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honesty
Abstract This paper outlines the construction of a White Paper on Geoethics in Forensic Geology. It focuses on forensic geology, although it also relates to the wider sphere of the forensic geosciences. Forensic geology is rapidly evolving to provide assistance in police investigations and in criminal and civil courts with providing scientific advice and evidence, but there also should be associated clear guidelines to benefit both the practitioner and the justice system. Examples of where forensic geology delivers to society in a vital way are required and also where potential malpractice could happen. The paper discusses where forensic geology should pursue social justice in compliance with current legal systems. In order to achieve this goal, it outlines the main areas that we suggest should be developed within the discipline: the competence of the scientist in forensic geology; the creation of best practice guidelines; the establishing of clear duties of the expert in forensic geology; and consideration of ethical aspects in forensic geological activities and ethical aspects in communicating geoscience evidence. When developing geoethics within forensic geology, the following practices were identified as of prime importance: improved standardization of methods; the use of appropriate methods and/or combination of complementary methods; greater clarity of approach used for the location of areas of interest; collection and recovery of evidence; scene examination and sample collection evaluation of data; construction and appropriate use of databases, background information, documentation, cartography and communication of forensic data; and summary of evidence and acknowledgement and consideration of uncertainty and bias. Honesty, integrity, respect, transparency, competence and reliability are vital for the forensic geoscientist to adhere to. Raising the ethical profile of the forensic geoscience profession aims to pave the way for forensic geoscientists to be empowered now and into the future to serve society: acting responsibly and adopting effective ethical codes is vitally important for a safe society. This paper highlights the necessity to hold urgent discussions on the ethical and social implications of forensic geology and their potential repercussions on societal justice. Forensic geology is a very useful tool, but like any other tool in human hands, it presupposes responsibility in its application. Professionalism and honesty in forensic geology are fundamental to assure the public that geoscientists involved have the highest scientific respectability, social credibility and community respect for their role to help pursue judicial truth. The aim of this draft White Paper is to stimulate an open and informed debate on geoethics.
Abstract Geoethics as a broad and universal professional topic has become emergent over the last decade. Though the need of ethical conduct by geoscientists has always existed, the uneven professional licensing and standards for geoscientists as well as high-profile misconduct by geoscientists is driving employer demand for geoethical competency. Geoscience degree programmes in the USA are poorly equipped to teach geoethics beyond academic honesty and research integrity. One means to address the deficiency is through proactive engagement by the community and students in co-curricular activities to address specific needs. Co-curricular activities such as internships, mentoring, society and club activity, and professional development courses already exist, but are not well-coupled to the formal education process. For geoethics, the American Geosciences Institute (AGI) and the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) found that online on-demand professional development courses are a potentially effective co-curricular approach. The courses focus on the intentional learning framework, and experience shows that formal geoethics courses are in greater demand than other professional and technical topics in the on-demand course space. The challenge remains exposure of the opportunities to students and consistent acceptance by faculty and employers in the geosciences.
Abstract Sir Archibald Geikie’s uncle, Walter Geikie (1795–1837), was one of the most remarkable artists working in Edinburgh in the early nineteenth century. During childhood he had contracted a fever that left him unable to hear or speak. Yet this lifelong disability did not prevent him from pursuing an artistic career. He became a prolific and highly-regarded professional artist, and ultimately was elected as a member of the Scottish Academy. Working as a draughtsman, printmaker and painter, Walter Geikie focused on the portrayal of Edinburgh’s poor and working classes, and the depiction of their local environments. His genre studies are full of empathy and wit, while his topographical work is strikingly detailed. Geikie’s scenes of ordinary Scottish life avoided the nineteenth-century tendency towards lofty moralizing or grotesque caricature. Instead, his images of pedlars, fisherfolk, markets and fairgrounds convey a profound sense of honesty. This chapter traces the life and career of Walter Geikie, from the struggles of his early childhood to the extraordinary achievements of his maturity. His distinctive artistic style is discussed and his legacy is analysed.
Integrated Environmental Modelling: human decisions, human challenges
Abstract Integrated Environmental Modelling (IEM) is an invaluable tool for understanding the complex, dynamic ecosystems that house our natural resources and control our environments. Human behaviour affects the ways in which the science of IEM is assembled and used for meaningful societal applications. In particular, human biases and heuristics reflect adaptation and experiential learning to issues with frequent, sharply distinguished, feedbacks. Unfortunately, human behaviour is not adapted to the more diffusely experienced problems that IEM typically seeks to address. Twelve biases are identified that affect IEM (and science in general). These biases are supported by personal observations and by the findings of behavioural scientists. A process for critical analysis is proposed that addresses some human challenges of IEM and solicits explicit description of (1) represented processes and information, (2) unrepresented processes and information, and (3) accounting for, and cognizance of, potential human biases. Several other suggestions are also made that generally complement maintaining attitudes of watchful humility, open-mindedness, honesty and transparent accountability. These suggestions include (1) creating a new area of study in the behavioural biogeosciences, (2) using structured processes for engaging the modelling and stakeholder communities in IEM, and (3) using ‘red teams’ to increase resilience of IEM constructs and use.
Abstract This Special Publication represents a new and important step in promoting geoethics within the scientific community. Its goal is to stimulate discussion among geoscientists on the ethical and social role they can play in conducting research and practice activities. The geoscientist has peculiar knowledge and skills that imply not only scientific and cultural but also social and ethical responsibilities towards society and the planet. His or her aim should be to pursue the common good by weighing benefits and costs of each choice, and identifying eco-friendly and socio-friendly solutions that guarantee the respect of the right balance between human life and the dynamics of the Earth. Geoscientists can support decision-makers in making choices regarding the use of geo-resources, the management of natural hazards, and global problems such as climate disruption, the conservation of geological heritage and geodiversity. A geoscientist is required to conduct his or her scientific activity with honesty, integrity and professionalism, in strict compliance with the scientific method, to collaborate with colleagues in a constructive way, thus ensuring transparency and reliability, and be willing to share results, with the aim of finding technical solutions that are acceptable, economically sustainable and compatible with the environment. Geoethics is a point of intersection for geosciences, sociology, philosophy and economy. The International Association for Promoting Geoethics (IAPG) has defined geoethics as ‘the research and reflection on those values upon which to base appropriate behaviours and practices where human activities intersect the Geosphere’ (IAPG 2015 a ). Geoethics was born when geoscientists became aware that their activities can interact with and, in some cases, alter in irreversible ways the natural processes of the Geosphere, and when they realized that their choices can have negative consequences on the environment and jeopardize the possible survival of many species, including humankind.