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Invertebrata
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Mesozoic
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Jurassic
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Paleozoic
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lower Paleozoic (3)
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Precambrian
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Paleoproterozoic (3)
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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Primary terms
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absolute age (2)
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
-
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Congo Basin (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
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Morocco
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Rif
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Beni Bouchera (2)
-
-
-
Tunisia (2)
-
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
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West Africa
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Mali (1)
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Nigeria (1)
-
-
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Antarctica (3)
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Arctic region
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Russian Arctic
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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-
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (1)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (1)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan (1)
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Far East
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China
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Inner Mongolia China (1)
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Jiangsu China (1)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Micang Mountains (1)
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Ordos Basin (1)
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South China Block (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Kerala India
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Trivandrum India (1)
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Northeastern India
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Lake Baikal (1)
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Middle East
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Iran
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Jordan (1)
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asteroids (2)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (8)
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organic carbon (5)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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upper Oligocene (1)
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chemical analysis (4)
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Vertebrata
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Central Europe
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Germany
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Murmansk Russian Federation
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Kola Peninsula (1)
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Ukraine
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
graphene
Effective removal of hexavalent chromium with magnetically reduced graphene oxide bentonite Available to Purchase
Synthesis of a Composite Aerogel of Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported by Two-Dimensional Montmorillonite Nanolayers for Methylene Blue Removal Available to Purchase
Graphite to Graphene: From a Mineral to an Advanced Technological Material Free
Interstratification of graphene-like carbon layers within black talc from Southeastern China: Implications to sedimentary talc formation Available to Purchase
High-resolution imaging of biotite using focal series exit wavefunction restoration and the graphene mechanical exfoliation method Open Access
Impacts of diagenesis of tight sandstone gas reservoir on reservoir physical properties: A case study, Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, China Available to Purchase
Scanning tunnelling microscope image of graphene showing atomic resolution ... Free
Schematic atomic model of ( A ) graphite, ( B ) graphene, ( C ) the C 60 m... Available to Purchase
( A ) Exfoliation of graphene using Scotch tape. ( B ) Optical microscope i... Available to Purchase
( A ) A single layer of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, each strongly bo... Free
Schematic diagrams of the structures ( a – d ) and formation mechanisms ( 1... Available to Purchase
Surface and Structural Properties of Clay Materials Based on Natural Saponite Available to Purchase
The use of pXRF for light element geochemical analysis: a review of hardware design limitations and an empirical investigation of air, vacuum, helium flush and detector window technologies Available to Purchase
Ideal and real structures of different forms of carbon, with some remarks on their geological significance Open Access
Advanced techniques to define intercalation processes Available to Purchase
Abstract Intercalation is the inclusion or reversible insertion of a guest chemical species (atom, ion, molecule) in a virtually unchanged host-crystal structure. Any type of layer-structured material may give rise to intercalated compounds, the guest species being artificially inserted or naturally included between the host sheets without loss of their planarity. Layer silicates, in particular, may be considered intercalated structures where interlayer guest species and complexes are inserted between the silicate layers. The most common guest species is H 2 O, which is generally present under natural conditions in intercalated layer silicates such as smectites, vermiculite and halloysite. Past research focused attention on the swelling/shrinking behaviour of intercalated compounds with respect to H 2 O, and also on the non-stoichiometric, heterogeneous complexes formed from organic liquids such as ethylene glycol and glycerol. The unique combination of layer-silicate features (small crystal size, large surface area) and the small concentrations required to effect a change in the matrix, both coupled with the advanced characterization techniques available, have generated much interest. This interest extends to the special field of nanocomposites, and of graphene, which is also an intercalated layered structure. In general, any guest material inserted into an interlayer space causes a modification in the structure, with spacing-size changes in a particular crystallographic direction (d value). First, a brief introduction on conventional and synchroton-based X-ray techniques used to define crystal size and thickness is given. Then, the peak-broadening approach by conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, such as the Scherrer method is presented. Further on, the crystallinity measurements and the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) method used in the MudMaster program are described. A short summary is presented of the grazing-incidence diffraction (GIXRD) technique. Finally, additional and complementary information from X-ray absorption spectrometry (XAS), such as short-range order, and detailed local information on atomic positions by angle-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge stucture (AXANES), polarized extended X-ray absorption fine structure (P-EXAFS), and near-edge extended absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopies are analysed and discussed. Examples of the applications of these methods to clay minerals, micas and graphene are given.