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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (3)
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Southern Africa
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Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Anglian (1)
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Holocene
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Roman period (3)
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-
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Pleistocene
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Bandelier Tuff (2)
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Bishop Tuff (7)
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lower Pleistocene (3)
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middle Pleistocene (2)
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upper Pleistocene
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Devensian (1)
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Eemian (1)
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Lisan Formation (1)
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Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (1)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (1)
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-
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Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan (1)
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-
-
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upper Quaternary (10)
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-
Tertiary
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Asmari Formation (5)
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Climax Porphyry (2)
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Florissant Lake Beds (1)
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Deschutes Formation (1)
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Miocene
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Antelope Shale (3)
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Columbia River Basalt Group (3)
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Crater Flat Tuff (1)
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Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
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Guantao Formation (2)
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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middle Miocene
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Langhian (1)
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-
Paintbrush Tuff (8)
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Stevens Sandstone (1)
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Tiva Canyon Member (6)
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Topopah Spring Member (5)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (1)
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Santa Cruz Mudstone (1)
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Tortonian (1)
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-
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Ogallala Formation (1)
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Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (4)
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upper Pliocene (3)
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upper Neogene (1)
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Paleogene
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Dongying Formation (2)
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Eocene
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Dammam Formation (1)
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Green River Formation (4)
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lower Eocene
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Ypresian
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London Clay (3)
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-
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middle Eocene
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Bartonian (2)
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upper Eocene
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Jackson Group (1)
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Priabonian (3)
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-
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lower Paleogene (2)
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Oligocene
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Boom Clay (1)
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Brule Formation (1)
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Creede Formation (1)
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Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
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Fontainebleau Sandstone (2)
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Frio Formation (3)
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lower Oligocene
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Rupelian (2)
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middle Oligocene (1)
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upper Oligocene
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Chattian (2)
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Vicksburg Group (2)
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
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K-T boundary (2)
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upper Paleocene
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Tiffanian (1)
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-
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Sespe Formation (1)
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White River Group (1)
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Wilcox Group (1)
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Shahejie Formation (6)
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upper Cenozoic (3)
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Dalradian (2)
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Lake Bonneville (1)
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Laurentide ice sheet (1)
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Mesozoic
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Carrara Marble (3)
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Cretaceous
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Colorado Group (2)
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Comanchean
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Buda Limestone (3)
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Edwards Formation (2)
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Georgetown Formation (2)
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Glen Rose Formation (5)
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Rodessa Formation (1)
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Travis Peak Formation (4)
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Trinity Group (1)
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Dakota Formation (2)
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Logan Canyon Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian (5)
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Aptian (5)
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Barremian (2)
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Berriasian (1)
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Bluesky Formation (2)
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Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
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Clearwater Formation (2)
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Crato Formation (2)
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Edwards Formation (2)
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Georgetown Formation (2)
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Glen Rose Formation (5)
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McMurray Formation (2)
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Missisauga Formation (1)
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Mowry Shale (2)
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Muderong Shale (2)
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Rodessa Formation (1)
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Skull Creek Shale (1)
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Speeton Clay (2)
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Travis Peak Formation (4)
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Trinity Group (1)
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Urgonian (1)
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Valanginian (2)
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Yingcheng Formation (4)
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Mancos Shale (2)
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Middle Cretaceous (3)
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Natih Formation (2)
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Potomac Group (1)
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Queen Charlotte Group (1)
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Shiranish Formation (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Almond Formation (2)
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Belly River Formation (2)
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Blackhawk Formation (1)
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Buda Limestone (3)
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Campanian
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lower Campanian (1)
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upper Campanian (2)
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Cardium Formation (1)
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Cenomanian
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upper Cenomanian (1)
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-
Codell Sandstone Member (2)
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Coniacian (2)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (2)
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Fox Hills Formation (1)
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Frontier Formation (2)
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Fruitland Formation (2)
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Gulfian
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Austin Chalk (9)
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Eagle Ford Formation (10)
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-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
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Izumi Group (1)
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K-T boundary (2)
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Lance Formation (2)
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Lewis Shale (2)
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Maestrichtian (4)
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Mesaverde Group (7)
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Moreno Formation (2)
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Niobrara Formation (4)
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Pierre Shale (3)
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Senonian (6)
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Tropic Shale (1)
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Turonian
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lower Turonian (1)
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-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
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Williams Fork Formation (2)
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-
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Franciscan Complex (2)
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
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Jurassic
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Aztec Sandstone (1)
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Bazhenov Formation (1)
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Bonanza Group (1)
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Carmel Formation (1)
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Fernie Formation (3)
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Kingak Shale (2)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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lower Liassic (1)
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middle Liassic (1)
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Nordegg Member (1)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
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-
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Bajocian
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Tarbert Formation (1)
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Bathonian (2)
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Callovian (4)
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Page Sandstone (1)
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Summerville Formation (1)
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Xishanyao Formation (1)
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-
Oxford Clay (2)
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Posidonia Shale (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Arab Formation (3)
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Brushy Basin Member (1)
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Cotton Valley Group (6)
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Entrada Sandstone (3)
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Hanifa Formation (1)
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Haynesville Formation (1)
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Josephine Ophiolite (1)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Kimmeridgian
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lower Kimmeridgian (1)
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Malm (2)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Oxfordian
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middle Oxfordian (1)
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upper Oxfordian (1)
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Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
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Smackover Formation (1)
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Sundance Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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-
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Kayenta Formation (1)
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Maiolica Limestone (3)
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Navajo Sandstone (8)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (1)
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Dinwoody Formation (1)
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Induan (1)
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Olenekian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Smithian (2)
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Spathian (1)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (2)
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Doig Formation (3)
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Ladinian (1)
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-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Mole Granite (1)
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Montney Formation (15)
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Sherwood Sandstone (4)
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Shublik Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Keuper (1)
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Mercia Mudstone (3)
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Norian (1)
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Petrified Forest Member (1)
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Rhaetian
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Penarth Group (1)
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-
Xujiahe Formation (3)
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Yanchang Formation (16)
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-
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upper Mesozoic (2)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (6)
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Wingate Sandstone (1)
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-
MIS 5 (1)
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MIS 7 (1)
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Moldanubian (2)
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Paleozoic
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Arbuckle Group (2)
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Berea Sandstone (3)
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Cambrian
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Acadian (1)
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Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Carrara Formation (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian (2)
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (2)
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Tapeats Sandstone (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Eau Claire Formation (4)
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Furongian (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (9)
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Potsdam Sandstone (1)
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-
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Carboniferous
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Amsden Formation (1)
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Benxi Formation (1)
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Culm (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (6)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (22)
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Boone Formation (2)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Kayak Shale (1)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Osagian
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Keokuk Limestone (1)
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-
Tournaisian
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upper Tournaisian (1)
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-
-
Madison Group (3)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (2)
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-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Cypress Sandstone (1)
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Fayetteville Formation (2)
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Meramecian
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Warsaw Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (1)
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-
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Namurian (2)
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Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Morrowan (1)
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Marble Falls Group (1)
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Mary Lee Coal (1)
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Mattoon Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Breathitt Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian
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Wewoka Formation (1)
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Moscovian (1)
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-
Morrow Formation (1)
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Pottsville Group (1)
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Red Fork Sandstone (2)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Canyon Group (3)
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Kasimovian (1)
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Lansing Group (2)
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Plattsburg Limestone (1)
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Seminole Formation (1)
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Virgilian (1)
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Wapanucka Limestone (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (1)
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Westphalian (1)
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Wahoo Limestone (1)
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Cow Head Group (1)
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Devonian
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Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
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Genesee Group (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (1)
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Lochkovian (1)
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Manlius Formation (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (1)
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Givetian (1)
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Hamilton Group (3)
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Mahantango Formation (1)
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Marcellus Shale (19)
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Onondaga Limestone (4)
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-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
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Slave Point Formation (1)
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Thirtyone Formation (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (2)
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (2)
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-
Frasnian (6)
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Grosmont Formation (2)
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Huron Member (1)
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Jefferson Group (2)
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Nisku Formation (1)
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Palliser Formation (1)
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-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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Lisburne Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Chopawamsic Formation (1)
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Elberton Granite (1)
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Rose Run Sandstone (1)
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New Albany Shale (2)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian
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Ballantrae Complex (1)
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Ellenburger Group (5)
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Saint George Group (1)
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Tremadocian (1)
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-
Majiagou Formation (4)
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Martinsburg Formation (1)
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Meguma Group (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Darriwilian (3)
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Platteville Formation (3)
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Simpson Group (1)
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Whiterockian (1)
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-
Trenton Group (2)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (2)
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Bighorn Dolomite (2)
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Caradocian (1)
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Cincinnatian
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Richmondian (2)
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-
Fairview Formation (1)
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Hirnantian (5)
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Katian (3)
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Sandbian (2)
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Wufeng Formation (10)
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Yeoman Formation (1)
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Utica Shale (4)
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-
Permian
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Blaine Formation (2)
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Ecca Group (1)
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Echooka Formation (1)
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Fort Riley Limestone (1)
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Guadalupian
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Tansill Formation (3)
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-
Kaibab Formation (1)
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Khuff Formation (2)
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Lower Permian
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Leonardian (4)
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Qixia Formation (1)
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Wolfcampian (2)
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Lyons Sandstone (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Middle Permian (3)
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Phosphoria Formation (1)
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Rotliegendes (1)
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Shihezi Formation (1)
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Unayzah Formation (3)
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Upper Permian
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Changxing Formation (1)
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
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-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Salado Formation (1)
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Zechstein (3)
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-
Yates Formation (1)
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-
Silurian
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Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (1)
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Llandovery
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Telychian (1)
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-
Wenlock (1)
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-
Middle Silurian
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Rochester Formation (3)
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Rose Hill Formation (1)
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Upper Silurian (2)
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-
Taiyuan Formation (3)
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Tensleep Sandstone (5)
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upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (7)
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Dwyka Formation (1)
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Fountain Formation (1)
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Garhwal Group (1)
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Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
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Shanxi Formation (4)
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-
Woodford Shale (4)
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-
Phanerozoic (4)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Eoarchean (1)
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Fig Tree Group (1)
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Kromberg Formation (1)
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Neoarchean (7)
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Paleoarchean
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Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
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-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
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Chuar Group (1)
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Fortescue Group (1)
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Hadean (1)
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Lewisian Complex (4)
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Minas Supergroup (1)
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Onverwacht Group (2)
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Pahrump Series (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Athabasca Formation (1)
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Malmani Subgroup (2)
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Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
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Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
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Missoula Group (1)
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Ravalli Group (1)
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Wumishan Formation (1)
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-
Miette Group (2)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (2)
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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Ediacaran (13)
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Marinoan (1)
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Riphean (1)
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Sturtian (1)
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Tonian (2)
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Torridonian (1)
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Vendian (1)
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-
Paleoproterozoic (14)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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Wumishan Formation (1)
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-
Windermere System (1)
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-
-
Waterberg System (1)
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
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Saxothuringian (1)
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Vindhyan (1)
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-
igneous rocks
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extrusive rocks (1)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (5)
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feldspathoid rocks (3)
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kimberlite (18)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (5)
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diabase (6)
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diorites
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plagiogranite (1)
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quartz diorites (3)
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tonalite (1)
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trondhjemite (2)
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-
gabbros
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troctolite (1)
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-
granites
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aplite (3)
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A-type granites (1)
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charnockite (3)
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granite porphyry (1)
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (5)
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microgranite (1)
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monzogranite (2)
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rapakivi (1)
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S-type granites (2)
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-
granodiorites (6)
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lamproite (1)
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lamprophyres (2)
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monzonites (2)
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pegmatite (27)
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quartz monzonite (2)
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syenites
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alkali syenites (1)
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nepheline syenite
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agpaite (1)
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-
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ultramafics
-
chromitite (4)
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hornblendite (1)
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peridotites
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dunite (3)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
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garnet peridotite (1)
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harzburgite (4)
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lherzolite (3)
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spinel lherzolite (1)
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spinel peridotite (2)
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-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (2)
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websterite (1)
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-
-
-
porphyry (5)
-
volcanic rocks
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andesites
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boninite (2)
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-
basalts
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alkali basalts
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trachybasalts (1)
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-
columnar basalt (1)
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flood basalts (2)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
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ocean-island basalts (2)
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olivine basalt (1)
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-
dacites (4)
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glasses
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obsidian (1)
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palagonite (2)
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perlite (1)
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volcanic glass (1)
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-
nephelinite (1)
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phonolites (4)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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hyaloclastite (2)
-
ignimbrite (19)
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pumice (5)
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rhyolite tuff (2)
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scoria (6)
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tuff (25)
-
tuffite (1)
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welded tuff (15)
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-
rhyolites (16)
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trachytes (2)
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-
-
ophiolite (9)
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volcanic ash (4)
-
wehrlite (2)
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-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (4)
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cataclasites (9)
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eclogite (14)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (1)
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biotite gneiss (2)
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granite gneiss (3)
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orthogneiss (2)
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paragneiss (1)
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-
granulites
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kinzigite (1)
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hornfels (3)
-
impactites (3)
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itabirite (1)
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jadeitite (1)
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marbles (14)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasite (1)
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metadiorite (1)
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metagabbro (1)
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metagranite (3)
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metaperidotite (1)
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serpentinite (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metaconglomerate (1)
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metalimestone (1)
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metapelite (4)
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metasandstone (2)
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metasiltstone (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (4)
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serpentinite (2)
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skarn (11)
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metavolcanic rocks (2)
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migmatites (7)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (2)
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ultramylonite (1)
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phyllites (3)
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quartzites (11)
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schists
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greenschist (1)
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slates (2)
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ophiolite (9)
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turbidite (12)
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-
meteorites
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meteorites
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iron meteorites
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octahedrite (1)
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-
stony irons
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mesosiderite
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Vaca Muerta Meteorite (1)
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pallasite (1)
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-
stony meteorites
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achondrites
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eucrite
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Pasamonte Meteorite (1)
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lunar meteorites (2)
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-
chondrites
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carbonaceous chondrites (1)
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ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
minerals
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alloys
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carbides
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moissanite (2)
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kamacite (1)
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plessite (1)
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-
arsenates
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mimetite (1)
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (6)
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arsenites (2)
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bismuthides (1)
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borates (2)
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carbonates
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alumohydrocalcite (1)
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ankerite (2)
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aragonite (3)
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bastnaesite (2)
-
calcite (65)
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cerussite (1)
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dolomite (19)
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Iceland spar (1)
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ikaite (1)
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kutnohorite (1)
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leadhillite (1)
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magnesian calcite (1)
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malachite (1)
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rhodochrosite (2)
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siderite (6)
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smithsonite (1)
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sphaerosiderite (1)
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spurrite (2)
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synchysite (1)
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vaterite (2)
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chromates
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crocoite (1)
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copper minerals (2)
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halides
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bromides (1)
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chlorides
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eudialyte (1)
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halite (8)
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mimetite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
vanadinite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (2)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
fluorite (8)
-
synchysite (1)
-
topaz (3)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
iodides (1)
-
-
hydrates (11)
-
manganese minerals (2)
-
minerals (6)
-
molybdates
-
wulfenite (1)
-
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (4)
-
-
graphite (11)
-
-
nitrates (5)
-
onyx (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
akaganeite (1)
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
anatase (2)
-
baddeleyite (4)
-
brannerite (2)
-
brucite (1)
-
cassiterite (5)
-
chrome spinel (3)
-
chromite (8)
-
corundum (4)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
cuprite (1)
-
gahnite (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (6)
-
hausmannite (2)
-
hematite (16)
-
hercynite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (4)
-
-
ilmenite (7)
-
iron oxides (10)
-
jacobsite (1)
-
lepidocrocite (1)
-
limonite (4)
-
magnesioferrite (1)
-
magnetite (9)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
niobates
-
columbite (8)
-
euxenite (1)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (4)
-
samarskite (1)
-
-
periclase (2)
-
perovskite (5)
-
portlandite (1)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
-
rutile (15)
-
sapphire (2)
-
spinel (9)
-
spinel group (4)
-
tantalates
-
euxenite (1)
-
microlite (1)
-
tantalite (3)
-
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
uraninite (9)
-
-
phosphates
-
amblygonite (1)
-
apatite (19)
-
autunite (1)
-
britholite (1)
-
chlorapatite (1)
-
fluorapatite (2)
-
hinsdalite (1)
-
hydroxylapatite (1)
-
monazite (17)
-
montebrasite (2)
-
plumbogummite (2)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
struvite (1)
-
xenotime (8)
-
-
platinum minerals (3)
-
selenides (7)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
asbestos (2)
-
borosilicates (4)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
grunerite (2)
-
hastingsite (1)
-
pargasite (1)
-
tremolite (4)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (2)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
-
jade (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (1)
-
diopside (8)
-
hedenbergite (1)
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (4)
-
spodumene (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (3)
-
-
-
rhodonite group
-
babingtonite (1)
-
-
tobermorite (2)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (2)
-
-
-
feldspathoids (2)
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (5)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (6)
-
perthite (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (8)
-
andesine (1)
-
anorthite (2)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (3)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
coesite (9)
-
opal
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (2)
-
-
tridymite (2)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
chabazite (4)
-
gmelinite (1)
-
laumontite (1)
-
mordenite (1)
-
phillipsite (1)
-
pollucite (2)
-
scolecite (1)
-
wairakite (1)
-
-
-
garnierite (1)
-
iron silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
braunite (2)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
clinohumite (1)
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (2)
-
hydrogarnet (2)
-
pyrope (3)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
kyanite (6)
-
larnite (2)
-
merwinite (2)
-
olivine group
-
forsterite (4)
-
monticellite (1)
-
olivine (27)
-
tephroite (1)
-
wadsleyite (1)
-
-
phenakite group
-
phenakite (2)
-
willemite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (4)
-
spurrite (2)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (9)
-
-
topaz (3)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (4)
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (63)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (2)
-
epidote group
-
allanite (4)
-
epidote (1)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (1)
-
gehlenite (4)
-
melilite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (3)
-
cordierite (2)
-
emerald (1)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
labuntsovite (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (5)
-
elbaite (1)
-
schorl (4)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
apophyllite (1)
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (14)
-
clinochlore (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (1)
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (15)
-
montmorillonite (6)
-
nontronite (3)
-
saponite (3)
-
smectite (18)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
corrensite (3)
-
hydrobiotite (1)
-
illite (16)
-
mica group
-
biotite (15)
-
celadonite (1)
-
fluor-phlogopite (1)
-
lepidolite (3)
-
muscovite (10)
-
phengite (2)
-
phlogopite (4)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
petalite (2)
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
sericite (4)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (2)
-
berthierine (2)
-
chrysotile (4)
-
cronstedtite (2)
-
lizardite (2)
-
serpentine (9)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
anhydrite (4)
-
barite (8)
-
brochantite (1)
-
epsomite (1)
-
ettringite (1)
-
glauberite (1)
-
gypsum (12)
-
hexahydrite (1)
-
hinsdalite (1)
-
jarosite (4)
-
kieserite (1)
-
leadhillite (1)
-
pickeringite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
argentite (2)
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
bornite (3)
-
chalcocite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (8)
-
copper sulfides (3)
-
covellite (1)
-
digenite (2)
-
galena (4)
-
heazlewoodite (1)
-
iron sulfides (4)
-
laurite (1)
-
marcasite (5)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
nickel sulfides (2)
-
pyrite (42)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
realgar (2)
-
sphalerite (10)
-
stibnite (2)
-
violarite (1)
-
wurtzite (2)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
freibergite (1)
-
luzonite (1)
-
miargyrite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenates
-
enargite (2)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
luzonite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
stannite (2)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
altaite (2)
-
calaverite (2)
-
hessite (2)
-
sylvanite (2)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (3)
-
wolframite (5)
-
-
uranium minerals (9)
-
vanadates
-
vanadinite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (108)
-
Africa
-
Afar (3)
-
Cape Verde Islands (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Kinshasa Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Gabon (2)
-
Rwanda (1)
-
West Congo Belt (1)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (4)
-
Djibouti (2)
-
Ethiopia (8)
-
Ethiopian Rift (3)
-
Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (1)
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Mozambique
-
Tete Mozambique (1)
-
-
Tanzania
-
Laetoli (1)
-
-
Uganda (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
-
East African Rift (6)
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Limpopo Basin (1)
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (3)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (12)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (4)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Cairo Egypt (1)
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
Sinai Egypt (1)
-
-
Maghreb (1)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (4)
-
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia
-
El Kef Tunisia (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (3)
-
Botswana
-
Okavango Delta (1)
-
-
Kaapvaal Craton (4)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (5)
-
Namaqualand (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Namibia (6)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (3)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa (2)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (2)
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Vaal River (1)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Witwatersrand (3)
-
-
Zimbabwe
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
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Benue Valley (1)
-
Chad (1)
-
Ghana (3)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Mali (1)
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Nigeria (2)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (2)
-
-
Antarctic Peninsula (2)
-
East Antarctica (2)
-
Ellsworth Land (1)
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
Marie Byrd Land (1)
-
Mirnyy Station (1)
-
Queen Maud Land (1)
-
Ross Ice Shelf (3)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Deception Island (3)
-
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys
-
Lake Hoare (1)
-
-
-
West Antarctica (2)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (5)
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Knipovich Ridge (1)
-
Mohns Ridge (1)
-
More Basin (2)
-
-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland
-
East Greenland (3)
-
Greenland ice sheet (2)
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Milne Land (1)
-
Northern Greenland (3)
-
Peary Land (4)
-
Scoresby Sund (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Svalbard
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Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
Asia
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Altai Mountains (2)
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Amu Darya Basin (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (1)
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Kuwait (2)
-
Oman
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Oman Mountains (7)
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Qatar (1)
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Rub' al Khali (1)
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Saudi Arabia
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Ghawar Field (1)
-
-
United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (3)
-
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Yemen (1)
-
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Baikal region (4)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
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Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Central Kazakhstan (1)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (4)
-
-
Tengiz Field (5)
-
-
Pamirs
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Darvaz (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
-
Burma (3)
-
China
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (3)
-
Anhui China (3)
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Bohaiwan Basin (8)
-
Chongqing China (3)
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Dabie Mountains (3)
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Donghai China (1)
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Dongpu Depression (2)
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Fujian China (1)
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Gansu China (3)
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Guangdong China (1)
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Guangxi China (2)
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Guizhou China (6)
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Hebei China
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Beijing China (4)
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Heilongjiang China
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Daqing Field (2)
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Henan China (2)
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Hong Kong (3)
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Hubei China
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Yichang China (1)
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Hunan China (3)
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Inner Mongolia China
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Erlian Basin (1)
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Jiangsu China
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Xuzhou China (1)
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Jiangxi China (4)
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Jilin China (4)
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Kunlun Fault (6)
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Kunlun Mountains (1)
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Liaohe Basin (1)
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Liaoning China
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Liaodong Peninsula (1)
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Loess Plateau (1)
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Longmenshan (3)
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Macau (1)
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Micang Mountains (1)
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North China Platform (7)
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Ordos Basin (28)
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Qaidam Basin (4)
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Qilian Mountains (3)
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Qinghai China (7)
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Qinghai-Tibet Railway (2)
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Shaanxi China (2)
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Shandong China
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Dongying Depression (3)
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Jiyang Depression (2)
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Qingdao China (3)
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Shandong Peninsula (1)
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Shengli Field (1)
-
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Shanxi China
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Taiyuan China (1)
-
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Sichuan Basin (40)
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Sichuan China
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Gongga Mountain (1)
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Wenchuan China (1)
-
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Songliao Basin (9)
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South China Block (3)
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Sulu Terrane (3)
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Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (1)
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Tangshan China (1)
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Tongling China (1)
-
Xianshuihe fault zone (2)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (5)
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Kuqa Depression (5)
-
Tahe Field (3)
-
Tarim Basin (19)
-
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Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (1)
-
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Yangtze Platform (3)
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Yangtze Three Gorges (2)
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Yunnan China
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Ailao Shan (1)
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Chengjiang China (2)
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Kunming China (3)
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Tengchong (1)
-
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Zhejiang China (1)
-
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Indonesia
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Irian Jaya Indonesia (1)
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Java (2)
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Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
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Sumatra (5)
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Sunda Arc (2)
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Tambora (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hidaka Japan (1)
-
Hokkaido (5)
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Honshu
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Aomori Japan
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Iwaki (1)
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Shimokita Peninsula (1)
-
-
Gifu Japan (2)
-
Hyogo Japan
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Awaji Island (1)
-
Kobe Japan (1)
-
-
Ibaraki Japan
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Tsukuba Japan (1)
-
-
Kanto Mountains (1)
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Miyagi Japan (1)
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Niigata Japan (1)
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Okayama Japan (1)
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Tono Japan (1)
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Tottori Japan (1)
-
-
Kyushu
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Kagoshima Japan
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Oshima (1)
-
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Nagasaki Japan
-
Goto Islands (1)
-
-
-
Ryukyu Islands
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Oshima (1)
-
-
Sambagawa Belt (3)
-
Shikoku
-
Tokushima Japan (1)
-
-
Shimanto Belt (2)
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea
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Kyongsang Basin (1)
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Pohang South Korea (2)
-
-
-
Lesser Sunda Islands
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Tambora (1)
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Timor (2)
-
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Malaysia (1)
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Mongolia
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Ulan Bator Mongolia (1)
-
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon
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Mount Pinatubo (1)
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Palawan (1)
-
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Taiwan
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Chelungpu Fault (1)
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Penghu Islands (1)
-
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Vietnam (3)
-
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Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (1)
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High Himalayan Crystallines (1)
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Lesser Himalayas (3)
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Nanga Parbat (2)
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Hindu Kush (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Afghanistan (3)
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Bengal (2)
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Bhutan (1)
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India
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Bengal Islands
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Andaman Islands (2)
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Nicobar Islands (1)
-
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Bundelkhand (1)
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Cauvery Basin (1)
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Chhattisgarh India (1)
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Damodar Valley (1)
-
Ghats
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Western Ghats (1)
-
-
Gujarat India
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Kutch India
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Bhuj India (1)
-
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Saurashtra (2)
-
-
Jharkhand India
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Karanpura coal field (1)
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Singhbhum India (1)
-
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Karnataka India (1)
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Kolar schist belt (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India (2)
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Maharashtra India
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Koyna Dam (1)
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Poona India (2)
-
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Narmada Valley (1)
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Northeastern India
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Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
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Meghalaya India (1)
-
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Rajasthan India
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Aravalli Range (1)
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Jaipur India (1)
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Jodhpur India (1)
-
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Sikkim India (1)
-
Southern Granulite Terrain (1)
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Tamil Nadu India
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Kodaikanal India (1)
-
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
Uttarakhand India
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Chamoli India (1)
-
Dehradun India (1)
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Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
Garhwal India (1)
-
-
-
Indian Shield (2)
-
Indus Basin (2)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Jammu (1)
-
Kashmir (3)
-
Kashmir Valley (1)
-
Ladakh (1)
-
Nanga Parbat (2)
-
-
Nepal (6)
-
Pakistan
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Baluchistan Pakistan (2)
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Punjab Pakistan
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Mangla Dam (1)
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Salt Range (1)
-
-
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Potwar Plateau (1)
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Thar Desert (1)
-
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Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Slyudyanka Russian Federation (3)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula
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Avacha (2)
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Bezymyannyy (1)
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Klyuchevskaya Sopka (2)
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Sheveluch (1)
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Tolbachik (4)
-
-
-
Karakoram (2)
-
Kopet-Dag Range (2)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
-
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Kuznetsk Basin (1)
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Main Central Thrust (4)
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Mekong River (1)
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Middle East
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Dead Sea (3)
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Dead Sea Rift (5)
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Iran
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Elburz (1)
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Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (1)
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Iraq
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Israel
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Galilee (1)
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Negev (2)
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Jordan (4)
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Lebanon (1)
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Mesozoic
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Lower Cretaceous
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Franciscan Complex (2)
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Jurassic
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Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
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Kayenta Formation (1)
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Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Shublik Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Keuper (1)
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Petrified Forest Member (1)
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Xujiahe Formation (3)
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Ra-226 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (24)
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aluminum
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (8)
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ferrous iron (7)
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lead
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
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meteorology (2)
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Mexico
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North America
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 143
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ODP Site 865 (1)
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Leg 153
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ODP Site 920 (2)
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Leg 162
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ODP Site 984 (1)
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Leg 175
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ODP Site 1084 (1)
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Leg 193 (1)
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Leg 208
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ODP Site 1262 (1)
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ocean floors (31)
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Oceania
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oceanography (1)
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North Pacific
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Yellow Sea
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-
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Yellow Sea
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Ontong Java Plateau (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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paleobotany (2)
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paleontology (8)
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Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (2)
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Cambrian
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Acadian (1)
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Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Carrara Formation (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian (2)
-
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (2)
-
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Tapeats Sandstone (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Eau Claire Formation (4)
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Furongian (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (9)
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Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Amsden Formation (1)
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Benxi Formation (1)
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Culm (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (6)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (22)
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Boone Formation (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Kayak Shale (1)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Osagian
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Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
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Madison Group (3)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (2)
-
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Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
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Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (2)
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Meramecian
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Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
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Morrowan (1)
-
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Marble Falls Group (1)
-
Mary Lee Coal (1)
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Mattoon Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Breathitt Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Morrow Formation (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Red Fork Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
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Canyon Group (3)
-
Kasimovian (1)
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Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
Lansing Group (2)
-
Plattsburg Limestone (1)
-
Seminole Formation (1)
-
-
Virgilian (1)
-
-
Wapanucka Limestone (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
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Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
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Genesee Group (1)
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Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (1)
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Lochkovian (1)
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Manlius Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
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Givetian (1)
-
Hamilton Group (3)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (19)
-
Onondaga Limestone (4)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (5)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Thirtyone Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (2)
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (2)
-
-
Frasnian (6)
-
Grosmont Formation (2)
-
Huron Member (1)
-
Jefferson Group (2)
-
Nisku Formation (1)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
Elberton Granite (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian
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Ballantrae Complex (1)
-
-
Ellenburger Group (5)
-
Saint George Group (1)
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Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Majiagou Formation (4)
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
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Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Darriwilian (3)
-
Platteville Formation (3)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (2)
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (2)
-
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (5)
-
Katian (3)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (10)
-
Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (4)
-
-
Permian
-
Blaine Formation (2)
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Echooka Formation (1)
-
Fort Riley Limestone (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Tansill Formation (3)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Leonardian (4)
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (3)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (3)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Rochester Formation (3)
-
Rose Hill Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian (2)
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (3)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (5)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (7)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Garhwal Group (1)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (4)
-
-
Woodford Shale (4)
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Dinoflagellata (2)
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pollen (7)
-
-
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paragenesis (50)
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permafrost (10)
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petroleum
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coalbed methane (25)
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shale gas (49)
-
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shale oil (14)
-
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petrology (12)
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Phanerozoic (4)
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phase equilibria (12)
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phosphate deposits (1)
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phosphorus (3)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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diatoms (3)
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nannofossils (3)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae
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Lithophyllum (1)
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Lithothamnium (3)
-
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (1)
-
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Cyperaceae (1)
-
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Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Pinus (1)
-
-
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Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (122)
-
pollution (73)
-
potash (1)
-
Precambrian
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Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Fig Tree Group (1)
-
Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Neoarchean (7)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Fortescue Group (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (4)
-
Minas Supergroup (1)
-
Onverwacht Group (2)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Malmani Subgroup (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
Missoula Group (1)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Miette Group (2)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (2)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (13)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (14)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (2)
-
pumice deposits (1)
-
quartz crystal (1)
-
reclamation (6)
-
reefs (7)
-
remote sensing (179)
-
reservoirs (9)
-
roads (16)
-
rock mechanics (151)
-
sandstone deposits (1)
-
sea water (7)
-
sea-floor spreading (6)
-
sea-level changes (15)
-
sedimentary petrology (8)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
bauxite (1)
-
carbonate rocks
-
boundstone (1)
-
chalk (30)
-
dolostone (37)
-
grainstone (11)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (2)
-
calcilutite (1)
-
coquina (1)
-
dolomitic limestone (3)
-
micrite (8)
-
microbialite (4)
-
oolitic limestone (1)
-
-
packstone (9)
-
travertine (9)
-
wackestone (3)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (10)
-
evaporites
-
salt (12)
-
-
flint (3)
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (2)
-
-
phosphate rocks (2)
-
siliceous sinter (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (2)
-
quartz arenite (4)
-
-
argillite (1)
-
arkose (2)
-
bentonite (8)
-
black shale (10)
-
claystone (4)
-
conglomerate (4)
-
diamictite (1)
-
graywacke (2)
-
marl (14)
-
mudstone (53)
-
orthoquartzite (1)
-
porcellanite (1)
-
radiolarite (1)
-
red beds (2)
-
sandstone (181)
-
shale (126)
-
siltstone (24)
-
-
coal
-
anthracite (1)
-
lignite (1)
-
-
gas sands (2)
-
gas shale (21)
-
oil sands (4)
-
oil shale (10)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
dune structures (1)
-
mudcracks (1)
-
ripple marks (1)
-
scour casts (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (6)
-
lebensspuren (2)
-
microbial mats (2)
-
stromatolites (5)
-
thrombolites (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (23)
-
cross-bedding (5)
-
laminations (15)
-
massive bedding (1)
-
sand bodies (4)
-
varves (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (9)
-
cone-in-cone (1)
-
stylolites (12)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
clastic dikes (8)
-
sandstone dikes (2)
-
-
turbidity current structures
-
Bouma sequence (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (25)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (9)
-
boulder clay (1)
-
boulders (2)
-
clay (23)
-
colluvium (2)
-
diamicton (1)
-
dust (1)
-
erratics (1)
-
gravel (2)
-
loess (3)
-
mud (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
residuum (1)
-
sand (25)
-
silt (3)
-
till (7)
-
-
guano (1)
-
marine sediments (11)
-
peat (3)
-
-
seismology (45)
-
selenium (4)
-
shorelines (4)
-
silicon
-
Si-30 (2)
-
-
slope stability (59)
-
soil mechanics (22)
-
soils
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Alfisols (2)
-
Alluvial soils (1)
-
Cambisols (1)
-
Clay soils (1)
-
Desert soils (1)
-
Inceptisols (2)
-
laterites (1)
-
Lithosols (1)
-
loam (1)
-
Mollisols (2)
-
Phaeozems (1)
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Ultisols (1)
-
-
Solomon Islands (1)
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South America
-
Andes
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Central Andes (5)
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Western Cordillera (1)
-
-
Argentina
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Buenos Aires Argentina (3)
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Catamarca Argentina (2)
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Corrientes Argentina (1)
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Entre Rios Argentina (2)
-
Jujuy Argentina (1)
-
La Pampa Argentina (2)
-
La Rioja Argentina (2)
-
Mendoza Argentina (2)
-
Neuquen Argentina (3)
-
Neuquen Basin (8)
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Pampas (2)
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Pampean Mountains (1)
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Rio Negro Argentina (1)
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San Juan Argentina (1)
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Santa Cruz Argentina (1)
-
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Bolivia (11)
-
Brazil
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Aracuai Belt (1)
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Araripe Basin (2)
-
Bahia Brazil (1)
-
Borborema (1)
-
Brazilian Shield (1)
-
Maranhao Brazil (1)
-
Mato Grosso Brazil (2)
-
Minas Gerais Brazil
-
Itabira Brazil (1)
-
Quadrilatero Ferrifero (1)
-
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Parnaiba Basin (1)
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Ribeira Belt (1)
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Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (1)
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Sao Francisco Craton (2)
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Sao Paulo Brazil (2)
-
-
Chile
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Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo Chile (1)
-
Antofagasta Chile
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Lascar (1)
-
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Atacama Chile
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Copiapo Chile (1)
-
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Atacama Desert (2)
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Biobio Chile (1)
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Coquimbo Chile (1)
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Los Lagos Chile (2)
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Tarapaca Chile (1)
-
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Colombia
-
Cusiana Field (1)
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Magdalena Valley (2)
-
Nevado del Ruiz (1)
-
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Ecuador (4)
-
Guiana Shield (1)
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Patagonia (3)
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Peru
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Lima Peru (1)
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Pasco Peru
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Cerro de Pasco Peru (1)
-
-
-
Tierra del Fuego (1)
-
Venezuela
-
Falcon Venezuela
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Paraguana Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
-
Southern Ocean
-
Bransfield Strait
-
Bransfield Basin (1)
-
-
Ross Sea
-
McMurdo Sound (2)
-
-
-
spectroscopy (32)
-
springs (21)
-
standard materials (5)
-
stratigraphy (17)
-
structural analysis (94)
-
structural geology (7)
-
sulfur
-
S-33 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (22)
-
S-36 (1)
-
-
symposia (12)
-
talc deposits (1)
-
tectonics
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neotectonics (50)
-
salt tectonics (17)
-
-
tectonophysics (6)
-
tellurium (3)
-
thallophytes (1)
-
thermal analysis (3)
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thermal waters (14)
-
tunnels (37)
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underground installations (34)
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United States
-
Alabama
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Madison County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Alaska Peninsula (1)
-
Alaska Range (3)
-
Aleutian Islands
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Okmok (1)
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Unalaska Island
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Makushin (2)
-
-
-
Anchorage Alaska (2)
-
Aniakchak (1)
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (2)
-
Brooks Range
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Endicott Mountains (1)
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Chandalar Quadrangle (1)
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Fairbanks Alaska (1)
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Karluk Quadrangle (1)
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Katmai (1)
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Katmai National Park (2)
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Kodiak Island (1)
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Trans-Alaska Pipeline (1)
-
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Albuquerque Basin (2)
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Anadarko Basin (8)
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Ardmore Basin (1)
-
Arizona
-
Apache County Arizona (1)
-
Coconino County Arizona (1)
-
La Paz County Arizona (1)
-
Maricopa County Arizona (2)
-
Navajo County Arizona
-
Holbrook Arizona (1)
-
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Pima County Arizona (1)
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Yavapai County Arizona (1)
-
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Arkansas
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Boone County Arkansas (1)
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Faulkner County Arkansas (1)
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Madison County Arkansas (1)
-
Washington County Arkansas (1)
-
-
Arkoma Basin (2)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain
-
Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
-
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Bighorn Basin (1)
-
Black Warrior Basin (1)
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Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
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Book Cliffs (1)
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Brevard Zone (1)
-
California
-
Alameda County California
-
Berkeley California (3)
-
-
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (1)
-
Banning Fault (3)
-
Calaveras Fault (1)
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Caliente Range (1)
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Central California (14)
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Coachella Valley (10)
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Contra Costa County California (1)
-
Coyote Creek Fault (1)
-
Feather River (1)
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Gabilan Range (1)
-
Garlock Fault (8)
-
Hayward Fault (6)
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Humboldt County California
-
Cape Mendocino (1)
-
-
Imperial County California
-
Brawley Fault (2)
-
El Centro California (1)
-
Imperial Fault (1)
-
Salton Sea Field (1)
-
-
Inyo County California
-
Coso Range (1)
-
-
Kern County California
-
Elk Hills Field (1)
-
Lost Hills Field (2)
-
-
Los Angeles Basin (2)
-
Los Angeles County California
-
Long Beach California (4)
-
Los Angeles California
-
Northridge California (2)
-
-
-
Mammoth Mountain (1)
-
Mono County California
-
Long Valley Caldera (7)
-
-
Monterey County California
-
Parkfield California (14)
-
-
Napa County California (4)
-
Newport-Inglewood Fault (3)
-
Northern California (6)
-
Riverside County California
-
Mission Creek Fault (2)
-
-
Salton Sea (3)
-
Salton Trough (2)
-
San Benito County California
-
Hollister California (1)
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-
San Bernardino County California
-
Cajon Pass (1)
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Johnson Valley Fault (2)
-
Landers California (3)
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San Gorgonio Pass (2)
-
Trona California (1)
-
-
San Diego County California
-
San Diego California (1)
-
-
San Francisco Bay (3)
-
San Francisco Bay region (5)
-
San Gabriel Fault (1)
-
San Gabriel Mountains (3)
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San Gregorio Fault (1)
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San Jacinto Mountains (2)
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San Joaquin Valley (6)
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San Luis Obispo County California
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Carrizo Plain (2)
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Cholame California (3)
-
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San Mateo County California (1)
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Santa Barbara Channel (1)
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Santa Barbara County California (1)
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Santa Cruz County California
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Santa Cruz California (2)
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Shasta County California
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Lassen Peak (1)
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Sonoma County California
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Santa Rosa California (1)
-
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Southern California (44)
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Southern California Batholith (1)
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Temblor Range (1)
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The Geysers (5)
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Transverse Ranges (2)
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Ventura Basin (1)
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Ventura County California (1)
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Yosemite National Park (1)
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Catskill Delta (3)
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Central Basin Platform (2)
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Colorado
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Douglas County Colorado (1)
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Las Animas County Colorado (1)
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Creede mining district (2)
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Montrose County Colorado (1)
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Piceance Basin (2)
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Wattenberg Field (2)
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Colorado Plateau (15)
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Columbia Plateau (2)
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Connecticut (4)
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Connecticut River (1)
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Dan River basin (1)
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Death Valley National Park (1)
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Delaware Basin (9)
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Denver Basin (2)
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Eastern California shear zone (3)
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Eastern U.S.
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Northeastern U.S. (1)
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Florida
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Biscayne Aquifer (1)
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Miami-Dade County Florida
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Miami Florida (1)
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Georgia
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Fulton County Georgia
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McIntosh County Georgia
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Sapelo Island (1)
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Great Basin (3)
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Hawaii
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Kilauea (7)
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu
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Honolulu Hawaii (1)
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Mauna Loa (3)
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High Plains Aquifer (1)
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Idaho
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Snake River plain (8)
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Snake River Plain Aquifer (5)
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Illinois
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Lee County Illinois (1)
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Illinois Basin (10)
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Indiana
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Iowa
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Kansas
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Kentucky
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Eastern Kentucky coal field (1)
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Lake Tahoe (1)
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Maine
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Maryland
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Massachusetts
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Merrimack Synclinorium (2)
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Michigan
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Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Midcontinent (3)
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Minnesota
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Mississippi
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Mississippi Valley
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Missouri
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Missouri River (1)
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Montana
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Butte mining district (3)
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Tobacco Root Mountains (1)
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Missoula County Montana (1)
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Shonkin Sag Laccolith (1)
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Moxa Arch (2)
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Nebraska
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Nevada
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Carlin Trend (2)
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New Jersey
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New Madrid region (4)
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New Mexico
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Datil-Mogollon volcanic field (1)
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Eddy County New Mexico
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Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (2)
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Hidalgo County New Mexico (1)
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Lea County New Mexico
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Los Alamos County New Mexico
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Los Alamos National Laboratory (3)
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McKinley County New Mexico
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Grants mining district (1)
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Pajarito Plateau (2)
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Rio Arriba County New Mexico (1)
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Socorro County New Mexico
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Torrance County New Mexico (1)
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New York
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Adirondack Mountains (1)
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Albany County New York
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Tompkins County New York
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Newark Basin (1)
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North Carolina (3)
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North Dakota
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Ogallala Aquifer (1)
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Ohio
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Hamilton County Ohio
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Ohio River valley (1)
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Oklahoma
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Arbuckle Mountains (2)
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Oregon
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Pennsylvania
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Powder River basin (5)
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South Carolina
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South Dakota
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Tennessee
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Tennessee River (1)
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Texas
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Balcones fault zone (6)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
fracture aperture
A geometrically based method for predicting stress-induced fracture aperture and flow in discrete fracture networks Available to Purchase
Effects of diagenesis (cement precipitation) during fracture opening on fracture aperture-size scaling in carbonate rocks Available to Purchase
Abstract A correlation is demonstrated between the presence of crack-seal texture and power-law kinematic aperture-size (width) distributions among opening-mode fractures in rocks of dominantly carbonate mineralogy. Crack-seal opening increments (opening-displacement increment sizes or ‘gaps’) within individual fractures follow narrow normal or log-normal size distributions, suggesting that fracture widening accumulates in characteristic (usually micrometre-scale) size increments. The scale invariance in overall fracture width distributions present in some fracture sets most likely arises from grouping of these increments (localization) to form larger fractures (millimetre- to centimetre-scale widths). Such localization could be a consequence of the tendency for larger, less cemented fractures to break preferentially during subsequent deformation. Cement accumulation patterns thus provide a mechanism for positive feedback whereby large-fracture growth exceeds small-fracture growth. Using characteristically sized growth increments, a fracture growth model accurately simulates fracture arrays having power-law fracture-width distributions. Model parameters can be altered to produce characteristic-width fracture size distributions. The results have implications for how fracture porosity and permeability evolve in carbonate reservoirs.
Combining diagenesis and mechanics to quantify fracture aperture distributions and fracture pattern permeability Available to Purchase
Abstract Diagenesis and fracture are often linked processes in deformed rock. Empirical observations show that quartz-lined natural fractures are very common in sandstones that have been exposed to temperatures in excess of 90°C. These fractures exhibit crack-seal textures as well as cement bridges propping the fractures open and preserving fracture porosity. These diagenetic effects are examined in the context of detailed fracture characterizations generated by geomechanical modelling. Aperture, length and fracture network geometry are examined in the context of subcritical crack growth and various biaxial loading boundary conditions of varying initial anisotropy. An isotropic initial state results in more polygonal fracture patterns. A small initial anisotropy creates preferential through-going fractures that are later connected by cross-fractures. A larger initial anisotropy results in only one parallel set. The flow connectivity of isotropic and small strain anisotropic patterns appears high based on trace pattern geometry, but when the effects of diagenesis are added, preferentially filling smaller aperture fracture segments, connectivity can be significantly reduced. Finite difference, steady-state flow simulations demonstrate the permeability effects of heterogeneous fracture aperture distributions predicted by the mechanical model and permeability reduction caused by systematic diagenetic fracture sealing.
Basement reservoir plumbing: fracture aperture, length and topology analysis of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland Open Access
Flow-induced alterations of ultrasonic signatures and fracture aperture under constant state of stress in a single-fractured rock Available to Purchase
A calibration-free approach for measuring fracture aperture distributions using X-ray computed tomography Open Access
Experimental validation of fracture aperture determination from borehole electric microresistivity measurements Available to Purchase
Fracture aperture, length and pattern geometry development under biaxial loading: A numerical study with applications to natural, cross-jointed systems Available to Purchase
Abstract Fracture mechanics modelling of fracture pattern development was used to analyse pattern geometry and population statistics for natural opening-mode fractures. Orthogonal fracture network geometries were generated under biaxial extension loading conditions from a slightly anisotropic initial strain state. Fracture statistics were analysed by grouping all fracture orientations into one population for these unique orthogonal pattern geometries. Fracture aperture distributions resembled negative exponential curve shapes, consistent with published observations for stratabound fractures in sedimentary rock. Fracture length distributions had a strongly power-law shape, and showed that longer fractures grew first and reached their fullest extent before shorter fractures began propagating. The power-law shape of the length distribution was first established by the growth of the longest fractures in the population, followed by the later growth of shorter fractures that extended the power-law shape to smaller sizes. The shortest fracture length at which the power-law distribution was truncated varied with the magnitude of the applied strain. Other variations in fracture pattern results were tied to mechanical layer thickness and subcritical crack growth propagation properties of the fractured media.
Combined Effect of Contact Area, Aperture Variation, and Fracture Connectivity on Fluid Flow through Three-Dimensional Rock Fracture Networks Open Access
Fracture apertures from electrical borehole scans Available to Purchase
Mesoscopic Deformation of a Hydraulic and Mechanical Aperture of a Single Fracture under Normal Stress Open Access
A mechanism for bentonite buffer erosion in a fracture with a naturally varying aperture Open Access
Effects of Confining Pressure on Permeability in a Single Fracture Based on the Deformation of Hydraulic Aperture at Low Fluid Velocities Open Access
The Effect of Roughness on the Nonlinear Flow in a Single Fracture with Sudden Aperture Change Open Access
A universal power-law scaling exponent for fracture apertures in sandstones Available to Purchase
Quantitative characterization of fracture apertures using microfocus computed tomography Available to Purchase
Abstract Microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) was used as a tool to determine the apertures of a fracture in a cylindrical sample of crinoidal limestone. After scanning, artefacts were removed from the images. Phantom objects were used to establish a calibration relationship between real fracture apertures and fracture aperture measurements on the μCT images. The performance of different procedures for quantitative fracture determination was examined. The calibration relationship was then used to determine the fracture apertures in a naturally fractured sample. A comparison of the μCT technique and a microscope technique shows a good agreement between their results.