... correlation noise either by tapering the sweep signals or by deconvolution. The effect of tapering is limited by the strong amplitude distortion of the reflected signals; deconvolution cannot cope with such a large dynamic range in the presence of noise.The sweep signal encoding technique using complementary...

... comparable in quality to the single-shot-per-migration result, we have introduced a process called phase encoding, which shifts or disperses these crossterms. The process of phase encoding thus allows one to trade S/N ratio for the speed of migrating the entire survey. Several encoding functions and two...

...David F. Halliday; Ian Moore Abstract Separation algorithms for marine simultaneous-source data generally require encoded sources. Proposed encoding schemes include random time delays (time dithers), periodic time sequences (such as those referred to as seismic apparition), and periodic phase...

...Lasse Amundsen; Fredrik Andersson; Dirk-Jan van Manen; Johan O. A. Robertsson; Kurt Eggenberger ABSTRACT Signal apparition is a method for encoding sources in simultaneous multisource seismic acquisition and decoding the multisource response of the earth into its single-source responses. For M...

...Moritz B. Mueller; David F. Halliday; Dirk-Jan van Manen; Johan O. A. Robertsson ABSTRACT We have developed a method for simultaneous source separation using time dithering and encoded source sequences. The source sequences are designed so that they are close to orthogonal to each other, having...

...-encoded sweep is affected in the same manner by the sweep parameters and the length of the taper. If the mean phase value is computed over the bandwidth, this mean phase agrees better with the ideal encoded phase. This simple phase-encoded sweep can also be improved computationally so that its individual...

... multiples of different orders interfere with each other and crosstalk artifacts greatly degrade the quality of an image. We form a supergather by applying phase-encoding functions to image multiples and stacking several encoded controlled-order multiples. The multiples are separated into different orders...

... the model uncertainty in geophysical problems. Figure 1. Neural network model. The blue arrows are skip connections. The model has an encoder with four layers and two decoders with four layers each. The purple layer outputs the channel probabilities. The blue layer outputs the noise parameter σ...

... it very expensive for realistic 3D seismic surveys. Source-encoding waveform inversion, in which the sources are modeled simultaneously, is considerably faster than conventional waveform inversion but suffers from artifacts. These artifacts can partly be removed by assigning random weights to the source...

... individually. Therefore, the cost of FWI is proportional to the number of sources. We have found that the cost of FWI for fixed-spread data can be significantly reduced by applying it to data formed by encoding and summing data from individual sources. The encoding step forms a single gather from many input...

...John A. Dunbar; Peter M. Allen; Paul D. Higley Abstract In this paper we describe color encoding methods for combining acoustic data in widely separate spectral bands into composite displays. These new display methods better image the near-bottom interval in fine-grained depositional environments...

...J. E. Womack; J. R. Cruz; H. K. Ridgon; G. M. Hoover Abstract Recent advances in vibrator electronics have made the use of encoded sweeps for multiple source point data acquisition possible in an operational setting. Alternatives to existing operational multiple source point data acquisition...

... based on a variational autoencoder (VAE) with a subdomain encoding scheme. Instead of encoding the entire domain of an investigation, we adopt a 1D subdomain encoding scheme to encode the 1D resistivity-depth models using a single VAE. The latent variables for the 2D model are a combination...

..., although it adds crosstalk noise, which seriously affects the quality of the RTM results. To avoid this problem, we have adopted a time-domain scheme that combines time-delay encoding and amplitude encoding to reduce crosstalk artifacts in simultaneous-source imaging results. This scheme modulates...

... of reflections is interrupted by faults and unconformities. The process of seismic horizon interpretation can be viewed as segmenting the seismic traces into different parts and each part is a unique object. Thus, we have considered the horizon interpretation as an object detection problem. We use the encoder...

...Wei Dai; Yunsong Huang; Gerard T. Schuster ABSTRACT The phase-encoding technique can sometimes increase the efficiency of the least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) by more than one order of magnitude. However, traditional random encoding functions require all the encoded shots to share...