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Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (2)
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (2)
-
Ethiopia (3)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Sudan (2)
-
Tanzania (4)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
East African Rift (6)
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (2)
-
Libya (1)
-
Tunisia (2)
-
-
Nubian Shield (2)
-
Sahara (2)
-
Sahel (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (2)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Namibia
-
Luderitz Namibia (1)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (7)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (4)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
-
-
-
Tibesti Massif (1)
-
West Africa
-
Benue Valley (1)
-
Ghana (1)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Niger (1)
-
Senegal (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Alexander Terrane (1)
-
Alpine Fault (2)
-
Altiplano (2)
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
Antarctic Peninsula (1)
-
-
Apennine Front (1)
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
East Siberian Sea (1)
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Norwegian Sea
-
Haltenbanken (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
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Arctic Coastal Plain (1)
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Greenland
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Ilimaussaq (2)
-
Northern Greenland (2)
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Peary Land (2)
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South Greenland (3)
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West Greenland (1)
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-
Russian Arctic
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Franz Josef Land (1)
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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-
-
Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Chuya Alps (1)
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (3)
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Kuwait (1)
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Oman (2)
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Saudi Arabia
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Hail Saudi Arabia (1)
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (1)
-
-
Yemen (1)
-
-
Baikal region (2)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
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Buryat Russian Federation
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Vitim Plateau (3)
-
-
Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
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Lake Balkhash (1)
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Sayak Kazakhstan (1)
-
Tengiz Field (1)
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Zaisan (1)
-
-
Pamirs (2)
-
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
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Burma (1)
-
China
-
Anhui China (3)
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Da Hinggan Ling (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (2)
-
Fujian China (1)
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Guangdong China
-
Zhujiang River (2)
-
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hebei China
-
Beijing China (1)
-
Tianjin China (2)
-
Yanshan Range (1)
-
-
Heilongjiang China (1)
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Henan China (2)
-
Hong Kong (4)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China (2)
-
Jiangsu China (2)
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Kunlun Fault (1)
-
Liaohe Basin (1)
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Liaoning China
-
Liaodong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Longmenshan (1)
-
Nanling (1)
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Ningxia China (1)
-
North China Platform (11)
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Ordos Basin (8)
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Qaidam Basin (2)
-
Qinghai China (7)
-
Qinghai-Tibet Railway (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Shaanxi China (2)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (4)
-
Sichuan Basin (10)
-
Sichuan China
-
Wenchuan China (3)
-
-
Songliao Basin (2)
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Tarim Platform (2)
-
Tongbai Mountains (1)
-
Xianshuihe fault zone (2)
-
Xichang China (1)
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Xinjiang China
-
Hami Basin (1)
-
Junggar (1)
-
Junggar Basin (4)
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Tarim Basin (5)
-
Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Gangdese Belt (3)
-
Lhasa Block (4)
-
-
Yangtze Delta (1)
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Yangtze Platform (3)
-
Yunnan China
-
Kunming China (1)
-
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Zhejiang China (2)
-
-
Indochina (1)
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Indonesia
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Sumatra (3)
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Sunda Arc (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
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Tokachi (2)
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-
Honshu
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Chugoku (1)
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Fujiyama (1)
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Fukushima Japan (1)
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Hyogo Japan
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Kobe Japan (6)
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-
Ibaraki Japan (1)
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Iwate Japan (1)
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Kii Peninsula (1)
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Miyagi Japan (4)
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Okayama Japan (1)
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Osaka Japan (2)
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Ryoke Belt (2)
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Shimane Japan (1)
-
Tohoku (3)
-
Tokyo Japan (1)
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Tottori Japan (1)
-
Yamaguchi Japan (2)
-
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Kyushu
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Kagoshima Japan (1)
-
Kumamoto Japan (1)
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Ryukyu Islands
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Okinawa (1)
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Sendai Japan (2)
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Shikoku (1)
-
-
Korea
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South Korea
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Pohang South Korea (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Mount Pinatubo (2)
-
-
-
Taiwan
-
Chelungpu Fault (1)
-
-
Thailand (2)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
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Bangladesh (1)
-
India
-
Bastar Craton (1)
-
Bengal Islands
-
Andaman Islands (3)
-
-
Bihar India (1)
-
Chhattisgarh India (2)
-
Damodar Valley (1)
-
Deccan Plateau (2)
-
Dharwar Craton (2)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
Western Ghats (1)
-
-
Gujarat India
-
Kutch India
-
Bhuj India (2)
-
-
Saurashtra (1)
-
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Chamba India (1)
-
-
Jharkhand India
-
Jharia coal field (1)
-
-
Karnataka India
-
Chitradurga India (1)
-
-
Kerala India (1)
-
Mahanadi Valley (1)
-
Maharashtra India
-
Koyna Dam (1)
-
Koyna River (1)
-
-
Narmada Valley (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (2)
-
Assam India (4)
-
Meghalaya India (1)
-
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Punjab India (2)
-
Shillong Plateau (1)
-
Tamil Nadu India (2)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Dehradun India (3)
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
West Bengal India
-
Raniganj coal field (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Nepal
-
Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
Kathmandu Valley (4)
-
-
Pakistan (2)
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Karymskaya Sopka (1)
-
Tolbachik (2)
-
-
-
Khamar-Daban Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (5)
-
-
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
-
Lake Baikal (2)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Maymecha-Kotuy (1)
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Dead Sea (1)
-
Dead Sea Rift (3)
-
Iran
-
Elburz (3)
-
Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (1)
-
Tehran Iran (2)
-
-
Iraq (2)
-
Israel
-
Jerusalem Israel (1)
-
Negev (4)
-
Timna (1)
-
-
Jordan (1)
-
Lebanon (1)
-
Syria (1)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (3)
-
East Anatolian Fault (1)
-
Hatay Turkey (1)
-
Istanbul Turkey (4)
-
Kocaeli Turkey
-
Izmit Turkey (1)
-
-
North Anatolian Fault (4)
-
Sea of Marmara (1)
-
Sea of Marmara region (4)
-
-
Zagros (11)
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Primorye Russian Federation (1)
-
Qiangtang Terrane (2)
-
Russian Far East (2)
-
Russian Pacific region (2)
-
Siberia (7)
-
Siberian fold belt (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Sikhote-Alin Range (1)
-
Tajikistan (2)
-
Tibetan Plateau (11)
-
Tien Shan (3)
-
Turkmenia (1)
-
Uzbekistan (1)
-
Verkhoyansk region (1)
-
Vitim River (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3)
-
North Atlantic
-
Amazon Fan (1)
-
Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (1)
-
Faeroe-Shetland Basin (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico (16)
-
North Sea
-
Gullfaks Field (1)
-
Statfjord Field (1)
-
Viking Graben (2)
-
-
Northeast Atlantic (2)
-
Northwest Atlantic (3)
-
Puerto Rico Trench (1)
-
Rockall Trough (1)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Cape Basin (1)
-
Lower Congo Basin (1)
-
Santos Basin (2)
-
Southwest Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Azores
-
Faial Island (1)
-
-
Canary Islands
-
Grand Canary (1)
-
Tenerife (1)
-
-
South Sandwich Islands (1)
-
-
Austral Basin (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia
-
Northparkes Mine (1)
-
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
HYC Deposit (1)
-
Tennant Creek Australia (1)
-
-
Queensland Australia
-
Century Deposit (1)
-
Mount Isa Australia (1)
-
Mount Isa Inlier (1)
-
-
Tasmania Australia
-
Hellyer Deposit (1)
-
-
Victoria Australia (4)
-
Western Australia
-
Canning Basin (1)
-
Carnarvon Basin (2)
-
Eastern Goldfields (1)
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Kalgoorlie Terrane (1)
-
Kambalda Australia (1)
-
Norseman-Wiluna Belt (1)
-
Pilbara Craton (2)
-
Yilgarn Craton (2)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Auckland New Zealand (1)
-
Bay of Plenty (1)
-
Canterbury New Zealand
-
Banks Peninsula (2)
-
Canterbury Plains (1)
-
Christchurch New Zealand (3)
-
-
Coromandel Peninsula (2)
-
Marlborough fault system (1)
-
Marlborough New Zealand
-
Kaikoura (2)
-
-
Northland New Zealand (1)
-
Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (3)
-
-
Taupo (3)
-
Taupo New Zealand (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (3)
-
Tongariro (1)
-
Waihi New Zealand (1)
-
Wellington New Zealand (4)
-
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
Azerbaijan region (1)
-
Bay of Islands (1)
-
Bell Creek Field (1)
-
Blue Mountains (1)
-
Broken Hill (2)
-
Caledonides (1)
-
Cambay Basin (1)
-
Campos Basin (4)
-
Canada
-
Cold Lake (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
Gander Zone (1)
-
James Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (1)
-
Nova Scotia (2)
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Port au Port Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Abitibi Ontario (1)
-
-
Coldwell Complex (1)
-
Kenora District Ontario
-
Kenora Ontario (1)
-
-
Ottawa Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
Sudbury Structure (1)
-
Wellington County Ontario
-
Guelph Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Ottawa Valley (1)
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (3)
-
-
Charlevoix (3)
-
Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County Quebec (1)
-
Noranda Quebec (1)
-
Rouville County Quebec
-
Mont-Saint-Hilaire Quebec (2)
-
-
Saguenay County Quebec (1)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
-
Ungava (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Buffalo Head Hills (2)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
Peace River Arch (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (1)
-
British Columbia
-
Guichon Creek Batholith (2)
-
Queen Charlotte Islands (1)
-
Vancouver British Columbia (1)
-
Vancouver Island
-
Victoria British Columbia (1)
-
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (4)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Manitoba
-
Pinawa Manitoba
-
Underground Research Laboratory (1)
-
-
-
Northwest Territories
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Lac de Gras (1)
-
Mackenzie Delta (2)
-
Mallik Field (1)
-
Yellowknife Northwest Territories (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (4)
-
Yukon Territory (5)
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-
-
Cape Ann (2)
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
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Greater Antilles
-
Cuba (4)
-
Hispaniola
-
Dominican Republic
-
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic (1)
-
-
Haiti (2)
-
-
Jamaica (1)
-
Puerto Rico (4)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Anguilla Island (1)
-
Barbados (1)
-
Dominica (1)
-
Grenada (1)
-
Guadeloupe (2)
-
Martinique (2)
-
Saint Vincent (2)
-
Soufriere (2)
-
Trinidad and Tobago
-
Tobago (1)
-
Trinidad (1)
-
-
Virgin Islands (1)
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-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (7)
-
Cascadia subduction zone (13)
-
Caspian Sea (1)
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica
-
Irazu (3)
-
Nicoya Peninsula (1)
-
-
El Salvador (1)
-
Guatemala (2)
-
-
Chalk Aquifer (2)
-
Chesapeake Bay impact structure (1)
-
Chugach Terrane (1)
-
Coast Ranges (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Caucasus
-
Greater Caucasus (1)
-
Lesser Caucasus (1)
-
Northern Caucasus (2)
-
-
Kazakhstan
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Lake Balkhash (1)
-
Sayak Kazakhstan (1)
-
Tengiz Field (1)
-
Zaisan (1)
-
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Franz Josef Land (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Baikal region (2)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation
-
Vitim Plateau (3)
-
-
Chelyabinsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Kabardin-Balkar Russian Federation (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Karymskaya Sopka (1)
-
Tolbachik (2)
-
-
-
Khamar-Daban Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (5)
-
-
-
Lake Baikal (2)
-
Maymecha-Kotuy (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (4)
-
Kola Peninsula (4)
-
Kovdor Massif (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (3)
-
Lovozero Russian Federation (2)
-
-
Northern Caucasus (2)
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Polar Urals (1)
-
Primorye Russian Federation (1)
-
Russian Arctic
-
Franz Josef Land (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Russian Far East (2)
-
Russian Pacific region (2)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Sikhote-Alin Range (1)
-
Stavropol Russian Federation (1)
-
Verkhoyansk region (1)
-
Vitim River (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Tajikistan (2)
-
Turkmenia (1)
-
Urals
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
Polar Urals (1)
-
Southern Urals (1)
-
-
Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
Cook Inlet (1)
-
Cooper Basin (1)
-
Death Valley (1)
-
Deschutes River (1)
-
Dunnage Zone (2)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Hilo Hawaii (2)
-
Kilauea (4)
-
-
-
Honolulu County Hawaii
-
Oahu
-
Honolulu Hawaii (2)
-
-
-
Mauna Loa (1)
-
-
-
Elba (1)
-
Eurasia (4)
-
Europe
-
Adriatic region (1)
-
Alps
-
Central Alps (2)
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dinaric Alps (1)
-
-
Piedmont Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Swiss Alps (2)
-
Western Alps
-
Cottian Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Maritime Alps (1)
-
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Franz Josef Land (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Baltic region
-
Latvia (1)
-
Lithuania (2)
-
-
Bergell Massif (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Slovakian Carpathians (1)
-
Tatra Mountains (1)
-
Western Carpathians (3)
-
-
Caucasus
-
Greater Caucasus (1)
-
Lesser Caucasus (1)
-
Northern Caucasus (2)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Lower Austria
-
Vienna Austria (1)
-
-
Salzburg State Austria
-
Salzburg Austria (1)
-
-
-
Bohemian Massif (1)
-
Czech Republic
-
Bohemia (2)
-
Czech Erzgebirge (1)
-
-
Erzgebirge
-
Czech Erzgebirge (1)
-
-
Germany
-
Bavaria Germany
-
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Texas
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Western U.S. (16)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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carbon
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hydrogen
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isotope ratios (122)
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stable isotopes
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Al-27 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (24)
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C-14/C-12 (1)
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Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
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D/H (7)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (16)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (2)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (25)
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O-17/O-16 (2)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (55)
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (18)
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S-36 (1)
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Si-29 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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large-ion lithophile elements (3)
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Lu/Hf (8)
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metals
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alkali metals
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cesium (2)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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sodium (10)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (5)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (3)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (3)
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Al-27 (1)
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antimony (3)
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gold (6)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (16)
-
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iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
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ferric iron (10)
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ferrous iron (9)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese (5)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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palladium (1)
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platinum ores (17)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (25)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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scandium (1)
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ytterbium (2)
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yttrium (10)
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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tantalum (2)
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tin (3)
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vanadium (3)
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zirconium (2)
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nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (2)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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helium
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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neon (1)
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Rn-222 (1)
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xenon (2)
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nonmetals (1)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-17/O-16 (2)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (55)
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-
phosphorus (1)
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selenium (3)
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silicon
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Si-29 (2)
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sulfur
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (18)
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S-36 (1)
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trace metals (2)
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fossils
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bacteria
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Bacillus
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Bacillus subtilis (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Perissodactyla
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae (1)
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Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Muridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Emydidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (1)
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Hemichordata (1)
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ichnofossils (1)
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Phacopida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Terebratulida (2)
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (2)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Veneroida
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Veneridae
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Mercenaria (3)
-
-
-
-
Mytilus (1)
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (1)
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Baculites (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Pulmonata (1)
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Nummulitidae
-
Nummulites
-
Operculina (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
-
miospores
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pollen (4)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (1)
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nannofossils (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae (1)
-
-
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (2)
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Ar/Ar (10)
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exposure age (3)
-
fission-track dating (1)
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K/Ar (2)
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Lu/Hf (8)
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optical mineralogy (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (4)
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paleomagnetism (6)
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racemization (1)
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radiation damage (2)
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Rb/Sr (2)
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Re/Os (5)
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sclerochronology (1)
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Sm/Nd (8)
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thermochronology (4)
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U/Pb (57)
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U/Th/Pb (7)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Bronze Age (3)
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Iron Age (2)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Middle Ages (3)
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middle Holocene (2)
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upper Holocene
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Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
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Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (3)
-
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Saugus Formation (1)
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Stone Age (1)
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Tertiary
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Challis Volcanics (1)
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Climax Porphyry (1)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
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Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
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Sarmatian (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
Pannonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene
-
Chowan River Formation (1)
-
Piacenzian (1)
-
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (2)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Laney Shale Member (1)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Ghost Rocks Formation (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Bembridge Marls (1)
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene (8)
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (3)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian (1)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Kiowa Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (2)
-
Mesa Rica Sandstone (1)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Macae Formation (1)
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Quantou Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Blackhawk Formation (2)
-
Campanian (3)
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Cenomanian (2)
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (2)
-
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
Kodiak Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (1)
-
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (6)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (4)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (4)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (3)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (4)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (3)
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
-
Mount Read Volcanics (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (1)
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (5)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (1)
-
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (2)
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Marble Falls Group (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (4)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (2)
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician (3)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian (2)
-
Leonardian
-
Bone Spring Limestone (2)
-
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (3)
-
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (3)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (4)
-
Shanxi Formation (2)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (11)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean (7)
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Singhbhum Granite (1)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (4)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (5)
-
feldspathoid rocks (7)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kamafugite (1)
-
kimberlite (10)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (5)
-
diabase (3)
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (2)
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (9)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros (1)
-
norite (5)
-
troctolite (3)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (6)
-
charnockite (5)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
I-type granites (5)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (6)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (4)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (14)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (2)
-
spessartite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (4)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (15)
-
quartz monzonite (4)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (3)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
foyaite (1)
-
lujavrite (2)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (8)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (4)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (6)
-
lherzolite (7)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (4)
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (3)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (4)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (4)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (4)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
-
columnar basalt (1)
-
flood basalts (4)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (15)
-
ocean-island basalts (5)
-
shoshonite (3)
-
tholeiite (3)
-
tholeiitic basalt (2)
-
trap rocks (2)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (5)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
volcanic glass (5)
-
-
komatiite (4)
-
latite (2)
-
leucitite (1)
-
meimechite (2)
-
melilitite (1)
-
phonolites (3)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (3)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (7)
-
-
rhyodacites (3)
-
rhyolites (10)
-
trachyandesites
-
absarokite (1)
-
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (9)
-
volcanic ash (1)
-
wehrlite (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (8)
-
cataclasites (2)
-
eclogite (4)
-
gneisses
-
banded gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (3)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (6)
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites (2)
-
marbles (6)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (4)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metagabbro (2)
-
metagranite (2)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metapelite (6)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
skarn (14)
-
steatite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (4)
-
migmatites (7)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists (5)
-
-
ophiolite (9)
-
turbidite (9)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites (1)
-
stony irons
-
pallasite (1)
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
angrite (1)
-
aubrite (1)
-
diogenite (1)
-
eucrite (1)
-
howardite (1)
-
lunar meteorites (1)
-
Martian meteorites (1)
-
ureilite (3)
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CI chondrites (1)
-
CK chondrites (1)
-
CV chondrites
-
Allende Meteorite (1)
-
-
Tagish Lake Meteorite (1)
-
-
enstatite chondrites (1)
-
ordinary chondrites
-
L chondrites (1)
-
LL chondrites (1)
-
-
rumurutiites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides (1)
-
nitrides (2)
-
phosphides (2)
-
-
antimonides (2)
-
arsenates
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (5)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
lollingite (1)
-
maucherite (1)
-
skutterudite (1)
-
sperrylite (2)
-
-
arsenites (2)
-
bismuthides (1)
-
borates
-
kernite (1)
-
kurchatovite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
aragonite (5)
-
bastnaesite (2)
-
calcite (12)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (3)
-
hydrotalcite (2)
-
magnesite (1)
-
malachite (4)
-
meionite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (2)
-
siderite (4)
-
sjogrenite (1)
-
spurrite (2)
-
synchysite (1)
-
witherite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (5)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (4)
-
halite (3)
-
paratacamite (1)
-
pyromorphite (2)
-
sylvite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (2)
-
fluorite (1)
-
neighborite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
topaz (3)
-
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
minerals (19)
-
molybdates
-
wulfenite (1)
-
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
diamond (4)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxalates
-
weddellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
akaganeite (1)
-
anatase (1)
-
brannerite (1)
-
brookite (1)
-
brucite (1)
-
cassiterite (2)
-
chrome spinel (3)
-
chromite (6)
-
corundum (4)
-
ferrihydrite (4)
-
gahnite (2)
-
goethite (4)
-
hematite (3)
-
hercynite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
aluminum hydroxides (1)
-
iron hydroxides (2)
-
-
ilmenite (4)
-
iron oxides (9)
-
maghemite (1)
-
magnesioferrite (1)
-
magnetite (11)
-
manganese oxides (2)
-
manganite (1)
-
niobates
-
euxenite (1)
-
loparite (1)
-
pyrochlore (2)
-
-
periclase (1)
-
perovskite (8)
-
rutile (5)
-
sapphire (2)
-
spinel (11)
-
spinel group (3)
-
tantalates
-
euxenite (1)
-
stibiotantalite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
titanomaghemite (2)
-
titanomagnetite (6)
-
todorokite (1)
-
ulvospinel (3)
-
uraninite (2)
-
wustite (1)
-
zirkelite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (23)
-
autunite (1)
-
britholite (1)
-
carbonate apatite (1)
-
fluorapatite (4)
-
hydroxylapatite (3)
-
monazite (9)
-
plumbogummite (2)
-
pyromorphite (2)
-
struvite (1)
-
xenotime (8)
-
-
platinum minerals (4)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates
-
maskelynite (1)
-
-
barium silicates (1)
-
borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (2)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
edenite (1)
-
grunerite (1)
-
hornblende (12)
-
kaersutite (2)
-
nephrite (1)
-
pargasite (2)
-
tremolite (2)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
-
charoite (2)
-
deerite (1)
-
jade (1)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (2)
-
diopside (2)
-
jadeite (3)
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (2)
-
protoenstatite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (2)
-
-
feldspathoids (2)
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
amazonite (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
microcline (2)
-
sanidine (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (3)
-
anorthite (3)
-
oligoclase (1)
-
-
-
leucite (2)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (2)
-
-
scapolite group
-
meionite (1)
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (3)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
quartz (17)
-
stishovite (3)
-
-
sodalite group
-
sodalite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
ferrierite (1)
-
heulandite (1)
-
natrolite (3)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
neptunite (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
dumortierite (1)
-
ellenbergerite (1)
-
garnet group
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
hydrogarnet (1)
-
-
kyanite (2)
-
mullite (1)
-
olivine group
-
forsterite (7)
-
olivine (32)
-
ringwoodite (1)
-
wadsleyite (2)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
spurrite (2)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (7)
-
-
topaz (3)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (1)
-
zircon (58)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
axinite group (1)
-
bertrandite (1)
-
epidote group
-
allanite (6)
-
clinozoisite (1)
-
epidote (5)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
kilchoanite (1)
-
melilite group
-
gehlenite (1)
-
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (4)
-
cordierite (1)
-
emerald (3)
-
eudialyte (4)
-
labuntsovite (2)
-
milarite group
-
milarite (1)
-
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (1)
-
schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (2)
-
chlorite (6)
-
clinochlore (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (1)
-
halloysite (5)
-
imogolite (1)
-
kaolinite (7)
-
montmorillonite (14)
-
nontronite (1)
-
smectite (8)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
illite (4)
-
magadiite (2)
-
mica group
-
annite (3)
-
biotite (9)
-
celadonite (3)
-
muscovite (6)
-
phengite (1)
-
phlogopite (8)
-
polylithionite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (4)
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
sericite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
chrysotile (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
talc (4)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (4)
-
barite (2)
-
bassanite (1)
-
brochantite (1)
-
chalcanthite (1)
-
ettringite (1)
-
gypsum (4)
-
jarosite (1)
-
langbeinite (1)
-
polyhalite (1)
-
schwertmannite (2)
-
thenardite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (5)
-
bismuthinite (2)
-
bornite (1)
-
carrollite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (7)
-
cinnabar (1)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
covellite (3)
-
digenite (1)
-
galena (5)
-
greigite (1)
-
heazlewoodite (1)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
kesterite (1)
-
laurite (2)
-
mackinawite (3)
-
marcasite (1)
-
millerite (2)
-
molybdenite (8)
-
oldhamite (1)
-
pentlandite (2)
-
pyrite (12)
-
pyrrhotite (7)
-
sphalerite (4)
-
tochilinite (2)
-
troilite (1)
-
valleriite (2)
-
violarite (1)
-
wurtzite (1)
-
zinc sulfides (2)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
bournonite (1)
-
stephanite (1)
-
tetrahedrite (4)
-
-
sulfarsenates
-
enargite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
tennantite (1)
-
-
sulfobismuthites
-
gustavite (1)
-
lillianite (2)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides (3)
-
tungstates
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
uranium minerals (3)
-
vanadates
-
descloizite (2)
-
-
wehrlite (5)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (78)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (2)
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (2)
-
Ethiopia (3)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Sudan (2)
-
Tanzania (4)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
East African Rift (6)
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (2)
-
Libya (1)
-
Tunisia (2)
-
-
Nubian Shield (2)
-
Sahara (2)
-
Sahel (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (2)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Namibia
-
Luderitz Namibia (1)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (7)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (4)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
-
-
-
Tibesti Massif (1)
-
West Africa
-
Benue Valley (1)
-
Ghana (1)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Niger (1)
-
Senegal (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
Antarctic Peninsula (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
East Siberian Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Haltenbanken (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Arctic Coastal Plain (1)
-
Greenland
-
Ilimaussaq (2)
-
Northern Greenland (2)
-
Peary Land (2)
-
South Greenland (3)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic
-
Franz Josef Land (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (3)
-
Kuwait (1)
-
Oman (2)
-
Saudi Arabia
-
Hail Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
United Arab Emirates
-
Abu Dhabi (1)
-
-
Yemen (1)
-
-
Baikal region (2)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation
-
Vitim Plateau (3)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Lake Balkhash (1)
-
Sayak Kazakhstan (1)
-
Tengiz Field (1)
-
Zaisan (1)
-
-
Pamirs (2)
-
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
East Malaysia
-
Sabah Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Anhui China (3)
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Da Hinggan Ling (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (2)
-
Fujian China (1)
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Guangdong China
-
Zhujiang River (2)
-
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hebei China
-
Beijing China (1)
-
Tianjin China (2)
-
Yanshan Range (1)
-
-
Heilongjiang China (1)
-
Henan China (2)
-
Hong Kong (4)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China (2)
-
Jiangsu China (2)
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Kunlun Fault (1)
-
Liaohe Basin (1)
-
Liaoning China
-
Liaodong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Longmenshan (1)
-
Nanling (1)
-
Ningxia China (1)
-
North China Platform (11)
-
Ordos Basin (8)
-
Qaidam Basin (2)
-
Qinghai China (7)
-
Qinghai-Tibet Railway (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Shaanxi China (2)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (4)
-
Sichuan Basin (10)
-
Sichuan China
-
Wenchuan China (3)
-
-
Songliao Basin (2)
-
Tarim Platform (2)
-
Tongbai Mountains (1)
-
Xianshuihe fault zone (2)
-
Xichang China (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Hami Basin (1)
-
Junggar (1)
-
Junggar Basin (4)
-
Tarim Basin (5)
-
Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Gangdese Belt (3)
-
Lhasa Block (4)
-
-
Yangtze Delta (1)
-
Yangtze Platform (3)
-
Yunnan China
-
Kunming China (1)
-
-
Zhejiang China (2)
-
-
Indochina (1)
-
Indonesia
-
Sumatra (3)
-
Sunda Arc (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Tokachi (2)
-
-
Honshu
-
Chugoku (1)
-
Fujiyama (1)
-
Fukushima Japan (1)
-
Hyogo Japan
-
Kobe Japan (6)
-
-
Ibaraki Japan (1)
-
Iwate Japan (1)
-
Kii Peninsula (1)
-
Miyagi Japan (4)
-
Okayama Japan (1)
-
Osaka Japan (2)
-
Ryoke Belt (2)
-
Shimane Japan (1)
-
Tohoku (3)
-
Tokyo Japan (1)
-
Tottori Japan (1)
-
Yamaguchi Japan (2)
-
-
Kyushu
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1-20 OF 2809 RESULTS FOR
hybrid empirical method
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Journal Article
Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations for Central and Eastern North America Using the Hybrid Empirical Method and NGA‐West2 Empirical Ground‐Motion Models Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 19 June 2018
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2018) 108 (4): 2278–2304.
...Shahram Pezeshk; Arash Zandieh; Kenneth W. Campbell; Behrooz Tavakoli Abstract The hybrid empirical method (HEM) of simulating ground‐motion intensity measures (GMIMs) in a target region uses stochastically simulated GMIMs in the host and target regions to develop adjustment factors...
Journal Article
An Evaluation of Eastern North American Ground‐Motion Models Developed Using the Hybrid Empirical Method Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 26 November 2013
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2014) 104 (1): 347–359.
...Kenneth W. Campbell Abstract Ground‐motion models ( GMM s) and ground‐motion adjustment factors developed using the hybrid empirical method ( HEM ) are used in seismic‐hazard analyses throughout the world as an alternative to GMM s developed from the more traditional empirical and simulation...
Journal Article
Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using the Hybrid Empirical Method and Its Use in the Development of Ground-Motion (Attenuation) Relations in Eastern North America Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 December 2004
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2004) 94 (6): 2418.
Journal Article
Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using the Hybrid Empirical Method and Its Use in the Development of Ground-Motion (Attenuation) Relations in Eastern North America Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2003
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2003) 93 (3): 1012–1033.
... are limited, they are often developed from seismological models using stochastic and theoretical methods. However, there is a large degree of uncertainty in calculating absolute values of ground motion from seismological models in regions where data are sparse. As an alternative, I propose a hybrid empirical...
Image
Schematic illustration of the hybrid‐empirical method for adjusting an empi... Available to Purchase
in Selecting Ground‐Motion Models for Site‐Specific PSHA: Adaptability versus Applicability
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 25 August 2020
Figure 5. Schematic illustration of the hybrid‐empirical method for adjusting an empirical GMM to match conditions in the target region and at the target site. FAS, Fourier amplitude spectrum; SA, spectral acceleration. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Journal Article
Hybrid Empirical Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Eastern North America Using NGA Models and Updated Seismological Parameters Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2011
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2011) 101 (4): 1859–1870.
... s). The hybrid empirical method is one such method used to develop ground-motion prediction equations in areas with sparse ground motions. This method employs the stochastic simulation method to adjust empirical GMPE s developed for a region with abundant strong-motion recordings in order...
Journal Article
Combining a Kinematic Fractal Source Model with Hybrid Green’s Functions to Model Broadband Strong Ground Motion Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 05 November 2013
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2013) 103 (6): 3115–3130.
...Javier A. Ruiz; David Baumont; Pascal Bernard; Catherine Berge‐Thierry Abstract A hybrid empirical method is proposed to simulate broadband strong ground motion that combines a kinematic complex source model with both numerical and empirical Green’s functions. The kinematic approach is based...
Journal Article
A Ground‐Motion Model for the Gulf Coast Region of the United States Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 20 July 2021
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2021) 111 (6): 3261–3277.
...Shahram Pezeshk; Arash Zandieh; Alireza Haji‐Soltani ABSTRACT In this study, the hybrid empirical method (HEM) was used to develop a new ground‐motion model (GMM) for the Gulf Coast of the United States. We used five new empirical GMMs developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center...
Journal Article
An equivalent point-source stochastic model of the NGA-East ground-motion models Available to Purchase
Journal: Earthquake Spectra
Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Published: 01 May 2024
Earthquake Spectra (2024) 40 (2): 1452–1478.
... that yields PSA values similar to the median NGA-East GMMs. The parameters derived from this study can be used for the hybrid empirical method (HEM) applications. This study is the first to perform a formal inversion using the GMMs developed for the NGA-East project. The approach has been validated using...
Journal Article
Hybrid Empirical Ground‐Motion Models for the Island of Hawaii Based on an Updated Strong Ground‐Motion Database Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 21 March 2024
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2024) 114 (4): 2186–2201.
... modeling on the Island of Hawaii is challenging due to different anelastic attenuation characteristics, the volcanic origin of some of the events, and event depth distribution. Only a few GMMs have been developed for the Island of Hawaii. In this study, we apply a hybrid empirical method (HEM) to develop...
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Kappa ( κ ) Scaling of Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations Using an Inverse Random Vibration Theory Approach Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 19 November 2013
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2014) 104 (1): 336–346.
... to the GMPE response spectra. In contrast to the commonly used hybrid empirical method ( Campbell, 2003 ), the proposed approach does not require a full seismological model for the stochastic parameters (stress drop, whole‐path attenuation, etc.) of the host and target regions and does not assume...
Image
Comparison of standard deviations from five ground‐motion models developed ... Available to Purchase
in An Evaluation of Eastern North American Ground‐Motion Models Developed Using the Hybrid Empirical Method
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 26 November 2013
Figure 2. Comparison of standard deviations from five ground‐motion models developed for hard‐rock site conditions in eastern North America using the hybrid empirical method ( HEM ) or referenced empirical approach ( REA ). Comparisons are made for PGA and PSA at spectral periods of 0.05, 0.2
Image
Comparison of 5% damped acceleration response spectra predicted from severa... Available to Purchase
in Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using the Hybrid Empirical Method and Its Use in the Development of Ground-Motion (Attenuation) Relations in Eastern North America
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2003
Figure 5. Comparison of 5% damped acceleration response spectra predicted from several ENA hard-rock ground-motion relations that have been developed using the hybrid empirical method for (a) M W 5.5 and (b) M W 7.5. The comparison is for a fault rupture distance of 10 km.
Image
Comparison of several ENA hard-rock ground-motion relations that have been ... Available to Purchase
in Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using the Hybrid Empirical Method and Its Use in the Development of Ground-Motion (Attenuation) Relations in Eastern North America
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2003
Figure 4. Comparison of several ENA hard-rock ground-motion relations that have been developed using the hybrid empirical method for (a) peak ground acceleration and M W 5.5, (b) 5% damped spectral acceleration at 1.0-sec period and M W 5.5, (c) peak ground acceleration and M W 7.5, (d
Image
Comparisons of median estimates from five ground‐motion models developed fo... Available to Purchase
in An Evaluation of Eastern North American Ground‐Motion Models Developed Using the Hybrid Empirical Method
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 26 November 2013
Figure 1. Comparisons of median estimates from five ground‐motion models developed for hard‐rock site conditions in eastern North America using the hybrid empirical method ( HEM ) or referenced empirical approach ( REA ). One comparison is made for PGA and five for PSA at spectral periods
Image
Summary of NGA-East median candidate GMMs Title (authorship), ch... Available to Purchase
in NGA-East Ground-Motion Characterization model part I: Summary of products and model development
> Earthquake Spectra
Published: 01 July 2021
4. YA15 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Eastern North America using a Hybrid Empirical Method (S. Pezeshk, A. Zandieh, K.W. Campbell, and B. Tavakoli), Chapter 5. Two GMMs from PZCT based on different large M-scaling (simulation- and empirical-based): PZCT15_M1SS and PZCT15_M2ES
Journal Article
SSA News and Notes Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 09 April 2025
Seismological Research Letters (2025) 96 (3): 2095.
... Empirical Method and Its Use in the Development of Ground‐Motion (Attenuation) Relations in Eastern North America,” which pioneered the concept of the “hybrid‐empirical method” for developing ground‐motion models in regions with sparse ground‐motion recordings. The Bruce Bolt Medal is awarded jointly...
Journal Article
Alternative Hybrid Empirical Ground‐Motion Model for Central and Eastern North America Using Hybrid Simulations and NGA‐West2 Models Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 15 March 2016
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2016) 106 (2): 734–754.
... in the region. In addition, a comprehensive residual analysis is performed using the recorded earthquakes available in the NGA‐East database. 20 January 2016 The hybrid empirical method ( HEM ) is a powerful technique to develop GMM s in regions with a shortage of recorded strong ground...
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References Abrahamson N. Silva W. Kamai R. ( 2014 ). Summ... Available to Purchase
in Evaluation of Six NEHRP B/C Crustal Amplification Models Proposed for Use in Western North America
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 16 February 2016
, National Institute of Building Sciences , Washington, D.C. Campbell K. W. ( 2003 ). Prediction of strong ground motion using the hybrid empirical method and its use in the development of ground‐motion (attenuation) relations in eastern North America , Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 93 , 1012
Journal Article
Methods to account for shallow site effects in hybrid broadband ground-motion simulations Open Access
Felipe Kuncar, M.EERI, Brendon A Bradley, M.EERI, Christopher A de la Torre, M.EERI, Adrian Rodriguez-Marek, M.EERI, Chuanbin Zhu, M.EERI, Robin L Lee, M.EERI
Journal: Earthquake Spectra
Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Published: 01 May 2025
Earthquake Spectra (2025) 41 (2): 1272–1313.
...
( 2003 ) Prediction of strong ground motion using the hybrid empirical method and its use in the development of ground-motion (attenuation) relations in Eastern North America . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 ( 3 ): 1012 – 1033 .
Campbell
KW...
Includes: Supplemental Content
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