJ8D0y-NuS~b8b0dK0I3keXjoYtBzDOIfzdqGbCt8AiH95oT5h~2KWl7eYKMm1mePHV2RCNApJ-JZmg0hxFXdadcEP7jjoe3Qr5rSByQRh1M4bS6gKVoJBZBgDtZdieE-IHvE132oEzkn4AGxCuvl43POs-gc4wa0f3JX2IZiug3cbiIsfbYDnEh4WpEBxdM5K-TQzhOizu5eWKI6LZr6jF0dOo6RmVAGi32J94BGmcoJvWqMdq2Sxm8O1p9g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
The five textural combinations of pyrobitumen under nonpolarized, plane-pol... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 3. The five textural combinations of pyrobitumen under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures
Image
Deformation structures in the low-strain fault rock unit (LS). (A, B) Outcr... Available to Purchase
Published: 06 December 2024
Figure 8. Deformation structures in the low-strain fault rock unit (LS). (A, B) Outcrop view of the footwall damage zones distant from the F1 fault core. Due to the low-fracture density, dolomite mosaic texture can be described. (C) The dolomicrite texture is mostly characterized by a mosaic
Image
Frequency distributions of pyrobitumen reflectance for the six end-member p... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 6. Frequency distributions of pyrobitumen reflectance for the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (C) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (D) Spherical-textured pyrobitumen. (E) Flow
Image
![Atomic force microscopy images of the six end-member textures of pyrobitumen. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well ZS1, 5401 m, Z2dy2). (C) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well W113, 3071 m, Z2dy2). (D) Spherical- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (E) Flow-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (F) Fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (GS7, 5261 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation).](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/aapgbull/106/7/10.1306_02032221049/2/s_bltn21049f5.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=WlGlc~zfJtHV6w2rWI6VzQm3j8Xpkj3d~32gq0zpF6~2sa2uWSjnjqlodjW-DRFikuvpjEYYB5wMi7Y~sQ-hu6E~PF9gCMcFkGJYZZQfdf3jgroFnsNrQMtooBipPtqfAJlEZD1YFgXho~fLvnLhR7pLEI3YiHc2PP8zASj3C1hI6aajWXzQ1qnQNWf-OVaIGTZjdWwu6Hebuojc1T~R7DN~WvIdObMx0lxnXR2Ifh6JXfgYZUG4gV3eyronDcvUxD~3yd6tDSCwDeoVrl~dRK9FYTChr1uHKxW1eWy-8Qw0zMOsgF1GIOSYy6ISXjh6s49IyGd6iH4AVlkGeraqyg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Atomic force microscopy images of the six end-member textures of pyrobitume... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 5. Atomic force microscopy images of the six end-member textures of pyrobitumen. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z 2 dy 2 ]). (B) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well ZS1, 5401 m, Z 2 dy 2 ). (C
Image
![Raman spectra of the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A–C) Finely mosaic-textured and dark and bright areas of spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS109, 5311 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (D–F) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured and dark and bright areas of irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (G–I) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well GS102, 5039 m, Z2dy4).](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/aapgbull/106/7/10.1306_02032221049/2/s_bltn21049f7.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=eVwZ1n17bPHMniJCrox7bzFmV-tOE1EOOUvSWqoqWOUmr4L3uty70EY-jKrkBhTlB9hjxiwhMiQgC3lZvA5EFxES0d5rtTdrYLONoy0Ca9uW56yyixwPWlr4cvmL8AWD6X4ixFMQZw3BSDnSU4oUI3Wym-7YYk8M5rey6h8vbBMU3AOyJMifj1S5sHMPmMOIZ~PEOfxCbCAYup0~p9PyfOJFHuKETiJeuqd8Hu-WP~2P~TAQNrWHNTjssa3qnFf0If0TsE7CTQ8-MP9NLoWrDRGPtfEDw2Y9hh56BSb0Xm41TGsl0LKD38f3MIKK0nCK9teyJztVPBycg8QztnHE6w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Raman spectra of the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A–C) Finely mosa... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 7. Raman spectra of the six end-member pyrobitumen textures. (A–C) Finely mosaic-textured and dark and bright areas of spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS109, 5311 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z 2 dy 4 ]). (D–F) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured and dark and bright
Image
Plots of Raman parameters versus the random reflectance of pyrobitumen with... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 12. Plots of Raman parameters versus the random reflectance of pyrobitumen with different optical textures. (A) Plot of wave number of band D ( W D ) versus the random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic- and finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Plot of Raman band separation
Journal Article
Organic-matter alteration in an early Paleozoic basin: Zonation around mineral showings compared to that around intrusions, St. Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 July 1990
GSA Bulletin (1990) 102 (7): 877–888.
... is uniquely characterized by its petrographic properties. OM near mineral showings is characterized by mosaic textures,alteration rims, abnormal anisotropy, and retlectances (R o ) higher than background levels in the Beekmantown Group. OM near alkaline intrusions is characterized by rare mosaic textures...
Journal Article
Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters Available to Purchase
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Published: 01 July 2022
AAPG Bulletin (2022) 106 (7): 1373–1401.
...Figure 3. The five textural combinations of pyrobitumen under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen on a base of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen, with obvious boundaries between the textures...
FIGURES
Image
![Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and corresponding photomicrographs under nonpolarized reflected light of textural end members or combinations. (A) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well Z5, 3401 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B) Photomicrograph of (A). (C) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, irregularly mosaic-, and spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well MX9, 5033 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (D) Photomicrograph of (C). (E) SEM images of isotropic to slightly and irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (outcrop sample YB-11, Z2dy4). (F) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, spherical-, flow-, and fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (G) Photomicrograph of (F). (H) SEM images of finely mosaic- and spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS109, 5311 m, Z2dy4). (I) SEM images of spherical-textured pyrobitumen (well GS7, 5261 m, Z2dy4). (J) Enlarged view of (F) with isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-, spherical-, and flow-textured pyrobitumen (well MX10, 5466 m, Z2dy2). (K) SEM images of fibrous-textured pyrobitumen (well MX9, 5448 m, Z2dy2). (L) Photomicrograph of (K). EHT = extra-high tension; Mag = magnification.](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/aapgbull/106/7/10.1306_02032221049/2/s_bltn21049f4.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=s1zhRjUPwbHNVTZthuaTRcSLoAl-owmzwVv7qUekncuBoPE3WJq6conaClSOrvsQXz42Vq6g~b9QYne0OgQ71KwMxWZdvvebiBwVLGslLKwMpYUewxgqFRIOs-4SWK4Hry3hGyIateC9TaneWaRvIyzbBwNlH9r9XFG1BlOi5eRFfPUTa8-u-8i4YTiQo7fMQOfmT9YULeNXRRsI1QnhFhq9CkVzVGjlvFu3vZ0CMsL68uuOKT2k1HXvseQYU8JBPJsN5Qy9Lu8scPrsX64xoyjotX5x0LDrWEEHgPoxsLzyidJ2yxxcmYZcSaG-BlWy0NAXpron2guupzsiVNsT5A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and corresponding photomicrograph... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and corresponding photomicrographs under nonpolarized reflected light of textural end members or combinations. (A) SEM images of isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen (well Z5, 3401 m, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z 2 dy
Image
Examples of cathodoluminescence (CL) textures in the different quartz-beari... Available to Purchase
in Fluid and Vein Evolution, Timing, and Temperature of Cu-Au-Mo Sulfide Deposition at the Encuentro Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit, Northern Chile
> Economic Geology
Published: 01 September 2024
Fig. 11. Examples of cathodoluminescence (CL) textures in the different quartz-bearing veins and Ti contents obtained with electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). (A) Bright- to gray-CL quartz with mosaic texture intergrown with chalcopyrite in an A1 vein. (B) Bright-CL quartz with mosaic texture
Journal Article
Textural Characteristics of Barren and Mineralized Colloform Quartz Bands at the Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits of the Omu Camp in Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for Processes Resulting in Bonanza-Grade Precious Metal Enrichment Available to Purchase
Lauren R. Terry, Thomas Monecke, T. James Reynolds, Erik R. Tharalson, Katharina Pfaff, Nigel M. Kelly, Quinton T. Hennigh
Journal: Economic Geology
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Published: 01 March 2021
Economic Geology (2021) 116 (2): 407–425.
... are crustiform or brecciated in hand specimen, ore minerals exclusively occur within colloform quartz bands. High-magnification microscopy reveals that ore-bearing colloform bands consist of fine-grained quartz exhibiting relic microsphere textures and quartz having a mosaic texture that formed through...
FIGURES
Journal Article
AN OCCURRENCE OF SAPPHIRINE IN THE ARCHEAN SUPERIOR PROVINCE, NORTHERN QUEBEC Available to Purchase
Journal: The Canadian Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Published: 01 February 2005
The Canadian Mineralogist (2005) 43 (1): 463–478.
... forms a corona around green hercynite, with K-feldspar rimming the sapphirine. Reaction textures, annealing and polygonization indicate localized equilibration, with mosaic equilibrium preserved on the thin-section scale. Various geothermobarometers yield estimates of high temperatures (755–1260°C...
FIGURES
Image
![Six textural end members of pyrobitumen observed under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well Z5, 3401, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy2]). (B and C) Same as (A) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (D) Finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well ZS1, 5401 m, Z2dy2). (E and F) Same as (D) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (G) Irregularly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well W113, 3071, Z2dy2). (H and I) Same as (G) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (J) Spherical-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well GS7, 5261 m, fourth member of the Dengying Formation [Z2dy4]). (K and L) Same as (J) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (M) Flow-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well Z6, 3723 m, Z2dy2). (N and O) Same as (M) but under plane- and cross-polarized light. (P) Fibrous-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well GS7, 5261 m, Z2dy4). (Q and R) Same as (P) but under plane- and cross-polarized light.](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/aapgbull/106/7/10.1306_02032221049/2/s_bltn21049f2.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=LK18e4gD0fFMViWgB6eUToXuRJu9WFJNlS88m0z79Jt3Q6SMjsscHt44feDyWDQdGv7Yv7h-Azd7oULFW7DqOzvPCHC9onfEaRYqjg2QgO637d8Ju4nHPdmOeSViI7Yy79OzVsGaTdtdRMF0K313W9C-7GIY4SLEXnajDNpHKajkPfQRxpbaRxvkrKtrKEOv5vFm9w6nY1kuvs15n9Tuz0YHsKhiL2iY5VOlSnk2hIZPk9izhXz1jXNBRfWHC0zkJa~WAV-Kof~Pa~tLDsOKyDjEBfYmC1HOAMrnh97TzUN8EQj0gSWh5kbp19lgx-CSuSNvWY~EPr6AqOWREIs85Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Six textural end members of pyrobitumen observed under nonpolarized, plane-... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 2. Six textural end members of pyrobitumen observed under nonpolarized, plane-polarized, and cross-polarized reflected light. (A) Isotropic to slightly mosaic-textured pyrobitumen under nonpolarized light (well Z5, 3401, second member of the Dengying Formation [Z 2 dy 2 ]). (B and C) Same
Journal Article
On reported occurrences of shock-deformed clasts in the volcanic ejecta from Toba caldera, Sumatra Available to Purchase
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 November 1989
Geology (1989) 17 (11): 1040–1043.
... of microdeformation features or mosaic textures similar to those associated with known impact structures and the K/T boundary. We conclude that evidence of shock deformation in the Toba deposits has not been demonstrated. Geological Society of America 1989 ...
Image
Photomicrographs showing inclusions in garnet. Images a and b show euhe... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 February 2009
F igure 3. Photomicrographs showing inclusions in garnet. Images a and b show euhedral prismatic inclusion 1 with palisade texture associated with rutile, in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, respectively. Images c and d show inclusion 3 with mosaic texture. Radial fractures
Journal Article
Textural and structural modification history in the Red Hill layered syenitic complex, New Hampshire Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 1978
GSA Bulletin (1978) 89 (9): 1424–1428.
... laminate, to hypidiomorphic-inequigranular, allotriomorphic-granular, and finally, recrystallized mosaic texture. Geological Society of America 1978 ...
Image
Variation of pyrobitumen reflectance with burial depth of the Dengying Form... Available to Purchase
in Characterizing maturity of reservoir pyrobitumen with strong anisotropy: A calibration between reflectance and laser Raman spectral parameters
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2022
Figure 13. Variation of pyrobitumen reflectance with burial depth of the Dengying Formation in the Gaoshiti and Moxi areas, Sichuan Basin. (A) Random reflectance of isotropic to slightly mosaic-, finely mosaic-textured pyrobitumen. (B) Random reflectance of irregularly mosaic-, spherical-, flow
Image
F ig . 4. Representative breccia textures at Robb Lake. A. Crackle texture.... Available to Purchase
in Canadian Cordilleran Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits: A Case for Devonian-Mississippian Back-Arc Hydrothermal Origin
> Economic Geology
Published: 01 August 2002
F ig . 4. Representative breccia textures at Robb Lake. A.
Crackle texture. B. Mosaic texture. C. Rubble texture.
Journal Article
On the mechanism of exfoliation of ‘Vermiculite’ Open Access
Journal: Clay Minerals
Published: 01 September 2013
Clay Minerals (2013) 48 (4): 563–582.
... the volume of individual particles, presenting a mosaic texture. Exfoliation is related to this mosaic distribution of the different mineral phases within the particles. Lateral phase boundaries between vermiculite and mica layers, or vermiculite and chlorite layers are postulated to prevent or impede...
FIGURES
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