This section summarizes the small amount of available data on solubility at high temperatures and pressures. Data are given for the solubility of solids in water (or water-rich solutions) and for the solubility of water in silicate melts. Emphasis has been on materials of geological interest, but a few substances which are uncommon in nature have been included. Little of the systematic experimental work has been on systems of a complexity approaching those to be found in nature. With few exceptions the pressure was measured directly in the work reported here. No measurements of pressure were made in obtaining the data given in Table 19-12 and in some of the data in Table 19-7 [9]. The approximate pressures given in Table 19-13 were calculated from the known volume of the bomb, using the steam tables for P-V-T data for water and the ideal gas law for CO2. Pressures of the mixture were calculated from Dalton's law. This approximation and the neglect of the effect of dissolved solids on the equations of state can introduce considerable error (See also section 17). Several methods of determining the solubility of solids in an aqueous phase have been developed. The most accurate are either to withdraw a small sample from the reaction vessel and analyze it chemically, or to determine the loss in weight of a crystal or plate of solid after it has been equilibrated with a known amount of liquid. The first method requires that the sample be extracted in such

Oklahoma City field, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, is truly a giant oil field. It is a billion- barrel field, having already produced more than that amount of oil and oil-equivalent gas. The Wilcox sandstone alone has produced 50 percent of the estimated 1.07 billion bbl of oil in place. Today the field ranks among the 10 largest oil fields in the United States.From the very dramatic beginning of the Oklahoma City field 40 years ago, myths have been created from half-remembered tales, but very little of its recent history is known. The purposes of this paper are to update and recount what has happened to Oklahoma City field in the last 36 years and to answer the questions most commonly asked about its origin, growth, size, influence, and destiny.The field was discovered in 1928 by the drilling of a wildcat well on a 100-ft surface closure. Today the field is 12 mi long and 4½ mi wide. Its 1,000 ft of producing closure is confined in a 32-mi2 area and production has come from at least 30 different producing zones.The discovery well produced from the Ordovician Arbuckle dolomite, the oldest pre-Pennsylvanian rocks on the crest of the structure beneath the unconformity. The most prolific production has been from the oil- wet youngest Ordovician Simpson Wilcox sandstone on the lowest part of the west flank of the structure. Production from the Wilcox has been 537.5 million bbl, of which 187.5 bbl of oil was produced by natural gravity drainage.The field is near the south end of a buried mobile basement feature—the Nemaha ridge—at its intersection with the northeast rim of the Anadarko basin. The structural intersection coincides with an environmentally favorable sedimentary section of thick porous Arbuckle dolomite and alternate sandstone and shale of Simpson Group in a series of shelf-edge hinge zones. In number, variety, and production history, the reservoir beds have not been equaled or surpassed since Oklahoma City's discovery.The field's structural growth was allied closely with the stages of evolution of the Anadarko basin. Growth probably began in Cambrian time, but surely was in progress from Ordovician through Pennsylvanian time, as a result of subsidence in the Anadarko basin. This subsidence caused compression folding, but the culminating influence on Oklahoma City was a differential vertical displacement in the stronger folds and faulting near the northeast rim of the basin.The structure was folded, faulted, and truncated contemporaneously. Approximately 2,000 ft of Ordo- vician-Pennsylvanian strata was removed from the top. A 2,000-ft down-to-the-east fault prevented lateral migration of oil from the fold. The unconformity and the overlying Pennsylvanian shale allowed only limited upward migration. Relief was so prominent, even after truncation and burial, that the fold provided an ideal environment for development and accumulation of oil and gas in the numerous shallow Pennsylvanian zones on its irregular surface. Accumulations within the Pennsylvanian are in pinchouts, fault traps, and channel deposits.The field has been a model and proving ground for exploration techniques and production technology, modern proration rules and laws, drilling and testing techniques in deep rotary wells, and establishment of standards for formation evaluation and reserve estimates. Developments within a major city furnished excitement caused by many “wild” wells like “wild Mary Sudik,” but the field was also an economic benefit during the worst days of the depression. Geologists for the past 40 years have found and developed great quantities of oil and gas in many other areas by using it as a case history for the dating of structural growth as the basis of exploration.

The HG-A in situ test, located at the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory (URL), was analysed as part of the FORGE project. This test investigated the behaviour of the excavation damage zone (EDZ) around a backfilled microtunnel by a series of water- and gas-injection tests. Prior to testing, the backfilled microtunnel was sealed with a hydraulic megapacker system. A key aspect was the investigation of crack opening and closure along the EDZ in response to water and gas injections in the context of radioactive waste disposal. In the model, the intrinsic permeability of the EDZ was assumed to depend on deformation, and additional simplifying assumptions were considered: axisymmetry about the tunnel axis; no gravity; soil slices orthogonal to the tunnel axis move independently and in plane strain; liquid and gas flows along the EDZ parallel to the tunnel axis; and undrained saturated conditions for the Opalinus Clay. As a result, the field equations were reduced to differential equations for liquid and gas pressures defined in a one-dimensional (1D) domain representing the EDZ. The main trends of the pressure evolution observed in the test section were reproduced. A 2D axisymmetric model confirmed the validity of the simplifying assumptions, except for small zones of the EDZ near the megapacker ends.

To utilize the full potential of hydrogen energy in the UK a number of economic, technical and environmental factors must be considered. An important factor in replacing fossil fuels with hydrogen will be the practicality of storing a sufficient quantity to smooth out fluctuations in demand and provide a strategic reserve. This paper investigates the potential for large-scale underground hydrogen storage in the UK by considering the technical, geological and physical issues of storage, the locations of salt deposits, legal and economic aspects. In addition, reference is made to the equations of state applicable to this type of storage. The results of this investigation show that the UK has a number of potential locations where underground storage would provide a strategic reserve of hydrogen.

Volcano applications commonly involve sizeable departures from the reference pressure and temperature of COSPEC calibration cells. Analysis shows that COSPEC SO2 column abundances and derived mass emission rates are independent of pressure and temperature, and thus unaffected by elevation effects related to deviations from calibration cell reference state. However, path-length concentrations are pressure and temperature dependent. Since COSPEC path-length concentration data assume the reference pressure and temperature of calibration cells, they can lead to large errors when used to calculate SO2 mixing ratios of volcanic plumes. Correction factors for COSPEC path-length concentrations become significant (c. 10%) at elevations of about 1 km (e.g. Kilauea volcano) and rise rapidly to c.80% at 6 km (e.g. Cotopaxi volcano). Calculating SO2 mixing ratios for volcanic plumes directly from COSPEC path-length concentrations always gives low results. Corrections can substantially increase mixing ratios; for example, corrections increase SO2 ppm concentrations reported for the Mount St Helens, Colima, and Erebus plumes by 25-50%. Several arguments suggest it would be advantageous to calibrate COSPEC measurements in column abundance units rather than path-length concentration units.