... infold (present in Thecalia ). The byssal gape is present in the Cardiobyssata clade (Carditamerinae + (Carditinae + Thecaliinae)), and we discuss whether the incubatory chamber could be the result of an exaptation event, and the possible evolutionary pathways implied. According to the present evidence...

... by exaptation of oral surface plating and, commonly, other thecal plating. A pseudo-tegmen is an exaptation of aboral cup plates (i.e., radial plates). Tegmens or pseudo-tegmens evolved in all major crinoid clades at least once as an exaptation of oral surface plating. Tegmens evolved iteratively both between...

...–Paleogene. Moreover, rib strength of North American Astarte did not change through this time interval. Thus, the ribs considered here are a likely exaptation to drilling given their effectiveness at deterring drilling predation on bivalves with moderate ribs. Figure 2 Rib thickness, number, and spacing...

... including disparity, causation, or bookkeeping of genes, adaptation, and exaptation, as well as evolutionary contingency at the genomic level—issues at the heart of some of Stephen Jay Gould's intellectual battlegrounds. Interestingly, where relevant, the genomic perspective is consistent with Gould's...

...Adolf Seilacher Abstract Of all sessile filtrators, only some species of acorn barnacles managed to permanently settle on whales. Their key exaptation was probably a kind of biochemical cleaning process, which could be modified to penetrate into the host's dead cutis. Anchorage was further...

...Andrés I. Lires; Ignacio M. Soto; Raúl O. Gómez Abstract Understanding the evolution of a Bauplan starts with discriminating phylogenetic signal from adaptation and the latter from exaptation in the observed biodiversity. Whether traits have predated, accompanied, or followed evolution...

... become clearer when phenomena like wanton extinction are made explicit; exaptive radiations are exposed as an alternative to adaptive radiations; the possible non-adaptive nature of deterministic chaos becomes sensible; the nonrandomness of community-assembly is put into question; parallel taxonomies...

... has implications for comparative methods. They also bear on issues central to Stephen Jay Gould's vision of macroevolution, including exaptation and evolutionary recurrence in relation to constraint and the repeatability of evolution. 07 09 2004 The Paleontological Society 2005...

... that although many organisms may be able to detect an impending seismic event, no plausible scenario has been presented yet through which accounts for the evolution of such behaviors. The evolutionary mechanism of exaptation can do this in a two-step process. The first step is to evolve a vibration-triggered...

... issues are raised by Lloyd and Gould's (1993) and Gould's (2002) emergent fitness approach: the concept of adaptation or exaptation and its relationship to species selection, and how to treat characters such as species-level variability. As defined by Gould and Vrba (1982) adaptations...

... and Chiappe 1998 , but see Feduccia 1996 for counter arguments). Gould and Vrba (1982) proposed that the term adaptation be retained for the original-use concept, but that this be distinguished from the co-opted or current-use concept by applying the term exaptation to the latter. It is important to note...

... unsatisfactory explanations of evolutionary theory and cladistics on pages 30–31 (e.g., sympatric speciation is dismissed, the concept of exaptation—that nonadaptive traits may be acquired and retained—is ignored, mutation rates are stated to be constant and unchanging, and monophyly is defined simply as descent...

... is not itself selected—not that spandrels only refer to sequelae that are “necessary” in the ontological sense (contra Houston 2009 ). Architectural spandrels are often exapted (Gould and Vrba 1982 ) for decoration. In their 1979 paper outlining the concept, Gould and Lewontin also draw an allusion...

..., phylogenetic reconstruction (both molecular and morphological), exaptations, global climate change and correlated progression. Although Zimmer obviously prefers some ideas to others (notably he seems to support the morphologists’ view of whale relationships, rather than that of the molecular phylogeneticists...

... the earliest known coronulines possess unique features, such as the complex infolding in the parietes, and are thus highly derived. Transition from a circular shell wall to one that develops the intricacies of Coronula involves exaptation, which is a process wherein features acquire functions for which...

... chamber of marsupial carditids (Bivalvia: Carditidae: Thecaliinae) as an exaptation Damián Eduardo Pérez and Ignacio María Soto Absolute axial growth and trunk segmentation in the early Cambrian trilobite Oryctocarella duyunensis Tao Dai, Nigel C. Hughes, Xingliang Zhang and Giuseppe Fusco Seasonal...