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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Namaqualand (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (3)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (5)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Ghana (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Isua Belt (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Stepnyak Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
-
Kyzylkum (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
-
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (3)
-
-
Sichuan China (1)
-
South China Block (1)
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Xiaoqinling Mountains (1)
-
Xinjiang China (1)
-
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Indonesia
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Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
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Korea (1)
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Malaysia (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India (1)
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-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
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Middle East
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Turkey (1)
-
-
Siberia (2)
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Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tien Shan (1)
-
Uzbekistan
-
Muruntau Deposit (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Broken Hill Block (1)
-
Curnamona Province (1)
-
Lachlan fold belt (1)
-
New South Wales Australia
-
Cobar Australia (1)
-
Elura Mine (1)
-
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Pine Creek Geosyncline (1)
-
Tennant Creek Australia (1)
-
-
Queensland Australia
-
Ernest Henry Deposit (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Olympic Dam Deposit (1)
-
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Tanami Desert (1)
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Tasmania Australia (1)
-
Victoria Australia
-
Bendigo gold field (2)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (1)
-
Kalgoorlie Australia (2)
-
Kambalda Australia (1)
-
Murchison Province (1)
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Pilbara Craton (1)
-
Yilgarn (1)
-
Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Otago New Zealand
-
Macraes Mine (1)
-
-
Otago Schist (2)
-
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Papua New Guinea (1)
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Broken Hill (2)
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Broken Hill Mine (1)
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Caledonides (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
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Gloucester County New Brunswick
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Bathurst mining district (2)
-
-
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Ontario
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Timmins Ontario (1)
-
-
Coldwell Complex (1)
-
Hemlo Deposit (2)
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec (1)
-
-
-
Muskox Intrusion (1)
-
Western Canada
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British Columbia
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Vancouver Island (1)
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Manitoba
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Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories (2)
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Saskatchewan (1)
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Selwyn Basin (1)
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Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Hispaniola
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Dominican Republic (1)
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-
-
-
Coast Ranges (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
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Stepnyak Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
-
Kyzylkum (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
-
Uzbekistan
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Muruntau Deposit (1)
-
-
-
Copper Canyon (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
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Eastern Alps
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Carnic Alps (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Carinthia Austria (1)
-
-
Poland
-
Dolnoslaskie Poland
-
Zloty Stok Poland (1)
-
-
Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
-
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Sudeten Mountains
-
Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (2)
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Southern Europe
-
Albania (1)
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
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Samos (1)
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
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Iberian Massif (1)
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Portugal (1)
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-
Romania
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Apuseni Mountains (1)
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-
-
Ukraine (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Ballachulish Complex (1)
-
Scandinavia
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Finland (2)
-
Sweden
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Bergslagen (1)
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Dalarna Sweden (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland (1)
-
Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Homestake Mine (1)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
-
-
-
Mediterranean region
-
Aegean Islands
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Samos (1)
-
-
-
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield
-
Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (2)
-
-
-
North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Wasatch Range (1)
-
-
-
-
Pacific Ocean
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific (1)
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West Pacific
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Southwest Pacific (1)
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-
-
Quesnellia Terrane (2)
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Roberts Mountains (1)
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South America
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Argentina (1)
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Brazil (1)
-
-
South Island (2)
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Southern Alps (1)
-
United States
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Alaska
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Seward Peninsula (1)
-
-
Arizona (1)
-
California (2)
-
Colorado (1)
-
Maine
-
Kennebec County Maine (1)
-
-
Massachusetts (1)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Nevada
-
Carlin Mine (2)
-
Carlin Trend (3)
-
Elko County Nevada
-
Carlin Nevada (1)
-
-
Eureka County Nevada
-
Eureka Nevada (1)
-
-
Lander County Nevada (1)
-
-
Oregon (1)
-
South Dakota
-
Lawrence County South Dakota (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Wasatch Range (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Salt Lake County Utah
-
Bingham Utah (1)
-
-
-
Vermont (1)
-
Wyoming (1)
-
-
West Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Macquarie Island (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
barite deposits (1)
-
brines (4)
-
gems (1)
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (1)
-
arsenic ores (1)
-
base metals (7)
-
bismuth ores (2)
-
chromite ores (2)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
copper ores (18)
-
gold ores (59)
-
IOCG deposits (1)
-
lead ores (7)
-
lead-zinc deposits (3)
-
mercury ores (1)
-
molybdenum ores (2)
-
nickel ores (8)
-
platinum ores (7)
-
polymetallic ores (3)
-
silver ores (8)
-
tungsten ores (2)
-
zinc ores (9)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (59)
-
mineral exploration (15)
-
nonmetal deposits (1)
-
placers (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron (1)
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (6)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (32)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
D/H (6)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-20 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (4)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (17)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals (1)
-
alkaline earth metals
-
magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
antimony (3)
-
arsenic (4)
-
bismuth (3)
-
cobalt (2)
-
copper (3)
-
germanium (1)
-
gold (12)
-
iron (3)
-
lead (4)
-
mercury (1)
-
nickel (4)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (2)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (4)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (3)
-
platinum (2)
-
platinum ores (7)
-
rhodium (2)
-
ruthenium (2)
-
-
precious metals (8)
-
rare earths
-
europium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
silver (4)
-
thallium (1)
-
titanium (3)
-
zinc (4)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-20 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
-
selenium (2)
-
sulfur
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (17)
-
-
tellurium (3)
-
trace metals (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (3)
-
K/Ar (2)
-
Pb/Pb (1)
-
Re/Os (3)
-
U/Pb (6)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (4)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (2)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (2)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician (1)
-
Tetagouche Group (1)
-
-
Rangeley Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Sangerville Formation (1)
-
Vassalboro Formation (1)
-
Waterville Formation (2)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (1)
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diorites (2)
-
gabbros
-
norite (2)
-
-
granites
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
monzogranite (2)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
nepheline syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (7)
-
hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
harzburgite (4)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (2)
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
dacites (1)
-
komatiite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
pumice (1)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
marbles (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (4)
-
metasiltstone (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (3)
-
skarn (4)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (1)
-
migmatites (1)
-
phyllites (1)
-
schists
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (4)
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (2)
-
-
antimonides (2)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (7)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
lollingite (4)
-
maucherite (1)
-
-
bismuthides (2)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
dolomite (3)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
-
minerals (2)
-
native elements
-
graphite (2)
-
-
oxides
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (3)
-
diaspore (1)
-
gahnite (6)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
hercynite (1)
-
ilmenite (2)
-
iron oxides (3)
-
magnetite (3)
-
pyrophanite (1)
-
rutile (2)
-
spinel (1)
-
spinel group (4)
-
-
phosphates
-
monazite (2)
-
xenotime (2)
-
-
platinum minerals (5)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (1)
-
nephrite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (2)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (2)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (4)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
spessartine (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (2)
-
-
staurolite (2)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (4)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (5)
-
muscovite (4)
-
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
barite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (7)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
bornite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (5)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (5)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
heazlewoodite (2)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
millerite (2)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (4)
-
pyrite (18)
-
pyrrhotite (12)
-
sphalerite (4)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
tetrahedrite (2)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
tennantite (2)
-
-
sulfobismuthites
-
lillianite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides (1)
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (12)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Namaqualand (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (3)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (5)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Ghana (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Isua Belt (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Stepnyak Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
-
Kyzylkum (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
-
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (3)
-
-
Sichuan China (1)
-
South China Block (1)
-
Xiaoqinling Mountains (1)
-
Xinjiang China (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (2)
-
-
Korea (1)
-
Malaysia (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey (1)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tien Shan (1)
-
Uzbekistan
-
Muruntau Deposit (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (1)
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Broken Hill Block (1)
-
Curnamona Province (1)
-
Lachlan fold belt (1)
-
New South Wales Australia
-
Cobar Australia (1)
-
Elura Mine (1)
-
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Pine Creek Geosyncline (1)
-
Tennant Creek Australia (1)
-
-
Queensland Australia
-
Ernest Henry Deposit (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Olympic Dam Deposit (1)
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desulfidation
Petrology of graphitic sulfide-rich schists from South-central Maine: an example of desulfidation during prograde regional metamorphism
Pyrite-Pyrrhotite Stability in a Metamorphic Aureole: Implications for Orogenic Gold Genesis
SULFIDES IN THE MUSKOX INTRUSION
Hydrothermal alteration of Ni-rich sulfides in peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Relationships among minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system, f O 2 and f S 2
Mineral chemistry of gahnite from the Lalor metamorphosed VHMS deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba
Abstract The Bau mining district, on the island of Borneo in the southwestern Pacific, has produced gold (45.5 tonnes [t] or 1.46 Moz), antimony (83,000 tons), and mercury (1,100 t or 32,000 flasks) from calcic skarn, calcite-quartz veins, and sedimentary rock-hosted replacement deposits that are concentrically arranged around microgranodiorite intrusions with Cu-(Mo) quartz stockwork mineralization. Ores are exceptionally enriched in arsenic. Oxidized disseminated replacement ores, which are chemically, texturally, and isotopically similar to Carlin-type gold deposits in northern Nevada, have contributed the majority of the gold production of the district. The Tai Parit mine, the largest in the district, has produced about 22 t (0.7 Moz) Au at an average grade of about 7.5 g/t (0.22 oz/t) Au. Ores were mainly treated by cyanidation. The concentric zonation pattern led previous workers to propose that these and other Carlin-style gold deposits are distal manifestations of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. This investigation presents new fluid-inclusion, isotopic, and mineralogical data in the context of previously obtained geological, chemical, and other information that advance our understanding of this district, enabling comparisons with Carlin-type deposits in Nevada and distal disseminated deposits elsewhere in the world. Bau is situated on the western end of the Eocene to Miocene Central Kalimantan magmatic arc. A new K-Ar date on hydrothermal sericite of 10.4 ± 0.3 Ma from a stock with gold-bearing calcic skarns is within the age range of nearby intrusions dated at 11.6 to 9.3 Ma that form part of a NNE-trending, adakitic, magmatic belt. The subvolcanic intrusions and gold deposits are localized by NNE-striking normal faults that transect marine calcareous rocks of the Upper Jurassic Bau Formation and siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Pedawan Formation that are exposed along the axis of the NE-trending Bau anticline. Gold ore is best developed at the intersection of the Krian fault and the contact between these two formations. The outward zonation from wollastonite-bearing skarn, through calcite-quartz veins, to decalcified and silicified limestone and clastic rock is indicative of decarbonation and Si metasomatism of limestone as hydrothermal fluids cooled. The predominance of sericite over kaolinite shows that fluids were near neutral to moderately acidic and contained a significant amount of potassium. The spatial distribution and paragenetic sequence of native antimony, aurostibite, stibnite, sphalerite (1–7 wt % Fe), pyrrhotite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, native arsenic, and realgar is evidence for cooling and desulfidation of ore fluids. In sedimentary rock-hosted replacement deposits, mass loss due to carbonate dissolution is shown by enrichment of Ti and Al and depletion of Ca, Mg, and Sr. The strong introduction of Si, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Ag together with Au, As, and Sb is suggestive of cooling and mixing of saline and H 2 S-bearing fluids. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses show that most of the Au resides in arsenopyrite and that Cu and Te are present in Sb and As minerals. Cooling and decompression are shown by hypersaline fluid inclusions (25–38 wt % NaCl equiv) in Cu (Mo) stockworks and calcic skarn, which were trapped between 500° and 240°C and 400 and 30 bar, while low-salinity fluid inclusions (0–6 wt % NaCl equiv) in vein and Carlin-style deposits were trapped between 350° to 100°C and 200 and 1 bar. Fluid inclusions of intermediate salinity are indicative of fluid mixing. The maximum pressure corresponds to depths of 1.6 (lithostatic) to 4 km (hydrostatic). The H, O, and C isotope compositions of sericite, wollastonite, quartz, calcite, and inclusion fluids strongly suggest that each deposit type formed from magmatic fluids that were shifted to lower δ D values by magma degassing and higher δ 18 O and δ 13 C values by exchange with marine limestone. Only fluid inclusion water extracted from late drusy quartz is shifted toward, and late calcite plots on, the meteoric water line. The isotopic composition of S in pyrrhotite and pyrite is magmatic, whereas S in Te, Sb, and As minerals was derived from country rock. The data show how readily hydrothermal fluids of magmatic origin can be modified by reaction with wall rock, mixing with other fluids, and selective loss of lighter components. In comparison to Nevada’s Carlin-type gold deposits, the Carlin-style gold deposits in the Bau district are smaller and more structurally controlled, have zonation in mineralogy and geochemistry indicative of steep thermal and chemical gradients around exposed porphyry intrusions, and formed from less acidic fluids by cooling and fluid mixing. In addition, Au resides in arsenopyrite, ore has more introduced Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, Sb, and As and less Tl and Hg, and there is clear isotopic evidence for magmatic H 2 O, CO 2 , and H 2 S. The genetic links between magmatism and distal disseminated gold mineralization at Bau are a significant contribution to a growing body of evidence that Au and related trace elements in many Carlin-style gold deposits may be derived from magmas.
Transport and Precipitation of Gold in Phanerozoic Metamorphic Terranes from Chemical Modeling of Fluid-Rock Interaction
Abstract Epigenetic gold deposits in metamorphic terranes include those of the Precambrian shields (approx 23,000-25,000 t Au), particularly the Late Archean greenstone belts and Paleoproterozoic fold belts, and of the late Neoproterozoic and younger Cordilleran-style orogens (approx 22,000 t lode and 15,500 t placer Au), mainly along the margins of Gondwana, Laurentia, and the more recent circum-Pacific. Ore formation was concentrated during the time intervals of 2.8 to 2.55 Ga, 2.1 to 1.8 Ga, and 600 to 50 Ma. Prior to the last 25 years, ores were defined by grades of 5 to 10 g/t Au in underground mines; present-day economics, open-pit mining, and improved mineral processing procedures allow recovery of ores of < 1 g/t Au, which has commonly led to the recent reworking of lower gradEzones in many historic orebodies. Most of these deposits formed synchronously with late stages of orogeny and are best classified as orogenic gold deposits, which may be subdivided into epizonal, mesozonal, and hypozonal subtypes based on pressure-temperature conditions of ore formation. A second type of deposit, termed intrusion-related gold deposits, developed landward of Phanerozoic accreted terranes in the Paleozoic of eastern Australia and the Mesozoic of the northern North American Cordillera. These have an overall global distribution that is still equivocal and are characterized by an intimate genetic association with relatively reduced granitoids. The majority of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes are located adjacent to first-order, deep-crustal fault zones, which show complex structural histories and may extend along strike for hundreds of kilometers with widths of as much as a few thousand meters. Fluid migration along such zones was driven by episodes of major pressure fluctuations during seismic events. Ores formed as vein fill of second-and third-order shears and faults, particularly at jogs or changes in strike along the crustal fault zones. Mineralization styles vary from stockworks and breccias in shallow, brittle regimes, through laminated crack-seal veins and sigmoidal vein arrays in brittle-ductile crustal regions, to replacement- and disseminated-type orebodies in deeper, ductile environments (i.e., a continuum model). Most orogenic gold deposits occur in greenschist facies rocks, but significant orebodies can be present in lower and higher grade rocks. Deposits typically formed on retrograde portions of pressure-temperature-time paths and thus are discordant to metamorphic features within host rocks. Spatial association between gold ores and granitoids of all compositions reflects a locally favorable structural trap, except in the case of the intrusion-related gold deposits where there is a clearer genetic association. World-class orebodies are generally 2 to 10 km long, about 1 km wide, and are mined downdip to depths of 2 to 3 km. Most orogenic gold deposits contain 2 to 5 percent sulfide minerals and have gold/silver ratios from 5 to 10 and gold fineness >900. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are the dominant sulfide minerals, whereas pyrrhotite is more important in higher temperature ores and base metals are not highly anomalous. Tungsten-, Bi-, and Te-bearing mineral phases can be common and are dominant in the relatively sulfide poor intrusion-related gold deposits. Alteration intensity, width, and assemblage vary with the host rock, but carbonates, sulfides, muscovite, chlorite, K-feldspar, biotite, tourmaline, and albite are generally present, except in high-temperature systems where alteration halos are dominated by skarnlike assemblages. The vein-forming fluids for gold deposits in metamorphic environments are uniquely CO 2 and 18 O rich, with low to moderate salinities. Phanerozoic and Paleoproterozic ores show a mode of formation temperatures at 250° to 350°C, whereas Late Archean deposits cluster at about 325°to 400°C. However, there are also many important lower and higher temperature deposits deposited throughout the continuum of depths that range between 2 and 20 km. Ore fluids were, in most cases, near-neutral pH, slightly reduced, and dominated by sulfide complexes. Globally consistent ore-fluid δ 18 O values of 6 to 13 per mil and δD values of –80 to –20 per mil generally rule out a significant meteoric water component in the gold-bearing hydrothermal systems. Sulfur isotope measurements on ore-related sulfide minerals are concentrated between 0 and 10 per mil, but with many higher and much lower exceptions, indicating variable sulfur sources and an unlikely dominant role for mantle sulfur. Drastic pressure fluctuations with associated fluid unmixing and/or desulfidation during water/rock interaction are the two most commonly called-upon ore precipitation mechanisms. The specific model(s) for gold ore genesis remains controversial. Although the direct syngenetic models of the 1970s are no longer applicable, the gold itself may be initially added into the volcanic and sedimentary crustal rock sequences, probably within marine pyrite, during sea-floor hydrothermal events. Gold transport and concentration are most commonly suggested to be associated with metamorphic processes, as indicated by the volatile composition of the hydrothermal fluids, the progressive decrease in concentration of elements enriched in the gold deposits with increasing metamorphic grade of the country rocks, and the common association of ores with medium-grade metamorphic environments. Gold deposits of typically relatively low grade, which formed directly from fluid exsolution during granitoid emplacement within metamorphic rocks, are now also clearly recognized (i.e., intrusion-related gold deposits), but there are limited definitive data to implicate such an exsolved fluid source for most gold deposits within orogenic provinces. The fact that orogenic gold deposits are associated with all types of igneous rocks is a problem to a pure magmatic model. Hybrid models, where slab-derived fluids may generate rising melts that drive devolatilization reactions in the lower crust, are also feasible. Although involvement of a direct mantle fluid presents geochemical difficulties, the presence of lamprophyres and deep-crustal faults in many districts suggests potential mantle influence in the overall, large scale tectonic event controlling the hydrothermal flow system.